Experimental observations of the stress regime in unsaturated compacted clay when laterally confined

Construction processes often involve reformation of the landscape, which will inevitably encompass compaction of artificially placed soils. A common application of fill materials is their use as backfill in many engineering applications, for example behind a retaining wall. The post-construction behaviour of clay fills is complex with respect to stresses and deformation when the fills become saturated over time. Heavily compacted fills swells significantly more than the lightly compacted fills. This will produce enhanced lateral stresses if the fill is laterally restrained. The work presented in this paper examines how the stress regime in unsaturated clay fills changes with wetting under laterally restrained conditions. Specimens of compacted kaolin, with different initial conditions, were wetted to various values of suction under zero lateral strain at constant net overburden pressure which allowed the concept of K _{0 (the ratio between the net horizontal stress and the net vertical stress) to be examined. Tests were also carried out to examine the traditional concept of the earth pressure coefficient ‘at rest' under loading and unloading and its likely effects on the stress–strain properties. The results have shown that the stress regime (i.e. the lateral stress) changes significantly during wetting under laterally restrained conditions. The magnitude of the change is affected by the initial condition of the soil. The results have also indicated that the earth pressure coefficient ‘at rest' during loading (under the normally consolidated condition) is unaffected by suction and such loading conditions inevitably lead to the development of anisotropic stress–strain properties}

The effect of increased dietary fruit and vegetable consumption on endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidative stress in hypertensive volunteers

Background and aims

Public health campaigns recommend increased fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption as an effective means of cardiovascular risk reduction. During an 8 week randomised control trial among hypertensive volunteers, we noted significant improvements in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation with increasing FV consumption. Circulating indices of inflammation, endothelial activation and insulin resistance are often employed as alternative surrogates for systemic arterial health. The responses of several such biomarkers to our previously described FV intervention are reported here.
Methods and results

Hypertensive volunteers were recruited from medical outpatient clinics. After a common 4 week run-in period during which FV consumption was limited to 1 portion per day, participants were randomised to 1, 3 or 6 portions daily for 8 weeks. Venous blood samples for biomarker analyses were collected during the pre and post-intervention vascular assessments. A total of 117 volunteers completed the 12 week study. Intervention-related changes in circulating levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) did not differ significantly between FV groups. Similarly, there were no significant between group differences of change in homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores.
Conclusions

Despite mediating a significant improvement in acetylcholine induced vasodilatation, increased FV consumption did not affect a calculated measure of insulin resistance or concentrations of the circulating biomarkers measured during this study. Functional indices of arterial health such as endothelium-dependent vasomotion are likely to provide more informative cardiovascular end-points during short-term dietary intervention trials.

Effect of fruit and vegetable intake on oxidative stress and inflammation in COPD: a randomised controlled trial

Epidemiological evidence supports a positive relationship between fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Increasing FV intake may attenuate the oxidative stress and inflammation associated with COPD.

An exploratory randomised controlled trial to examine the effect of increased consumption of FV on oxidative stress and inflammation in moderate-to-severe COPD was conducted. 81 symptomatically stable patients with a habitually low FV intake (two or fewer portions of FV per day) were randomised to the intervention group (five or more portions of FV per day) or the control group (two or fewer portions of FV per day). Each participant received self-selected weekly home deliveries of FV for 12 weeks.

75 participants completed the intervention. There was a significant between-group change in self-reported FV intake and biomarkers of FV intake (zeaxanthin (p=0.034) and ß-cryptoxanthin (p=0.015)), indicating good compliance; post-intervention intakes in intervention and control groups were 6.1 and 1.9 portions of FV per day, respectively. There were no significant changes in biomarkers of airway inflammation (interleukin-8 and myeloperoxidase) and systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein) or airway and systemic oxidative stress (8-isoprostane).

This exploratory study demonstrated that patients with moderate-to-severe COPD were able to comply with an intervention to increase FV intake; however, this had no significant effect on airway or systemic oxidative stress and inflammation.

