Ultrasonographic and radiographic determination of egg development of jurarás (Kinosternon scorpioides) in captivity

Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766), with its common name of jurará, is a quite variable species of turtles, and many different names have been applied to populations throughout its range. Currently, however, four subspecies are considered valid as K. scorpioides arises from southern Panama over most of northern South America and is found in Ecuador, northern Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina, eastern Guyana and Brazil. Thus, an ultrasonographic and radiographic study was performed in order to describe the morphology and development of eggs of 20 female jurará mud turtles K. scorpioides, from September 2005 to August 2006. In the first month, the ovarian cycle was characterized by absence of vitellogenic follicles, atresic follicles or oviduct eggs. From October 2005 to March 2006 on, ultrasonographic scanning allowed to establish the growing vitellogenic follicles. Vitellogenic follicles were observed with spherical to ovoid shapes, with a surrounding echogenic yolk, a nonechogenic albumin layer, and a high echogenic shell. The oviduct eggs were identified by radiography just 180 days after beginning the experiment, when the shell became enough mineralized to impress the radiographic film. This experiment allowed to obtain by means of the 7.5 MHz linear probe images with adequate resolution and penetration for visualization of follicles. Successive ultrasonographic examinations of 20 K. scorpioides females allowed to access initial stages of vitellogenic follicles and oviduct eggs, and radiographic examination revealed to be an easy technique to assess oviduct eggs and to allow evaluation of egg development in jurarás, from 6 months on.

Clinical evaluation of enalapril maleate and furosemide usage in dogs with degenerative myxomatous mitral valve, CHF functional class Ib

Degenerative myxomatous mitral valve (DMMV) is a heart disease of high incidence in small animal clinical medicine, affecting mainly older dogs and small breeds. Thus, a scientific investigation was performed in order to evaluate the clinical use of the medicines furosemide and enalapril maleate in dogs with this disease in CHF functional class Ib before and after the treatment was established. For this purpose 16 dogs with the given valve disease were used, separated into two groups: the first received furosemide (n=8) and the second received enalapril maleate (n=8) throughout 56 days. The dogs were evaluated in four stages (T0, T14, T28 and T56 day) in relation to clinical signs, hematological, biochemical and serum assessment, which included serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and aldosterone, as well as radiography, electrocardiography, Doppler-echocardiography and blood pressure. The results regarding the clinical, hematological and serum chemistry evaluations revealed no significant changes in both groups, but significant reductions in the values of ACE and aldosterone in the group receiving enalapril maleate were verified. The radiographic examination revealed reductions of VHS values and variable Pms wave of the electrocardiogram in both groups, but no changes in blood pressure values were identified. The echocardiogram showed a significant decrease of the variables LVDd/s in the studied groups and the FS% in animals that received only enalapril. Therefore, analysis of results showed that monotherapy based on enalapril maleate showed better efficiency of symptoms control in patients with CHF functional class Ib.

Macroscopic description of teeth of Azara's agouti (Dasyprocta azarae)

The teeth of Azara's agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) were described macroscopically in order to provide biological data on one of the largest wild rodents of the Americas. Radiography was taken on six heads and the teeth were described. Enamel surrounds the coronal dentin, projects to the roots and is present as parallel inner laminae in buccolingual direction. The dentin is located among the enamel laminae and surrounds the pulp horns. The cementum is located internally to the enamel laminae. On the lingual surface, the cementum and dentin are the outer elements.

Anatomical and radiographic appearance of the capuchin monkey thoracic cavity (Cebus apella)

The capuchin monkey is widespread both north and south of the Legal Amazon and in the Brazilian cerrado. Ten clinically healthy capuchin monkeys were submitted to an anatomical and radiographic study of their thoracic cavities. The radiographic evaluation allowed the description of biometric values associated with the cardiac silhouette and thoracic structures. Application of the VHS (vertebral heart size) method showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with depth of the thoracic cavity, as well as between the body length of vertebrae T3, T4, T5 and T6 and the cardiac length and width. The lung fields showed a diffuse interstitial pattern, more visible in the caudal lung lobes and a bronchial pattern in the middle and cranial lung lobes. The radiographic examination allowed preliminary inferences to be made concerning the syntopy of the thoracic structures and modification of the pulmonary patterns and cardiac anatomy for the capuchin monkey.

