The calibration of a semi-quantitative approach to fish stock assessment in the North West Region of the NRA

(1) A total of 45 sites was sampled, each being fished using the semi-quantitative and quantitative techniques. (2) A significant relationship existed between the semi-quantitative and Quantitative results for all age groups of salmonids (R2 83.4% to 96.1%, p < 0.0001). (3) The results from each site were categorised according to an existing classification system for quantitative and semi-quantitative data. The semi-quantitative component of this system was modified using the results of this investigation. The degree of error associated with sites classified semi-quantitatively was found to be slightly less when using the modified system for 0+ salmon, > 0+ salmon and 0+ trout, ranging from 10.5% to 30%. (4) Insufficient data points were available for the analysis of coarse fish data.

CGIAR aquatic research priorities revisited: a case for a higher priority for reservoir-lake system research

The case presented in this article clearly indicates that reservoir and lake resource systems, reservoirs in the Asian context lakes plus reservoirs in the African context, have been given a lower priority than deserved.

Autonomous adaptation to climate change by shrimp and catfish farmers in Vietnam’s Mekong River delta

The Mekong River delta of Vietnam supports a thriving aquaculture industry but is exposed to the impacts of climate change. In particular, sea level rise and attendant increased flooding (both coastal and riverine) and coastal salinity intrusion threaten the long-term viability of this important industry. This working paper summarizes an analysis of the economics of aquaculture adaptation in the delta, focusing on the grow-out of two exported aquaculture species—the freshwater striped catfish and the brackish-water tiger shrimp. The analysis was conducted for four pond-based production systems: catfish in the inland and coastal provinces and improved extensive and semi-intensive/intensive shrimp culture.

Caracterização do conteúdo orgânico e posicionamento palinoestratigráfico de sedimentos eocretáceos na área de Aramari Bacia do Recôncavo

O presente estudo baseou-se na análise do conteúdo orgânico do furo de sondagem rasa do poço 9-FBA-69-BA localizado na Bacia do Recôncavo. Foram utilizadas 126 amostras para análise de COT e 35 pares de lâminas para as análises palinológicas e palinofaciológicas. As análises palinofaciológicas mostraram que os componentes orgânicos particulados são dominados por material orgânico amorfo em praticamente toda a seção. Representantes alóctones estão pontualmente presentes e representados por fitoclastos, grãos de pólen e esporos. Os resultados de COT mostram valores percentuais acima de 1% em praticamente todo o intervalo estudado. Através da observação à luz de microscopia branca transmitida e luz incidente, foi possível individualizar três palinofácies distintas para a seção, levando-se em conta os tipos e o grau de preservação da matéria orgânica. A análise do ICE (Índice de Coloração dos Esporos) apresenta valores de maturação entre 4,5 a 5, caracterizando um grau de maturação térmica próximo da janela de geração de hidrocarbonetos. A associação palinoflorística mostra uma baixa diversidade de representantes, onde dentre os 292 palinomorfos com 28 gêneros e 11 espécies de grãos de pólen e esporos, 167 são representados somente pela espécie Classopollis classoides. Baseado na associação palinoflorística presente e na análise litológica do poço podemos inferir que a sedimentação ocorreu em um paleoambiente fluvial deltaico- lacustre, sob um clima árido a semiárido visto a abundante presença de formas Rimuladas. Apesar da não detecção das formas guias diagnósticas de idade, que definem as palinozonas do arcabouço palinoestratigráfico válido para seções cretáceas brasileiras, a associação palinológica recuperada, com formas típicas do eocretáceo (Classopollis classoides, Araucariacites australis, Equisetosporites sp.), aliado a presença da espécie Vitreisporites pallidus, e ausência de formas do neocretáceo, nos permitiu posicionar a seção na palinozona Vitreisporites pallidus considerada de idade Aratu

Avaliação do reúso agrícola de águas oleosas da indústria de petróleo tratadas por eletrofloculação e osmose inversa: efeitos na germinação, no desenvolvimento de plântulas de girassol e em atributos do solo

