Small-angle X-ray scattering study of gelation and aging of Eu3+-doped sol-gel-derived siloxane-poly(oxyethylene) nanocomposites

The aggregation, gelation, and aging of urea-cross-linked siloxane-poly(oxyethylene) nanohybrids [(U600)-n] containing two different amounts of europium triflate initially dissolved in an ethanol-water mixture were investigated by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). For both low (n = [O]/[Eu] = 80) and high (n = 25) europium contents, the SAXS intensity was attributed to the formation of siloxane clusters of about 8-11 Angstrom in size. Siloxane cluster formation and growth is a rapid process in hybrids with low Eu contents and slow in Eu-rich hybrids. An additional contribution to the scattering intensity at very low angles was attributed to the formation of a coarse structure level. At this secondary level, the structure can be described as a set of dense domains containing siloxane clusters embedded in a depleted matrix composed of unfolded polymer chains and solvent. By fitting a theoretical function for this model to the experimental SAXS curves, relevant structural parameters were determined as functions of time during the sol-gel transition and gel aging. For hybrids with low europium contents (n = 80), the size of the siloxane clusters remains essentially invariant, whereas the dense segregation domains progressively grow. In hybrids with high doping contents (n = 25), the preponderant structure variation during the first stages of the sol-gel transformation is the slow growth of siloxane clusters. For these hybrids, the segregation of siloxane clusters forming dense domains occurs only during advanced stages of the process.

Heat transfer in fixed bed: a model non-linearity approach

Studies have been carried out on the heat transfer in a packed bed of glass beads percolated by air at moderate flow rates. Rigorous statistic analysis of the experimental data was carried out and the traditional two parameter model was used to represent them. The parameters estimated were the effective radial thermal conductivity, k, and the wall coefficient, h, through the least squares method. The results were evaluated as to the boundary bed inlet temperature, T-o, number of terms of the solution series and number of experimental points used in the estimate. Results indicated that a small difference in T-o was sufficient to promote great modifications in the estimated parameters and in the statistical properties of the model. The use of replicas at points of high parametric information of the model improved the results, although analysis of the residuals has resulted in the rejection of this alternative. In order to evaluate cion-linearity of the model, Bates and Watts (1988) curvature measurements and the Box (1971) biases of the coefficients were calculated. The intrinsic curvatures of the model (IN) tend to be concentrated at low bed heights and those due to parameter effects (PE) are spread all over the bed. The Box biases indicated both parameters as responsible for the curvatures PE, h being somewhat more problematic. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

THE USE OF PHOTOACOUSTIC - SPECTROSCOPY TO DETERMINE THE CRITICAL DISTANCE FOR ELECTRON-TRANSFER

Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to determine the critical distance for electron transfer from porphyrin to quinone molecules randomly dispersed in a polymeric matrix. An enhancement of the porphyrin signal was observed as the quinone concentration was increased. The data was analyzed according to the Perrin model [1] and it was found that the electron transfer occurred if the prophyrin-quinone distance was less than 33 Angstrom. To confirm the validity of the method, the fluorescence quenching was also measured for the samples. In this case, the same critical distance was obtained.

Flotation for cell recovery from small volumes of yeast cultures

Flotation or cell recovery in foams (proportion of the total cells in the medium transferred to the foam) and flotation efficiency (proportion of the cells transferred from an initial volume of medium equal to the residual volume after flotation) are functions of time, aeration rate, initial volume of medium, and initial concentration of cells. Cell recovery reached constant values (around 96.4 +/- 6.3%) and flotation efficiency decreased (owing to increases in the liquid content of the foam), with increases in air how rate (above 6-7 ml air s(-1)) and volumes of medium (above 11 ml) added to the column. Increases in concentration of cells in the medium led to increases in the concentration of cells in the foam.

Psychophysical power functions for apparent area in perceptive, memory, and inference conditions for observers of different age groups

The purpose of this research was to verify the effect of age on the exponent of the power function in Perceptive, Memory, and Inference experimental conditions. In the Memory condition the intervals of 2 min., 8, 24, and 48 hr. and 1 wk. were used between acquisition of information and remembering. For each experimental condition the ages of observers ranged between 17 and 35 years (Group I), 40-55 years (Group II), and 60-77 years (Group III), and education ranged from high school to graduate school. The observers estimated the areas of the Brazilian states using the psychophysical method of magnitude estimation. No significant differences were obtained for Groups I, II, and III for each experimental condition, except in the Memory Condition with the 24-hr. interval. Analysis for experimental conditions and ages showed a significant difference between the Perceptive Condition and each of the others, but no difference between the Inference and Memory Conditions. These results indicated that in the remembering processes there is no loss of information as a function of age. From the small variability in the power function exponents for the three ages, we may assume that age could be related to amount of education of the observers, which suggests study is important.