Anatomo-radiographic description of the axial skeleton of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

The aim of this study was to describe the axial skeleton of a wild Brazilian carnivorous, the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Five specimens of crab-eating fox were previously unfrozen for radiographic exams and their bones went through dissection and chemical maceration. This animal presents seven cervical vertebrae, and from the third on, they become shorter and wider than the other ones e the spinous process was makeable from the fifth cervical vertebrae on. There are thirteen thoracic vertebrae and the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae, which are seven, decreases from the fifth on. The sacrum is formed by two vertebrae and there are twenty or twenty one caudal vertebrae. It can be concluded that the crab-eating fox axial skeleton is similar to that of the domestic dog.

Experimental osteoarthritis in rabbits: lesion progression

The aim of this study was to evaluate the progression of lesions in different stages of osteoarthritis (OA) experimental by radiography (RX), computed tomography (CT), macroscopic and histopathology, linking these different diagnostic methods, helped to provide information that helps the best time for the therapeutic approach. Four experimental periods were delineated at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after induction of OA, known as PI, PII, PIII and PIV, respectively, each with six animals. We evaluated the five compartments of the femorotibial joint: medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial tibial plateau (MTP), lateral tibial plateau (LTP) and femoral trochlea (FT). Therefore we established an index by compartment (IC) and by adding such an index was estimated joint femorotibial (IFT). It was observed that the CFM was the compartment with the highest IC also differed significantly (p<0.05) from other compartments. Compartments showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the PI and PII, however contrary fact occurred between the PII and PIII (p<0.05), PIII and PIV (p<0.01) and between PI and PIV (p<0.001). Similarly the IFT, showed a significant difference in the animals of PIV compared to PI (p<0.001), PII (p<0.001) and PIII (p<0.01), and there was no statistical difference (p> 0.05) between the PI and PII. In the variation of the average interval between periods, there was a higher value between the PIII PIV and for the other intervals of time periods (PI, PII, and PIII-PII). However, these intervals showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Through the RX, CT, macroscopic and histopathological findings, we found similar patterns among individuals within the same period demonstrating a gradual progression of the disease. These results show that between 3 and 6 weeks progression of the lesion is slower and probably also can be reversed in comparison to other ranges where proved further progression between 9 and 12 weeks after induction of trauma OA. These results may provide a better therapeutic approach aimed at reversing the lesions in early stages of OA. We conclude that the interconnection of the four diagnostic methods individually classified into scores, which were unified in both indices in the evaluation by the femorotibial joint compartment and may represent a diagnostic condition closer to the true condition of the injury and its progression.

Experimental model of intervertebral disc degeneration by needle puncture in Wistar rats

Animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration play an important role in clarifying the physiopathological mechanisms and testing novel therapeutic strategies. The objective of the present study is to describe a simple animal model of disc degeneration involving Wistar rats to be used for research studies. Disc degeneration was confirmed and classified by radiography, magnetic resonance and histological evaluation. Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized and submitted to percutaneous disc puncture with a 20-gauge needle on levels 6-7 and 8-9 of the coccygeal vertebrae. The needle was inserted into the discs guided by fluoroscopy and its tip was positioned crossing the nucleus pulposus up to the contralateral annulus fibrosus, rotated 360° twice, and held for 30 s. To grade the severity of intervertebral disc degeneration, we measured the intervertebral disc height from radiographic images 7 and 30 days after the injury, and the signal intensity T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Histological analysis was performed with hematoxylin-eosin and collagen fiber orientation using picrosirius red staining and polarized light microscopy. Imaging and histological score analyses revealed significant disc degeneration both 7 and 30 days after the lesion, without deaths or systemic complications. Interobserver histological evaluation showed significant agreement. There was a significant positive correlation between histological score and intervertebral disc height 7 and 30 days after the lesion. We conclude that the tail disc puncture method using Wistar rats is a simple, cost-effective and reproducible model for inducing disc degeneration.