A presente tese de doutorado teve como objetivo estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar a viabilidade do reúso agrícola de águas oleosas da indústria de petróleo, como as águas de produção (AP) de campos de exploração onshore do semiárido nordestino, na irrigação de culturas de girassol destinadas à produção de biodiesel. A AP foi produzida sinteticamente e tratada utilizando-se as técnicas de eletrofloculação (EF) e de osmose inversa (OI). Foram analisados os efeitos da AP não tratada, tratada por EF e por EF combinada com osmose inversa (EF+OI) na germinação, desenvolvimento e produção de biomassa de plântulas de girassol e também nos atributos de um solo característico do semiárido nordestino. Na melhor condição operacional do tratamento da AP por EF (28,6 A m-2 durante 4 min.) foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de óleos e graxas (O&G), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), cor e turbidez superiores a 95%. O tratamento EF+OI promoveu a remoção do excesso de salinidade e de ferro oriundo da etapa de EF, enquadrando-se esses parâmetros dentro de níveis de referência recomendados para água de irrigação. Níveis de O&G e DQO superiores, respectivamente, a 337 mg L-1 e 1.321 mg O2 L-1 na AP bruta produziram efeitos tóxicos, reduzindo-se o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o percentual de plântulas normais do girassol. Por outro lado, os efluentes tratados por EF e EF+OI produziram efeitos similares no percentual de sementes germinadas, no IVG, no percentual de plântulas normais e na produção de biomassa do girassol. O uso da AP tratada por EF, com ou sem diluição, contribuiu significativamente para o aumento da salinidade e dos teores de sódio do solo, diferentemente da tratada por EF+OI, que produziu efeitos similares ao do controle (água destilada)

半干旱草原碳素循环与生产力的研究

半干旱草原是脆弱的生态系统，长期受人类活动的强烈影响，受全球变化的作用本地区的气温可能有较大幅度的升高，而降水的变化较小，气候条件更加恶劣。本文根据时空代换的原理，选择主要受降水和人类活动控制的五种主要植物群落，包括羊草群落、大针茅群落、克氏针茅群落、羊草．冷蒿群落和沙蒿群落，从野外直接原状移栽到一起，分别在生长初期、前期、盛期和后期采用动态IRGA法测定了群落的气体交换特征。同时对主要植物种类的功能叶片的光合和蒸腾特征进行了同期测定。此外在野外用密闭室碱液吸收法直接动态测定了大针茅群落的土壤呼吸，并通过调查推算了流域内沙地和锡林河河谷湿地间在水资源利用和生产力方面的相互作用。在此基础上讨论了该区域生产力和碳素循环对气候变化可能图景的响应。文章认为气温升高而降水变化微弱的前景可能导致区域生产力的降低，在气候变化过程中该区域可能是碳源，但是气候稳定后碳素可能基本平衡。

