DESLIZAMIENTOS EN LA CUENCA MEDIA Y SUPERIOR DEL RIO REVENTADO, CARTAGO, COSTA RICA

La cuenca del río Reventado, situada en la vertiente sur del Volcán Irazú, Costa Rica, presenta actualmente un riesgo para la ciudad de Cartago (aproximadamente 30.000 habitantes), especialmente para algunos asentamientos cercanos al río mismo.  Este riesgo consiste, en primer lugar, en un deslizamiento con grandes extensiones en la parte inferior de la cuenca media, el deslizamiento llamado San Blas. Este deslizamiento está formado por la antigua terraza de Banderilla de material de avalanchas holocenas y que fue activado en el comienzo de la década de los setenta por la destrucción de su sostén por la explotación de materiales en tajos. Anteriormente, la última vez en los años 63-65, el riesgo era diferente:Erupciones del Irazú con grandes cantidades de cenizas originaron un cambio violento del régimen hidrológico, intensas lluvias causaron crecidas y avalanchas, profundizando en la cuenca superior los cauces y provocando así deslizamientos. En la cuenca baja estas avalanchas provocan inundaciones y acumulaciones de los abanicos diferentes. Los deslizamientos activados por estos eventos actualmente muestran poca o ninguna actividad, pero el riesgo de repeticiones de estos eventos persiste. SUMMARYThe Rio Reventado watershed, situated in the southern slope of the Irazú volcano, Costa Rica, presents a risk for the town of Cartago (30.000 inhabitants) and specially for some settlements near the river.  In first place, this risk consists of a huge landslide in the lower part of the watershed, the<<San Blas- landslide, which is formed by the labaric material of a Holocene terrace of the Reventado, called <<Banderilla- terrace>>. At the beginning of the seventies this terrace was activated due the explotation of its materials in two quarries.  The risks existing before in this watershed were of an other nature, an example give the events of years 1963-65:A violent hydrologic change in the upper part of the Reventado watershed due to the ashfall of an eruption of the Irazú caused big mudflows whish depend the river beds and thus provoked landslides.  These mud flows caused inundations and accumulations in the lower watershed. Today, the land slides activated in the sixties are stable or semistable, but the risk of repetitions still persists.

The genetic prehistory of Northern Calabria. Archeogenomic investigation of the human remains from Grotta di Pietra Sant’Angelo and Grotta della Monaca.

Given its strategic position at the center of the Mediterranean Basin, and its unique history of contacts and migrations, Calabria is an ideal region to decipher the genetic traces of at least some of the numerous demographic prehistoric events in Southern Italy. This thesis focuses on the genetic and social changes of ancient inhabitants of Calabria, covering a timeline of approximately 7000 to 3300 years ago, ranging from the Middle Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age. We generated the first genome-wide data from Calabria, by focusing on the single inhumation of “Grotta di Pietra Sant’Angelo” (San Lorenzo Bellizzi, Cosenza) and on the vast community found buried in “Grotta della Monaca” (Sant’Agata di Esaro, Cosenza). Supported by archaeological evidence, the primary objective of this research was to employ paleogenomic evidence to decipher funerary customs, social organization, family ties, and demographic shifts in Southern Italy over a period extending beyond three millennia. The possibility of gender-related burial practices and kinship ties among the deceased was also explored. Subsequently, the biogeographical origin and ancestry of prehistoric people of Calabria was contextualized within the broad landscape of existing data on Mediterranean populations. By generating the first genomic evidence from prehistoric Calabria, unresolved questions were addressed, related to the appearance and persistence of distinct genomic components, such as the Iran-related and the Steppe-related ancestry, whose impact on ancient Southern Italian genomes remains uncharted.