Reconstructive dosimetry for cutaneous radiation syndrome

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), a relatively significant number of radiological accidents have occurred in recent years mainly because of the practices referred to as potentially high-risk activities, such as radiotherapy, large irradiators and industrial radiography, especially in gammagraphy assays. In some instances, severe injuries have occurred in exposed persons due to high radiation doses. In industrial radiography, 80 cases involving a total of 120 radiation workers, 110 members of the public including 12 deaths have been recorded up to 2014. Radiological accidents in industrial practices in Brazil have mainly resulted in development of cutaneous radiation syndrome (CRS) in hands and fingers. Brazilian data include 5 serious cases related to industrial gammagraphy, affecting 7 radiation workers and 19 members of the public; however, none of them were fatal. Some methods of reconstructive dosimetry have been used to estimate the radiation dose to assist in prescribing medical treatment. The type and development of cutaneous manifestations in the exposed areas of a person is the first achievable gross dose estimation. This review article presents the state-of-the-art reconstructive dosimetry methods enabling estimation of local radiation doses and provides guidelines for medical handling of the exposed individuals. The review also presents the Chilean and Brazilian radiological accident cases to highlight the importance of reconstructive dosimetry.

Radiographic analysis in castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis L.)

Castor bean cropping has great social and economic value, but its production has been affected by factors such as low quality seeds used for sowing. The quick and precise evaluation of seed quality by x-ray test is known as an effective method to evaluate seed lots, but little is known about the interpretation between of the type of radiographic image and the seed quality correlation. The potential of x-ray analysis as a marker of seed physiological quality and as an initial process for the implementation of the use of computer-assisted image analysis was investigated using castor bean seeds of the different cultivars. The seeds were classified according to internal morphology visualized in the radiography and subjected to the germination test, emergency and seedling growth rate. It was possible to identify the different types of internal tissues, morphological and physical damage in castor bean seeds using the x-ray test. Tissues generating translucent images, embryo deformation, or tissues with less than 50% of endosperm reserves or spotted, negatively affected the physiological potential of the seed lots. Radiographic analysis is effective as an instrument to improve castor bean seed lot quality. This non destructive analysis allows the prediction of seedling performance and enabled the selection of high-quality seeds under the standards of a sustainable and precision agriculture

Marks of Fire, Value and Faith. Swords with Ferrous Inlays in Finland during the Late Iron Age (ca. 700–1200 AD)

This study explores swords with ferrous inlays found in Finland and dating from the late Iron Age, ca. 700–1200 AD. These swords reflect profound changes not only in styles and fashion but also in the technology of hilts and blades. This study explores how many of these kinds of swords are known from Finland, how they were made and where, what their status was in Late Iron Age Finland, and where the Finnish finds stand in accordance with other areas of Europe. The various methods included measuring of the finds and statistics. The main method of revealing the inlaid marks was radiography due to its non-destructive nature. In cases where inlays were visible without radiography, their details were inspected via microscopy. To study the materials and manufacture of inlaid swords, a sample of them was metallographically analysed to determine the forging technologies and nature of used materials. Furthermore, the manufacture was also studied with experimental approaches. As a result, a catalogue of 151 swords with ferrous inlays was created. This number is relatively high compared with other European countries, although systematic studies have been conducted in only some countries. The inlaid motifs were classified into five distinct categories to help the classification. To summarize, almost every documented inlaid sword was unique in some respect including measurements, inlaid motifs and materials of blades and inlays. Technological variation was also present, some blades being poorer and some of higher quality in spite of the inlaid motifs. Misspelt inscriptions as well as letter-like marks were common in Finland and also in Scandinavia. Furthermore, the provenance of iron and steel used in some blades hints at Scandinavian ores. The above observations, along with the experimental results indicating the existence of multiple alternative techniques of inlaying, suggest that these swords were manufactured locally in Scandinavia, most likely in imitation of Continental European models. Inlaid swords were valued partly for their assumed functionality in combat, as evidenced by damage on some examined blades, or they were valued for their inlays, which could have had fashionable or symbolical meanings bound to local beliefs.