毛乌素沙地优势植物对全球气候变化的响应研究

毛乌素沙地是中国半干旱地区典型沙地，这里的干旱生态系统对全球的水热配合格局的变化具有很灵敏的响应。随着未来全球气候变化，如温度和降水量变化，将给这里的陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力以及水分平衡带来巨大影响。故本文人工控制157. 5mm、315. Omm、472. 5mm和630. Omm4种施水量水平以及25/20℃和28/23℃（白天／晚上）两种温度，来研究与模拟毛乌素沙地优势植物对水分和温度变化的响应。 以沙柳、杨柴和油蒿幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨它们的水分平衡对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，随着施水量的增加，沙地贮水量及其它的变化量、湿度、蒸发量和蒸腾量均逐渐增大。并且157. 5mm和315. Omm施水量的植物沙地出现水分亏缺现象。相同施水量下，沙地蓄水量和湿度均杨柴沙地>沙柳沙地>油蒿沙地，而植物蒸腾量却油蒿>沙柳>杨柴。 以沙柳和油蒿幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨植物气体交换过程对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，施水量的增加显著提高了两种植物的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光能利用效率，并且显著降低了叶片温度。同时，157. 5mm施水量造成沙柳和油蒿的净光合速率和蒸腾速率具有显著的“午睡”现象，而充足施水却有效的解除或缓解这种“午睡”现象。 以沙柳、杨柴、油蒿和柠条幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨植物叶绿素荧光对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，不同施水量对这4种植物的初始荧光、最大荧光、可变荧光和PSII光化学效率均具有显著影响。157. 5mm施水量的沙柳、杨柴、油蒿和柠条以及630. Omm施水量的柠条出现明显的光抑制现象。 以沙柳、杨柴、油蒿和柠条幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨植物生长对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，施水量的增加对沙柳、油蒿和杨柴枝叶形态和生物量等都具有显著正效应。而157. 5mm和630. Omrn的施水量对柠条生长具有负作用。另外，沙柳、杨柴和油蒿根冠生物量比随着施水量增加均逐渐减小，而不同施水量的油蒿根冠生物量比之间差异不显著。 以柠条、杨柴和油蒿幼苗为研究对象，人工控制两种温度水平来探讨植物形态、生物量和气候交换特征对增温的响应。结果表明，增温显著提高了柠条和杨柴株高、叶数、叶面积、生物量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度，却显著降低了水分利用效率。增温对油蒿叶数、叶大小、叶面积、生物量、蒸腾速率和气孔导度没有显著影响，却显著提高了油蒿的树高和净光合速率。柠条、杨柴和油蒿之间的种间生长和生理特征均有显著差异。