Inhibition of Rho-kinase protects cerebral barrier from ischaemia-evoked injury through modulations of endothelial cell oxidative stress and tight junctions

Ischaemic strokes evoke blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and oedema formation through a series of mechanisms involving Rho-kinase activation. Using an animal model of human focal cerebral ischaemia, this study assessed and confirmed the therapeutic potential of Rho-kinase inhibition during the acute phase of stroke by displaying significantly improved functional outcome and reduced cerebral lesion and oedema volumes in fasudil- versus vehicle-treated animals. Analyses of ipsilateral and contralateral brain samples obtained from mice treated with vehicle or fasudil at the onset of reperfusion plus 4 h post-ischaemia or 4 h post-ischaemia alone revealed these benefits to be independent of changes in the activity and expressions of oxidative stress- and tight junction-related parameters. However, closer scrutiny of the same parameters in brain microvascular endothelial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation ± reperfusion revealed marked increases in prooxidant NADPH oxidase enzyme activity, superoxide anion release and in expressions of antioxidant enzyme catalase and tight junction protein claudin-5. Cotreatment of cells with Y-27632 prevented all of these changes and protected in vitro barrier integrity and function. These findings suggest that inhibition of Rho-kinase after acute ischaemic attacks improves cerebral integrity and function through regulation of endothelial cell oxidative stress and reorganization of intercellular junctions. Inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) activity in a mouse model of human ischaemic stroke significantly improved functional outcome while reducing cerebral lesion and oedema volumes compared to vehicle-treated counterparts. Studies conducted with brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to OGD ± R in the presence of Y-27632 revealed restoration of intercellular junctions and suppression of prooxidant NADPH oxidase activity as important factors in ROCK inhibition-mediated BBB protection.

The effects of Chronic Lycopene Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Glucose Homeostasis.

Lycopene can exert antioxidant effects against peripheral and cellular oxidative stress and may be associated with reduced diabetic risk. Conversely, exercise-induced free radicals are thought to underpin many of the desirable whole-body adaptations following training and the use of antioxidants within the exercise model remains debatable. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of lycopene supplementation on oxidative stress and glucose homeostasis following acute aerobic exercise. METHOD: Twenty-eight (n=28) apparently healthy male volunteers were recruited (age 24 ± 4 years; weight 78 ± 10 kg; height 178 ± 8 cm; 2max 40 ± 7 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 ) in a randomised, single blind, placebo-controlled study. Participants were required to attend the Laboratory on two occasions: prior to and following 6 weeks of supplementation of either 10mg lycopene (LG; n=15) or placebo (PG; n=13) followed by a bout of acute exercise for one hour at 65% 2max. Exogenous glucose oxidation was then measured on an isotope ratio mass spectrometer in a sub-group of participants (n=14) following exercise, by administration of a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75g glucose). Venous blood samples were drawn for measurement of oxidative stress parameters, plasma glucose and insulin. RESULTS: Plasma lycopene increased in LG only (0.01 ± 0.004 vs.0.02 ± 0.007 µmol/L; P <0.05) following supplementation and remained elevated post exercise compared to PG (0.01 ± 0.004 vs. 0.02 ± 0.009 µmol/L; P <0.05). There were no changes in other markers of oxidative stress (SOD, LOOHs, F2 ISP and Alkoxyl radical) either between or within the trials, (P >0.05, respectively). A main effect for an increase in insulin was observed two hours post OGTT in the sub-groups (Pooled data, P <0.05) but trends in the HOMA scores were evident with a 57% increase for LG (2.20 ± 1.84 vs. 5.14 ± 2.5; P >0.05) and an 11% decrease for PG (2.17 ± 1.06 vs. 1.94 ± 1.53; P >0.05). No change in plasma glucose was detected at any point, or after the OGTT (P >0.05). CONCLUSION: In healthy males, lycopene supplementation had no effect on post exercise levels of ROS or markers of lipid peroxidation, despite an increase in plasma lycopene. However, lycopene supplementation may affect post exercise insulin sensitivity in response to glucose consumption, but further parallel research is required.

Environmental factors, clipping and fire: effects on cerrado (Brazilian savanna) native and invasive grasses