Bone properties and skeletal maturity in adolescent males, as assessed by quantitative ultrasound

ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies have implied that weight-bearing, intense and prolonged physical activities optimize bone accretion during the grow^ing years. The majority of past inquiries have used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to examine bone strength and hand-wrist radiography to determine skeletal maturity in children. Recently, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) technologies have been developed to examine bone properties and skeletal maturity in a safe, noninvasive and cost-effective manner. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare bone properties and skeletal maturity in competitive male child and adolescent athletes with minimallyactive, age-matched controls, using QUS technology. >. Methods: In total, 224 males were included in the study. The 115 pre-pubertal boys aged 10-12 years consisted of control, minimally-active children (n=34), soccer players (n=26), gymnasts (n=25) and hockey players (n=30). In addition, the 109 late-pubertal boys aged 14-16 years consisted of control, minimally-active adolescents (n=31), soccer players (n=30), gymnasts (n=17) and hockey players (n=31). The athletic groups were elite level players that predominantly trained year-round. Physical activity, nutrition and sports participation were assessed with various questionnaires. Anthropometries, such as height, weight and relative body fat percentage (BF%) were assessed using standard measures. Skeletal strength and age were evaluated using bone QUS. Lastly, salivary testosterone (sT) concentration was measured using Radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results: Within each age group, there were no significant differences between the activity groups in age and pubertal stage. An age effect was apparent in all variables, as expected. A sport effect was noted in all physical characteristics: the child and adolescent gymnasts were shorter and lighter than other sports groups. Adiposity was greater in the controls and in the hockey players. All child subjects were pubertal stage (fanner) I or II, while adolescent subjects were pubertal stage IV or V. There were no differences in daily energy and mineral intakes between sports groups. In both age groups, gymnasts had a higher training volume than other athletic groups. Bone speed of sound (50s) was higher in adolescents compared with the children. Gymnasts had signifieantly higher radial 50S than controls, hockey and soccer players in both age cohorts. Hockey athletes also had higher radial 50S than controls and soccer players in the child and adolescent groups, respectiyely. Child gymnasts and soccer players had greater tibial 50S compared with the hockey players and control groups. Likewise, adolescent gymnasts and soccer players had higher tibial SoS compared with the control group. No interaction was apparent between age and type of activity in any of the bone measures. » Lastly, maturity as assessed by sT and secondary sex characteristics (Tanner stage) was not different between sports group within each age group. Despite the similarity in chronological age, androgen levels and sexual maturity, differences between activity groups were noted in skeletal maturity. In the younger group, hockey players had the highest bone age while the soccer players had the lowest bone age. In the adolescent group, gymnasts and hockey players were characterized by higher skeletal maturity compared with controls. An interaction between the age and sport type effects was apparent in skeletal maturity, reflecting the fact that among the children, the soccer players were significantly less mature than the rest of the groups, while in the adolescents, the controls were the least skeletally mature. Summary and Conclusions: In summary, radial and tibial SOS are enhanced by the unique loading pattern in each sport (i.e, upper and lower extremities in gymnastics, lower extremities in soccer), with no cumulative effect between childhood and adolescence. That is, the effect of sport participation on bone SOS was apparent already among the young athletes. Enhanced bone properties among athletes of specific sports suggest that participation in these sports can improve bone strength and potential bone health.

Predictive values of neurological examination, otoscopic examination and brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) in calves with otisis media-interna