半干旱区典型植物对气候变化与C02浓度升高的响应与适应

1.羊草对土壤水分的响应与适应 羊草生物量随着土壤水分含量的降低逐渐降低，后期的降低幅度远远大于前期。干旱促进鞘分配增加，增加了在处理初期的根的分配，但到后期则使之减少，表明羊草在经历较长期的持续干旱后通过增加根部的比重来提高抗旱性的能力逐渐降低。轻度(LD)、中度干旱(MD)对羊草叶片相对含水量(RWC)、气孔密度、光合参数、荧光猝灭参数和群体日交换速率无显著影响，但严重土壤干旱使它们显著降低。 羊草叶片的可溶性蛋白质以中度干旱的最高，严重干旱(SD)特别是极严重干旱(VD)使之显著降低，游离氨基酸含量(FAA)的变化与之相似。随着土壤水分含量的降低硝酸还原酶(NR)活性逐渐下降，而谷氨酰胺酶合成酶(GS)的活性变化则是LD和MD使之分别增加了25.75%和12.22%，SD和VD则分别减少了8.21%和28.72%，说明了NR的活性变化对土壤干旱较敏感，而GS的活性则对适度的干旱有一定程度的适应性。LD处理没有增加天冬酰胺酶(AE)和内肽酶(EP)两种酶的活性，但MD、SD和VD使两种水解酶的活性显著增加，说明轻度土壤干旱对蛋白质和氨基酸的分解作用有稍降低作用，但随着土壤干旱程度的加剧，又极大地促进了这个分解过程。严重和极严重土壤干旱显著降低了叶片的总核酸含量和RNA的含量，暗示严重程度的土壤水分胁追限制了核酸的合成代谢，加强了其分解代谢，严重土壤干旱还显著增加了丙二醛(MDA)的含量，说明提高了羊草叶片叶肉细胞的膜质过氧化水平。 2.羊草对土壤干旱和复水的响应与适应 羊草受到适当的干旱驯化可促进生长，但过长时间的干旱处理，复水后未能补偿损失的生物量和叶面积。羊草叶片的气孔密度以中度干旱持续期(Mtd)处理的最高，其次是短期干旱持续期( Std)，二者分别比没有经过土壤干旱的处理（对照）增加了14.90%和3.61%，但长期干旱持续期(Ltd)却使之减少了27.19%，气孔指数亦有类似的趋势。复水增加羊草叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率，近期复水的激发效应明显大于前期，而对夜晚的呼吸作用影响不显著。水分利用率( WUE)的日变化动态呈“M”字型曲线，以Mtd的WUE值的峰值最大，以三次曲线拟合WUE的24小时日进程最佳。叶绿素荧光动力学的分析结果表明，复水，特别是最近的复水可显著改善羊草叶片的PS II性能，增加叶绿素a，b的含量及其比值，提高碳酸酐酶的活性。 羊草含氮量以叶片的最高(4.40%)，根部的最低(1.99%)，枯叶、茎鞘和根茎的含量差异较小(2.26～4.40%)。所有器官的含氨量对土壤水分处理的响应基本一致，以对照处理的最低，Std的最高。各器官的碳氮比都是以对照的最高，而其它土壤水分处理相差不显著，给于一定时间的土壤干旱处理可使羊草获得较强的氨代谢能力。Std的氮素总拥有量最多，和对照相比，绿叶、枯叶、茎鞘、根茎和根分别提高了35.58、26.88、23.49、31.66、40.75%，而Ltd的含氨总量呈下降趋势，说明短时间的土壤水分干旱处理可明显促进羊草各器官和植株的氮素积累，而较长时间的土壤干旱则不利于氮素的积累。羊草各器官氮素绝对量占整株的百分比从大到小依次为：绿叶(42.42-44.00%)、根茎(20.13—23.69%)、根(15.43～17.18%)、枯叶(10.07～11.30%)和茎鞘(7.27～8.67%)，表明叶片的氮素存量占植株的一半以上。Mtd处理增加了叶片的氮素贡献率，减少了茎鞘和根茎的贡献率，有利于加强叶片的光合性能。 以中度干旱持续期(Mtd)处理的叶片可溶性蛋白质含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、RNA含量为最高，但中长期的土壤干旱处理再复水后则显著降低了羊草叶片内肽酶(EP)的活性和MDA的含量，说明给于一定时间的土壤干旱处理可使羊草叶片保持较高的蛋白质代谢水平，降低膜脂过氧化水平。 