The Brazilian Cerrado houses a hugely diverse biota and is considered a conservation hotspot. One of the greatest threats to the integrity of this ecosystem is introduced African grasses, which can competitively exclude native grasses and cause changes in the microclimate and other disturbances. The Cerrado is a mosaic vegetation that provides different combinations, both spatially and temporally, of conditions that can become natural stressors to the herbaceous vegetation (water, nutrient and light availability). These mosaics are reflected in differences in relationships among native and invasive species, affecting competition and creating situations (place/season) that are more, or less, susceptible to invasion. The present study aimed to identify the different biological responses of native (Aristida recurvata, Aristida setifolia, Axonopus barbigerus, Echinolaena inflexa, Gymnopogon spicatus, Paspalum gardnerianum, Paspalum stellatum, Schizachyrium microstachyum, Schizachyrium sanguineum) and invasive (Melinis minutiflora and Andropogon gayanus) grasses to variations in natural stressors and to disturbance (fire and clipping), in order to understand changes in ecosystem functioning and competition processes between the grasses, and to understand invasion dynamics in this ecosystem. The presence of invasive species proved to affect the ecosystem functioning by increasing soil feeding activity. These differences were no longer observed in the dry season or when fires were frequent, showing that water availability and fire are more detrimental to soil feeding activity than is the vegetation. Laboratory experiments showed that both drought and flood simulated scenarios damaged both species, although the invasive species performed better under all watering conditions and responded better to fertilization. Underlying mechanisms such as the efficiency of photosynthesis and antioxidant mechanisms helped to explain this behavior. The invasive species grew faster and showed less cellular damage and a healthier photosystem, reflected in higher assimilation rates under stress. These differences between the native and invasive species were reduced with clipping, especially in dry soil with no fertilization, where the native species recovered better in relation to the pre-clipping levels. Flooding was as stressful as drought, but the invasive species can bypass this issue by growing an extensive root system, especially in the better-drained soils. Fire is more detrimental than clipping, with a slower recovery, while post-fire temperatures affect the germination of both invasive and native seeds and may be an important factor influencing the persistence of a diverse biota. This approach will finally contribute to the choice of the appropriate management techniques to preserve the Cerrado’s biodiversity.

The effect of acute alcohol exposure on hepatic oxidative stress and function: prevention by micronutrients

Alcohol binge drinking, especially in teenagers and young adults is a major public health issue in the UK, with the number of alcohol related liver disorders steadily increasing. Understanding the mechanisms behind liver disease arising from binge-drinking and finding ways to prevent such damage are currently important areas of research. In the present investigation the effect of acute ethanol administration on hepatic oxidative damage and apoptosis was examined using both an in vivo and in vitro approach; the effect of micronutrient supplementation prior and during ethanol exposure was also studied. The following studies were performed: (1) ethanol administration (75 mmol/kg body weight) and cyanamide pre-treatment followed by ethanol to study elevated acetaldehyde levels with liver tissue analysed 2.5, 6 and 24 hours post-alcohol; (2). Using juvenile animals, 2% betaine supplementation followed by acute ethanol with tissue analysed 24 hrs post ethanol; and (3). Micronutrient supplementation during concomitant ethanol exposure to hepG2 cells. It was found that a single dose of alcohol caused oxidative damage to the liver of rats at 2.5 hr post-alcohol as evidenced by decreased glutathione levels and increased malondialdehyde levels in both the cytosol and mitochondria. Liver function was also depressed but there were no findings of apoptosis as cytochrome c levels and caspase 3 activity was unchanged. At 6 hours, the effect of ethanol was reduced suggesting some degree of recovery, however, by 24 hours, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress was apparent. The effect of elevated acetaldehyde on hepatic damage was particularly evident at 24 hours, with some oxidative changes at earlier time points. At 24 hours, acetaldehyde caused a profound drop in glutathione levels in the cytosol and hepatic function was still deteriorating. Studies examining ethanol exposure to juvenile livers showed that glutathione levels were increased, suggesting an overtly protective response not seen in with older animals. It also showed that despite cytochrome c release into the cytosol, caspase-3 levels were not increased. This suggests that ATP depletion is preventing apoptosis initiation. Betaine supplementation prevented almost all of the alcohol-mediated changes, suggesting that the main mechanism behind alcohol-mediated liver damage is oxidative stress. Results using the hepG2 cell line model showed that micronutrients involved in glutathione synthesis can protect against hepatocyte damage caused by alcohol metabolism, with reduced reactive oxygen species and increased/maintained glutathione levels. In summary, these results demonstrate that both acute alcohol and acetaldehyde can have damaging effects to the liver, but that dietary intervention may be able to protect against ethanol induced oxidative stress.

