Ricostruzione delle sorgenti corticali da segnali EEG in task di discriminazione visiva: Effetto di training multisensoriale

I neuroni in alcune regioni del nostro cervello mostrano una risposta a stimoli multisensoriali (ad es. audio-visivi) temporalmente e spazialmente coincidenti maggiore della risposta agli stessi stimoli presi singolarmente (integrazione multisensoriale). Questa abilità può essere sfruttata per compensare deficit unisensoriali, attraverso training multisensoriali che promuovano il rafforzamento sinaptico all’interno di circuiti comprendenti le regioni multisensoriali stimolate. Obiettivo della presente tesi è stato quello di studiare quali strutture e circuiti possono essere stimolate e rinforzate da un training multisensoriale audio-visivo. A tale scopo, sono stati analizzati segnali elettroencefalografici (EEG) registrati durante due diversi task di discriminazione visiva (discriminazione della direzione di movimento e discriminazione di orientazione di una griglia) eseguiti prima e dopo un training audio-visivo con stimoli temporalmente e spazialmente coincidenti, per i soggetti sperimentali, o spazialmente disparati, per i soggetti di controllo. Dai segnali EEG di ogni soggetto è stato ricavato il potenziale evento correlato (ERP) sullo scalpo, di cui si è analizzata la componente N100 (picco in 140÷180 ms post stimolo) verificandone variazioni pre/post training mediante test statistici. Inoltre, è stata ricostruita l’attivazione delle sorgenti corticali in 6239 voxel (suddivisi tra le 84 ROI coincidenti con le Aree di Brodmann) con l’ausilio del software sLORETA. Differenti attivazioni delle ROI pre/post training in 140÷180 ms sono state evidenziate mediante test statistici. I risultati suggeriscono che il training multisensoriale abbia rinforzato i collegamenti sinaptici tra il Collicolo Superiore e il Lobulo Parietale Inferiore (nell’area Area di Brodmann 7), una regione con funzioni visuo-motorie e di attenzione spaziale.

Impaired performance on the rapid visual information processing task (RVIP) could be an endophenotype of schizophrenia

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether healthy first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients show reduced sensitivity performance, higher intra-individual variability (IIV) in reaction time (RT), and a steeper decline in sensitivity over time in a sustained attention task. Healthy first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients (n=23) and healthy control subjects (n=46) without a family history of schizophrenia performed a demanding version of the Rapid Visual Information Processing task (RVIP). RTs, hits, false alarms, and the sensitivity index A' were assessed. The relatives were significantly less sensitive, tended to have higher IIV in RT, but sustained the impaired level of sensitivity over time. Impaired performance on the RVIP is a possible endophenotype for schizophrenia. Higher IIV in RT, apparently caused by impaired context representations, might result in fluctuations in control and lead to more frequent attentional lapses.

Determination of Language Dominance: Wada Test and fMRI Compared Using a Novel Sentence Task

This study aimed to develop a new linguistic based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-sentence decision task that reliably detects hemispheric language dominance.

Feature Versus Spatial Strategies by Orangutans (Pongo abelii) and Human Children (Homo sapiens) in a Cross-Dimensional Task

Despite the fact that photographic stimuli are used across experimental contexts with both human and nonhuman subjects, the nature of individuals' perceptions of these stimuli is still not well understood. In the present experiments, we tested whether three orangutans and 36 human children could use photographic information presented on a computer screen to solve a perceptually corresponding problem in the physical domain. Furthermore, we tested the cues that aided in this process by pitting featural information against spatial position in a series of probe trials. We found that many of the children and one orangutan were successfully able to use the information cross-dimensionally; however, the other two orangutans and almost a quarter of the children failed to acquire the task. Species differences emerged with respect to ease of task acquisition. More striking, however, were the differences in cues that participants used to solve the task: Whereas the orangutan used a spatial strategy, the majority of children used a feature one. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed from both evolutionary and developmental perspectives. The novel results found here underscore the need for further testing in this area to design appropriate experimental paradigms in future comparative research settings.

ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to atherosclerosis of the arterial vessel wall and to thrombosis is the foremost cause of premature mortality and of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Europe, and is also increasingly common in developing countries.1 In the European Union, the economic cost of CVD represents annually E192 billion1 in direct and indirect healthcare costs. The main clinical entities are coronary artery disease (CAD), ischaemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The causes of these CVDs are multifactorial. Some of these factors relate to lifestyles, such as tobacco smoking, lack of physical activity, and dietary habits, and are thus modifiable. Other risk factors are also modifiable, such as elevated blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidaemias, or non-modifiable, such as age and male gender. These guidelines deal with the management of dyslipidaemias as an essential and integral part of CVD prevention. Prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemias should always be considered within the broader framework of CVD prevention, which is addressed in guidelines of the Joint European Societies’ Task forces on CVD prevention in clinical practice.2 – 5 The latest version of these guidelines was published in 20075; an update will become available in 2012. These Joint ESC/European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) guidelines on the management of dyslipidaemias are complementary to the guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice and address not only physicians [e.g. general practitioners (GPs) and cardiologists] interested in CVD prevention, but also specialists from lipid clinics or metabolic units who are dealing with dyslipidaemias that are more difficult to classify and treat.