3.羊草对昼夜温差与土壤水分交互作用响应与适应 昼夜温差减少使单株羊草的生物量降低21.3%，分蘖和根的生物量减少，而鞘的生物量稍增加，显著降低了严重和极严重条件下的生物量。温差缩小降低了分蘖和根的投资比例，减少植株的地下部分生物量，而增加新叶、鞘和分蘖光合产物的比例，表明温差的减少将抑制光台产物向地下部分的转移。温差减少对充足土壤水分和轻度干旱处理的放射性比强影响较小，但减少了其它3种干旱处理的放射性比强。其原因主要是减少了植株鞘、根和根茎的放射性比强，显著增加了饲喂叶和心叶的放射性比强，表明温差的缩小阻止了“源”的光合产物向“库”的转移，降低对分蘖和根的投资，不利于羊草对干旱逆境的适应。 昼夜温差缩小使羊草叶片的气孔密度降低4.01%，而且减少了土壤干旱对气孔密度的影响。较高的昼夜温差和较低的昼夜温差相比，羊草叶片的光合速率和WUE分别增加了7.37%和20.09%;而气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率分别降低了14.03%、2.57%和10.80%。昼夜温差减少降低了土壤干旱的δ13C值，说明可能减少处在干旱条件下的植株WUE，暗示减小昼夜温差不利于增大羊草叶片对土壤水分亏缺的耐性。昼夜温差的缩小主要影响了下午羊草群体的CO2交换速率，增加了对照、LD和MD处理的夜间呼吸速率，降低了尤其是显著降低了在土壤缺水条件下的CO2昼夜净交换量，而在两个昼夜温差条件下都是以LD的最高。 昼夜温差缩小影响氮素含量在羊草各器官中的氮素分配，降低了叶片和茎鞘中的氮素百分比含量，但增加了根茎和根中的氮素含量。在较小的昼夜温差条件下，LD显著增加了叶片的氮素含量，但其它土壤水分处理影响不显著，在较大的昼夜温差条件下，亦是LD显著增加了叶片的氮素含量，但MD也使其显著增加。昼夜温差缩小增加了叶片和茎鞘的碳氮比，降低了根茎和根的碳氮比，使叶片在中度和严重土壤水分胁迫时无变化，降低了响应于土壤水分变化的调节弹性。 昼夜温差缩小使羊草叶片可溶性蛋白质降低了16.14%。LD和MD显著促进叶片可溶性蛋白质含量增加，SD和VD都显著地降低了羊草叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量。昼夜温差缩小有使羊草叶片游离氨基酸降低的趋势，主要是降低土壤干旱条件下的游离氨基酸含量，虽然昼夜温差缩小稍增加了可溶性耱的含量(4.68%)，但使土壤干旱激发效应变得不显著，表明温差的缩小降低了叶片中渗透调节物质的积累，不利于羊草抗旱性的提高。昼夜温差缩小显著降低了羊草叶片的NR、GS和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性，在较小昼夜温差条件下几乎看不出土壤水分降低的激发效应，而在高温差下则明显看出LD的激发效应。昼夜温差减少加强土壤干旱对天冬酰胺酶和内肽酶活性的影响，加强了蛋白质和关键氨基酸的分解作用，提高了叶片的膜脂过氧化水平，不利于羊草对干旱的适应性响应。 在土壤水分充足条件下，昼夜温差缩减对羊草叶片气孔形态的影响不明显，但可以看出温差较大时有较多的星状蜡质覆于气孔表面及其周围，这可能是由于夜间温度升高后植物为了减少水分的散失而采取的一种适应性策略。在本实验条件下，中度和严重土壤水分胁迫使气孔变得更加凹陷，气孔更加坚挺，体现了对土壤干旱的适应性反应。对羊草叶片叶肉细胞超微结构的观察表明，昼夜温差对土壤水分充足时的超微结构影响不显著，但在严重土壤干旱条件下，昼夜温差缩减似乎减少了叶绿体中的淀粉粒，加速了叶绿体和线粒体膜的裂解，表明昼夜温差缩减加大了严重土壤干旱对羊草叶片叶肉细胞超微结构的负面影响。 4.羊草对温度和土壤水分交互作用的响应与适应 温度升高使羊草叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加，使光合速率(A)和水分利用率( WUE)降低。