Infância Institucionalizada: Narrativas das crianças sobre o antes, o durante e o pós alta hospitalar

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação, especialização em Educação Social e Intervenção Comunitária

Benefícios de uma intervenção específica em desenvolvimento da linguagem, em crianças diagnosticadas com “espectro do autismo”

Dissertação Apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Ciências da Educação - Especialidade em Intervenção Precoce

Antropologia Funerária e Paleobiologia das Populações Pós-Medievais Portuguesas: Os Casos de Nossa Senhora da Anunciada e Espírito Santo

As desigualdades sociais na saúde constituem a problemática abordada nesta dissertação, tendo sido escolhidas para explorar esta questão duas séries esqueléticas – igreja de Nossa Senhora da Anunciada (Setúbal) e capela do Espírito Santo (Loures) – cronologicamente enquadradas no período pós-medieval, entre os séculos XVI e XIX, e cujos indivíduos apresentavam estatutos socioeconómicos diferenciados. Na concretização deste objectivo foi realizada uma primeira abordagem que incidiu no estudo integral – contexto funerário e Paleobiologia – das respectivas séries. Do manancial de resultados obtidos foram seleccionados e explorados na segunda abordagem indicadores de estatuto social e de estatuto biológico (ou esqueléticos de stress fisiológico) capazes de responder à problemática enunciada, procurando demonstrar-se que as desigualdades sociais podem actuar sobre factores fundamentais ao desenvolvimento normal e saúde dos indivíduos, manifestando-se, consequentemente, de forma diferencial entre indivíduos de estatutos socioeconómicos contrastantes. A caracterização geral do contexto funerário revelou que no interior da igreja de N. Sra. da Anunciada, localizada no bairro do Troino, habitado por um segmento da população socialmente mais desfavorecido, registaram-se 93 inumações primárias e 155 secundárias, as quais foram realizadas em covas abertas no subsolo e revelando a quase ausência de espólio votivo e de caixão. Por outro lado, na capela do Espírito Santo foram exumadas 46 inumações primárias e 30 secundárias que foram exclusivamente encontradas em criptas, tendo os indivíduos sido inumados em caixão e identificando-se, igualmente, a presença de espólio votivo associado. A documentação histórica refere o nome de mecenas e benfeitores do respectivo convento com direito a sepultura na sua capela. Na caracterização paleobiológica geral foram revelados os perfis biológicos básicos, tendo sido identificados indivíduos de ambos os sexos e diferentes classes etárias, constatando-se em ambas séries esqueléticas a predominância de indivíduos do sexo feminino. A análise morfológica evidenciou os caracteres discretos e métricos, bem como a estatura dos indivíduos, sendo esta última, igualmente, referida no estudo das desigualdades sociais. Por fim, o estudo paleopatológico revelou a presença de diversas alterações dentárias e ósseas, incluindo condições enquadradas nos indicadores esqueléticos de stress fisiológico. Na segunda abordagem que se centrou no objectivo específico desta investigação, os indicadores de estatuto social – local de inumação, caixão e espólio votivo – mostraram uma associação dos indivíduos com o seu estatuto socioeconómico clara e inequívoca, enquanto os indicadores esqueléticos de stress fisiológico – crescimento, estatura, cáries, perda de dentes ante mortem, hiperostose porótica, cribra orbitalia, hipoplasias lineares do esmalte dentário, formação de osso novo bilateral nas tíbias, fracturas, osteoartrose, discartrose, alterações nas áreas das enteses e DISH – revelaram que a sua interpretação é muito complexa. Concluiu-se que a interpretação das desigualdades sociais na saúde com base em indicadores de estatuto biológico deve ser prudente, já que não é evidente uma associação ii directa com o estatuto socioeconómico dos indivíduos. Esta investigação corroborou a informação histórica e arqueológica que permite aludir ao estatuto socioeconómico dos indivíduos destas séries esqueléticas, mas a associação deste estatuto a uma saúde diferenciada entre grupos revelou-se inconclusiva.

Maneio do cão geriátrico nas 48 horas pós-cirúrgicas

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

A constructivist grounded theory of firefighter perceptions of stress, coping and the relationship to health