Gluon field strength correlation functions within a constrained instanton model

We suggest a constrained instanton (CI) solution in the physical QCD vacuum which is described by large-scale vacuum field fluctuations. This solution decays exponentially at large distances. It is stable only if the interaction of the instanton with the background vacuum field is small and additional constraints are introduced. The CI solution is explicitly constructed in the ansatz form, and the two-point vacuum correlator of the gluon field strengths is calculated in the framework of the effective instanton vacuum model. At small distances the results are qualitatively similar to the single instanton case; in particular, the D1 invariant structure is small, which is in agreement with the lattice calculations.

A novel device with 36 channels for imaging and signal acquisition of the gastrointestinal tract based on AC biosusceptometry

The alternate current biosusceptometry (ACB) is a biomagnetic technique used to study some physiological parameters associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract. For this purpose it applies an AC magnetic field and measures the response originating from magnetic marks or tracers. This paper presents an equipment based on the ACB which uses anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors and an inexpensive electronic support. The ACB-AMR developed consists of a square array of 6x6 sensors arranged in a firstorder gradiometer configuration with one reference sensor. The equipment was applied to capture magnetic images of different phantoms and to acquire gastric contraction activity of healthy rats. The results show a reasonable sensitivity and spatial-temporal resolution, so that it may be applied for imaging of phantoms and signal acquisition of the GI tract of small animals. © 2010 IEEE.

Wavelets in a problem of signal processing

In this work a new method is proposed for noise reduction in speech signals in the wavelet domain. The method for signal processing makes use of a transfer function, obtained as a polynomial combination of three processings, denominated operators. The proposed method has the objective of overcoming the deficiencies of the thresholding methods and the effective processing of speech corrupted by real noises. Using the method, two speech signals are processed, contaminated by white noise and colored noises. To verify the quality of the processed signals, two evaluation measures are used: signal to noise ratio (SNR) and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ).

Uso de equações de diferenças na obtenção de filtros para redução de ruído em sinais de voz no domínio wavelet

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

New technologies in agriculture

Includes bibliography

Controle de movimentos de pacientes paraplégicos utilizando modelos fuzzy T-S

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência de parâmetros espaciais sobre potenciais corticais provocados visuais gerados por estimulação pseudoaleatória

As contribuições dos mecanismos de detecção de contraste ao potencial cortical provocado visual (VECP) têm sido investigadas com o estudo das funções de resposta ao contraste e de resposta à frequência espacial. Anteriormente, o uso de sequências-m para o controle da estimulação era restrito à estimulação eletrofisiológica multifocal que, em alguns aspectos, se diferencia substancialmente do VECP convencional. Estimulações únicas com contraste espacial controlado por sequências-m não foram extensivamente estudadas ou comparadas às respostas obtidas com as técnicas multifocais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da frequência espacial e do contraste de redes senoidais no VECP gerado por estimulação pseudoaleatória. Nove sujeitos normais foram estimulados por redes senoidais acromáticas controladas por uma sequência-m binária pseudoaleatória em 7 frequências espaciais (0,4 a 10 cpg) em 3 tamanhos diferentes (4º, 8º e 16º de ângulo visual). Em 8º, foram testados adicionalmente seis níveis de contraste (3,12% a 99%). O kernel de primeira ordem não forneceu respostas consistentes com sinais mensuráveis através das frequências espaciais e dos contrastes testados – o sinal foi muito pequeno ou ausente – enquanto o primeiro e o segundo slice do kernel de segunda ordem exibiram respostas bastante confiáveis para as faixas de estímulo testadas. As principais diferenças entre os resultados obtidos com o primeiro e o segundo slice do kernel de segunda ordem foram o perfil das funções de amplitude versus contraste e de amplitude versus frequência espacial. Os resultados indicaram que o primeiro slice do kernel de segunda ordem foi dominado pela via M, porém para algumas condições de estímulo, pôde ser percebida a contribuição da via P. Já o segundo slice do kernel de segunda ordem refletiu contribuição apenas da via P. O presente trabalho estende achados anteriores sobre a contribuição das vias visuais ao VECP gerado por estimulação pseudoaleatória para uma grande faixa de frequências espaciais.

EEG signal classification for epilepsy diagnosis via optimum path forest - A systematic assessment

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Multi-vortex State Induced by Proximity Effects in a Small Superconducting Square

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Functional morphology of the reproductive system and sperm transfer in Stenopus hispidus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Stenopodidea), and their relation to the mating system

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)