土壤干旱和高温均导致最大光化学效率、量子产额和光化学荧光猝灭系数降低，使非光化学荧光猝灭系数升高。土壤干旱减少了羊草幼苗的生物量，却显著增加了根的贡献率和根冠比，而高温使二者显著地降低。在本实验条件下，直到极端干旱才显著降低了羊草叶片的A和WUE，而其他的水分处理影响不显著。土壤干旱使得叶片中的含氮量显著降低：温度对叶片氮含量无显著影响，但却显著地降低了根中的氮含量，尤其显著增加根与叶片氮含量的比率。高温加强了干旱对光合性能的影响，表明高温降低了羊草对干旱的适应能力。 温度过低或过高都对叶片保持高水平的可溶性蛋白质不利，温度过高还削弱了土壤水分亏缺对叶片中游离氨基酸的激发作用。水分梯度对20℃时的GS活性无显著影响，但LD促使26℃和29'C下的GS活性增加，MD以上强度的土壤干旱都显著降低了23℃以上温度尤其是29℃和32℃时的GS活性，表明高温和干旱的协同效应对谷氨酰胺的合成不利。高温增加了AE和EP的活性，加强了土壤干旱对羊草叶片蛋白质和氨基酸分解的促进作用，在一定的土壤水分条件下，高温对RNA的合成作用增强，认为这是对高温胁迫的一种适应性响应。 随着温度的升高羊草叶片中的可溶性糖含量逐渐增加，土壤干旱亦增加了其可溶性糖的含量，但至极端干旱时则使之降低。在20℃下，土壤水分对羊草叶片的可溶性糖的含量无显著影响，在23—32℃温度条件下则是土壤干旱增加了其值，但至VD时则使之显著降低。不同温度条件下，土壤水分对羊草叶片的MDA影响不同，在20℃下，无显著影响，在23和26℃下，SD和VD使MDA稍升高，但在29和32℃条件下使之显著增加，说明温度升高加强了土壤干旱所引发的增加叶片膜质过氧化水平的负面影响。 5.柠条和杨柴对CO2浓度倍增和土壤水分交互作用的响应与适应 土壤干旱使拧条和杨柴的生物量在倍增CO2浓度条件下比在正常浓度条件下降低幅度更大。CO2浓度倍增较大地促进了充足水分条件下的植物生长，而对干旱条件下的生长促进作用则较小。无论在中度条件下还是在严重干旱条件下，两种优势植物均是在倍增CO2浓度条件下增加的根冠比幅度较大;无论在中度条件下还是在严重干旱条件下，且无论正常CO2浓度条件下还是在倍增CO2浓度条件下均是杨柴增加的幅度大。CO2浓度倍增主要增加了水分充足和MD的单位叶面积质量(LMA)，但反而降低了严重干旱的LMA。 CO2倍增使δ13C降低，但土壤干旱使之增加。用“库”（根）中的δ13C值对“源”（叶片）中的δ13C作图，可以用以评价碳分配以及“库”中新增生物量，两种沙生灌木叶片与根部的δ13C值呈极显著线性关系，杨柴的斜率大于柠条的，表明前者叶片与根部在光合产物分配上具有较高的可塑性，这和干旱条件下杨柴的根冠比增加相关联。杨柴的“源库”调节特性反映了对逆境具有较高的耐性。 CO2倍增使柠条和杨柴叶片含氮量分别降低了10.40%和5.06%，土壤干旱有使柠条叶片含氮量增加的趋势，但中度干旱没有增加羊柴叶片的含氮量。CO2倍增使叶片的碳氮比显著增加，而干旱使之降低。CO2浓度倍增降低叶肉细胞质膜的过氧化产物MDA的含量，干旱亦使叶片的MDA含量增加。叶片含氮量与MDA呈显著正相关，表明CO2倍增有保护叶片免受土壤干旱的作用，但干旱的负面影响是CO2倍增效应所难以弥补的。 CO2倍增降低了柠条叶片的可溶性蛋白质的含量，但在干旱条件下降低幅度较小，说明CO2浓度升高条件下可减轻干旱影响叶片中可溶性蛋白质的强度，体现了CO2浓度倍增对植物的抗旱性有利的一面。CO2浓度倍增使土壤水分充足条件下的柠条叶片中游离氨基酸含量降低17.24%，却使SD条件下增加10.78%，表明土壤干旱导致的叶片游离氨基酸含量的增加平衡了CO2升高造成的降低。在充足土壤水分和MD条件下，CO2浓度倍增对核酸总含量和RNA含量有稀释效应，但严重干旱条件下，CO2倍增提高了核酸总含量和RNA的含量。