Présentement, le diagnostic d’otite moyenne-interne chez le veau est basé sur la présence de signes cliniques appropriés ainsi que les tests diagnostiques tels que la radiographie et la tomodensitométrie. L’objectif de cette étude prospective était d’évaluer les valeurs prédictives de l’examen neurologique, l’examen otoscopique et le test des potentiels auditifs évoqués (PAE) dans le diagnostic d’otite moyenne-interne chez le veau, en utilisant la tomodensitométrie comme test standard. Le deuxième objectif était de définir les valeurs de référence pour le PAE chez le veau normal et d’en décrire les anomalies chez des veaux atteints d’otite moyenne-interne. Dix-sept veaux de race Holstein entre 5-7 semaines d’âge ont été inclus. Tous les veaux ont eu un examen neurologique, un examen otoscopique et une évaluation des PAEs. Les veaux ont été tranquillisés avec de la xylazine intraveineuse (0,05-0,15mg/kg) pour la tomodensitométrie des bulles tympaniques afin d’évaluer pour la présence d’otite moyenne-interne. Selon les résultats de la tomodensitométrie, 11 des 17 veaux étaient atteints avec otite moyenne, 4 de façon unilatérale et 7 bilatéralement. Cinq ondes ont été identifiées de façon constante sur les tracés des PAEs des 6 veaux normaux. Les valeurs positives prédictives pour le PAE, l’examen neurologique et l’examen otoscopique étaient 94,7%, 91,7% et 66,7% respectivement. D’un point de vue clinique, le test le plus fiable dans le diagnostic d’otite moyenne-interne chez le veau est le PAE. Les anomalies ont été observées au PAE avant le développement des signes neurologiques chez certains veaux.

Évaluation de la reconstruction des ligaments croisés post luxation aiguë du genou avec l’utilisation des ligaments synthétiques

La luxation du genou, bien que très rare, demeure une blessure dévastatrice car elle entraîne de multiples complications en raison de la nature complexe du traumatisme associé à cette lésion. La luxation peut résulter d'un traumatisme à haute ou basse énergie. Les blessures sévères aux ligaments et aux structures associées donnent à la luxation du genou un potentiel élevé d'atteinte fonctionnelle. Le traitement conservateur, qui était considéré comme acceptable auparavant, est maintenant réservé à un très faible pourcentage de patients. La reconstruction chirurgicale est maintenant préconisée dans la plupart des cas, mais de nombreuses options existent et le traitement chirurgical optimal à préconiser reste controversé. Certains chirurgiens recommandent la reconstruction complète de tous les ligaments endommagés le plus tôt possible, tandis que d'autres, craignant l’établissement d’arthrofibrose, limitent l'intervention chirurgicale immédiate à la reconstruction du ligament croisé postérieur et de l'angle postéro-externe. En raison des multiples structures endommagées lors d’une luxation du genou, les chirurgiens utilisent couramment la combinaison des autogreffes et des allogreffes pour compléter la reconstruction ligamentaire. Les complications associées au prélèvement de la greffe, l'allongement de la greffe, l’affaiblissement précoce du greffon ainsi que les risques de transmission de maladies ont poussé les chirurgiens à rechercher différentes options d’intervention. L'utilisation de matériaux synthétiques pour le remplacement du ligament lésé a été proposée dans les années ´80. Après une première vague d'enthousiasme, les résultats décevants à long terme et les taux élevés d'échec ont diminué sa popularité. Depuis lors, une nouvelle génération de ligaments artificiels a vu le jour et parmi eux, le Ligament Advanced Reinforced System (LARS) a montré des résultats prometteurs. Il a été utilisé récemment dans les reconstructions isolées du ligament croisé antérieur et du ligament croisé postérieur pour lesquelles il a montré de bons résultats à court et moyen termes. Le but de cette étude rétrospective était d'évaluer la fonction et la stabilité du genou après la luxation aiguë suivant la reconstruction des ligaments croisés avec le ligament artificiel de type LARS. Cette étude a évalué 71 patients présentant une luxation du genou et qui ont subi une chirurgie de reconstruction du ligament croisé antérieur et du ligament croisé postérieur à l'aide du ligament LARS. Suite à la chirurgie le même protocole intensif de réadaptation a été suivi pour tous les patients, où la mise en charge progressive était permise après une période d’environ 6 semaines pendant laquelle la force musculaire et la stabilité dynamique se rétablissaient. Les outils d’évaluation utilisés étaient le score Lysholm, le formulaire de «l’International Knee Documentation Committee», le «Short Form-36», les tests cliniques de stabilité du genou, l'amplitude de mouvement articulaire à l’aide d’un goniomètre et la radiographie en stress Telos à 30° et 90° de flexion du genou. Le même protocole d’évaluation a été appliqué au genou controlatéral pour des fins de comparaison. Les résultats subjectifs et objectifs de cette étude sont satisfaisants et suggèrent que la réparation et la reconstruction combinées avec ligaments LARS est une alternative valable pour le traitement des luxations aiguës du genou. Ces résultats démontrent que ces interventions produisent des effets durables en termes d’amélioration de la fonction et révèlent la durabilité à long terme des ligaments artificiels LARS. Les patients sont à la fois plus autonomes et plus satisfaits avec le temps, même si la luxation du genou est considérée comme une catastrophe au moment où elle se produit. Des études prospectives randomisées sont maintenant nécessaires afin de comparer la sélection de la greffe et le délai de reconstruction chirurgicale.