Strategy of fish seed production in India

In tropical countries like India, climatic conditions vary in different parts, as a result the breeding of fast growing species such as Catla and silver carps poses considerable problems due to erratic or late monsoon or prolonged dry spell. Hence it is not possible to meet the fish seed requirement of the country. Therefore: to meet the future requirement and to over-come the environmental conditions a Modern carp Hatchery CIFE D-81 was designed. The system provides optimum temperature, silt free clean, cool, highly oxygenated water, low current and continuous removal of metabolites. It has been successfully demonstrated at Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), Badkhal (Haryana), Badbhada (M.P), Guntur and East Godavari District (A.P). Recently a Modern Carp Hatchery was installed in a semi-arid zone, Damdama (Haryana), during 1984, where it has produced record 1.88 crores of fish seed and worked successfully.

The marine linefish resources of Moçambique (status, development and future research)

Marine line-fishing is seen to be of major importance to the social well-being and economy of many coastal people of Mozambique. Aspects of the artisanal and semi-industrial fisheries of Mozambique are described and a recent significant increase in effort is noted. Landings are seen to comprise a high proportion of vulnerable, endemic species, several of which are shared with neighbouring South Africa. Trends in CPUE, sex ratios and yield per recruit suggest that future landings may decline if conservative management is not introduced. Strategies for data collection and biological research on key species are proposed.

Comparative efficiency of frame nets and trammel nets

Fishing experiments were conducted simultaneously with frame nets and trammel nets in the Hirakud Reservoir and the results indicated the relative superiority of frame nets, whose catch rate was two times more than that of the trammel nets.

Reproductive biology of Catla catla in the Udawalawe reservoir, Sri Lanka

The reproductive biology of Catla catla (Hamilton-Buchanan) in the Udawalawe reservoir was studied from June 2007 to December 2008. Samples of eggs from Indian major carp C. catla were collected from fish landed in the reservoir and analysed in the laboratory to assess the reproductive characteristics. C. catla. Cirrhinus mrigala, exotic Cichlids and Labeo rohita accounted for 62.2%, 21.0%, 12% and 1.0% respectively of the total landings in the Udawalawe reservoir during the study period. Gonads of C. catla were collected in the field and examined in the laboratory to determine the stage of maturity and fecundity. Data on fish length and gonad weight were collected to estimate the gonado-somatic indices (OSI). Landed catches were also examined in the field to determine the sex ratio of C. catla in the catch and was found to be 1:5.6 male to female. Results of fecundity estimates revealed that C. catla females in the Udawalwe reservoir were fully mature in June and October of the year. From the monthly variation of OSI, two recruitment pulses per year were evident. The length of the body at first maturity in female C. catla in the Udawalwe reservoir was estimated to be 74.2 cm.

Generation and suppression of deep level defects in InP

Deep level defects in as-grown and annealed n-type and semi-insulating InP have been studied. After annealing in phosphorus ambient, a large quantity of deep level defects were generated in both n-type and semi-insulating InP materials. In contrast, few deep level defects exist in InP after annealing in iron phosphide ambient. The generation of deep level defects has direct relation with in-diffusion of iron and phosphorus in the annealing process. The in-diffused phosphorus and iron atoms occupy indium sites in the lattice, resulting in the formation of P anti-site defects and iron deep acceptors, respectively. T e results indicate that iron atoms fully occupy indium sites and suppress the formation of indium vacancy and P anti-site, etc., whereas indium vacancies and P anti-site defects. are formed after annealing in phosphor-us ambient. The nature of the deep level defects in InP has been studied based on the results.

Quantum trajectory analysis for electrical detection of single-electron spin resonance

A Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of quantum trajectory approach is carried out for the measurement dynamics of a single-electron spin resonance. The measured electron, which is confined in either a quantum dot or a defect trap, is tunnel coupled to a side reservoir and continuously monitored by a mesoscopic detector. The simulation not only recovers the observed telegraphic signal of detector current, but also predicts unique features in the output power spectrum which are associated with electron dynamics in different regimes.

黄土高原半干旱区水土保持植被恢复限度——以人工柠条林为例

为了确定水资源不足地区植被恢复潜力和水土保持林建设目标,在黄土丘陵半干旱区宁夏固原上黄试区,对相同立地条件的16年生人工柠条林进行疏伐,建立不同密度林地,进行林分密度、森林植被水土保持效益和土壤水分关系的定位实验。结果表明:平均基径随密度的增加而减少,二者为线性关系;盖度随密度的增加而增大,盖度与密度为对数关系;林冠截留随密度的增加而增大,二者为指数关系;地表径流随密度的增加而减少,二者为对数关系;泥沙含量随密度的减少而增加,二者关系可用倒S形曲线描述。虽然密度增加,盖度增加,森林植被水土保持效益增强,但是受土壤水资源的限制,柠条林有一个最大恢复限度。当超过限度时,势必会引发或加剧土壤旱化。