Amplitude de mouvement du coude, développement d’une méthode de mesure radiographique et identification des facteurs influents.

L’instrument le plus fréquemment utilisé pour la mesure de l’amplitude de mouvement du coude est le goniomètre universel. Or celui-ci ne fait pas l’unanimité : plusieurs auteurs remettent en question sa fiabilité et validité. Cette étude détaille donc, en trois étapes, une alternative beaucoup plus précise et exacte : une méthode radiographique de mesure. Une étude de modélisation a d’abord permis de repérer les sources d’erreur potentielles de cette méthode radiographique, à ce jour jamais utilisée pour le coude. La méthode a ensuite servi à évaluer la validité du goniomètre. À cette fin, 51 volontaires ont participé à une étude clinique où les deux méthodes ont été confrontées. Finalement, la mesure radiographique a permis de lever le voile sur l’influence que peuvent avoir différents facteurs démographiques sur l’amplitude de mouvement du coude. La méthode radiographique s’est montrée robuste et certaines sources d’erreurs facilement évitables ont été identifiées. En ce qui concerne l’étude clinique, l’erreur de mesure attribuable au goniomètre était de ±10,3° lors de la mesure du coude en extension et de ±7,0° en flexion. L’étude a également révélé une association entre l’amplitude de mouvement et différents facteurs, dont les plus importants sont l’âge, le sexe, l’IMC et la circonférence du bras et de l’avant-bras. En conclusion, l’erreur du goniomètre peut être tolérée en clinique, mais son utilisation est cependant déconseillée en recherche, où une erreur de mesure de l’ordre de 10° est inacceptable. La méthode radiographique, étant plus précise et exacte, représente alors une bien meilleure alternative.

Simulation de radiographies à partir d'images tomodensitométriques pour l'enseignement de l'anatomie radiographique en médecine vétérinaire

L'un des principaux défis de l'interprétation radiographique réside dans la compréhension de l’anatomie radiographique, laquelle est intrinsèquement liée à la disposition tridimensionnelle des structures anatomiques et à l’impact du positionnement du tube radiogène vis-à-vis de ces structures lors de l'acquisition de l'image. Traditionnellement, des radiographies obtenues selon des projections standard sont employées pour enseigner l'anatomie radiographique en médecine vétérinaire. La tomodensitométrie − ou communément appelée CT (Computed Tomography) − partage plusieurs des caractéristiques de la radiographie en ce qui a trait à la génération des images. À l’aide d'un plug-in spécialement développé (ORS Visual ©), la matrice contenant les images CT est déformée pour reproduire les effets géométriques propres au positionnement du tube et du détecteur vis-à-vis du patient radiographié, tout particulièrement les effets de magnification et de distorsion. Afin d'évaluer le rendu des images simulées, différentes régions corporelles ont été imagées au CT chez deux chiens, un chat et un cheval, avant d'être radiographiées suivant des protocoles d'examens standards. Pour valider le potentiel éducatif des simulations, dix radiologistes certifiés ont comparé à l'aveugle neuf séries d'images radiographiques simulées aux séries radiographiques standard. Plusieurs critères ont été évalués, soient le grade de visualisation des marqueurs anatomiques, le réalisme et la qualité radiographique des images, le positionnement du patient et le potentiel éducatif de celles-ci pour différents niveaux de formation vétérinaire. Les résultats généraux indiquent que les images radiographiques simulées à partir de ce modèle sont suffisamment représentatives de la réalité pour être employées dans l’enseignement de l’anatomie radiographique en médecine vétérinaire.