This qualitative research was a constructivist grounded theory designed to develop an understanding of how firefighters perceive and cope with stressful situations and the impact this has on their perceptions of health. This study was framed in a social ecological perspective with the community of firefighting providing the environment within which to explore stress and coping. Of particular concern here are the stressors associated with firefighting. Prior research with firefighters has often been epidemiological and statistical in nature, focusing on measures of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression (Baker & Williams, 2001 ; Brown et al., 2002; Murphy et al.,1999; Regehr et al., 2002; Regehr et al., 2003). Qualitative research examining the perception of stress among firefighters that includes personal stories allows firefighters the opportunity to describe what it is like to be met with physically and mentally challenging situations on a daily basis. Twelve in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with a brief questionnaire were conducted with firefighters from a Southern Ontario Fire Department. Four main themes emerged describing the persona of the firefighter, the stressors of firefighters, coping strategies of firefighters, and firefighters' perceptions of health. Stressors include requirements of the job, traumatic calls, tensions with co-workers, the struggle between the family at home and the family at work, political stressors with the City, and the inner struggle. Avoidance coping, approach coping, and gaining perspective emerged as the three coping styles of firefighters. Health was defined as including physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects. A model of the findings is provided that depicts the cyclical nature of the stress-coping-health relationship among firefighters.

Les effets d’un traitement au corticostérone sur la transmission dopaminergique mésocorticale du rat en période de stress

L’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien joue un rôle essentiel dans l’adaptation et la réponse au stress. Toutefois, l’hyperactivation de cet axe ou des niveaux chroniquement élevés de glucocorticoïdes (GC) entraînent des conséquences pathologiques. Le système dopaminergique mésocortical, qui se projette dans le cortex préfrontal médian (CPFm), joue un rôle adaptatif en protégeant contre le stress. Jusqu’à présent, les interactions fonctionnelles entre les GC (ex : corticostérone) et le système dopaminergique mésocortical ne sont pas élucidées. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons évalué les effets des GC sur les fonctions dopaminergiques préfrontales en élevant chroniquement, à l’aide de minipompes osmotiques, les niveaux de corticostérone aux concentrations physiologiques maximales (1 mg/kg/h pendant 7 jours). Ce traitement n’a pas modifié significativement, chez les rats stressés ou non, les niveaux post mortem de dopamine et de son métabolite dans le tissu du CPFm. Toutefois, l’évaluation par voltamétrie in vivo des changements de dopamine extracellulaire dans le CPFmv a permis d’observer que la corticostérone augmente significativement la libération de dopamine en réponse à l’exposition à l’odeur de renard et au pincement de la queue. Nos études nous permettent de conclure que la corticostérone potentialise la fonction dopaminergique mésocorticale qui, à son tour, facilite la régulation négative en période de stress.

Inflammation, stress oxydant, profil métabolique : influence des apports alimentaires et de la dépense énergétique

Le risque cardiométabolique (RCM) représente l’ensemble de tous les facteurs de risque pour les maladies cardiovasculaires et le diabète de type 2, incluant les facteurs de risque traditionnels et ceux émergents. Les évidences indiquent que la résistance à l’insuline, l’inflammation et le stress oxydant jouent un rôle clé dans le RCM, bien que l’acteur initiateur des altérations métaboliques caractéristiques du RCM reste encore à définir. Les femmes post-ménopausées constituent un sous-groupe important de la population puisque le risque de complications cardiométaboliques augmente après la ménopause. Les facteurs de RCM peuvent être modulés par l’alimentation, l’activité physique et la perte de poids. Alors que l’étude de nutriments / aliments spécifiques a permis de mieux comprendre l’implication de l’alimentation dans le RCM, celle de la qualité de l’alimentation est prometteuse. L’activité physique a des effets bénéfiques sur le RCM bien démontrés chez des personnes actives. Cependant, la relation entre la dépense énergétique et le RCM chez des individus sédentaires a été moins investiguée. De même, peu ou pas de données existent quant à une interaction synergique possible entre l’alimentation et l’activité physique sur le RCM. L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’investiguer les relations entre l’alimentation, l’activité physique, le stress oxydant et le RCM chez des femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses, sédentaires et sans autres complications métaboliques. Les résultats montrent que d’une part, chez ces femmes sédentaires, une dépense énergétique active (DÉAP) élevée est associée à un meilleur profil inflammatoire, indépendamment de l’adiposité. D’autre part, il existe une relation synergique entre la qualité alimentaire et la DÉAP associée à un meilleur RCM. Une qualité alimentaire élevée combinée à une DÉAP élevée est associée à un meilleur profil lipidique et lipoprotéique et à une inflammation sub-clinique moindre, indépendamment de l’adiposité. Par ailleurs, dans une étude pilote, seuls des effets indépendants des changements de la qualité alimentaire et de la DÉAP sur les changements dans les facteurs de RCM ont été observés suite à cette diète hypocalorique de 6 mois, indépendamment du changement de l’adiposité encouru. En effet, au-delà de la réduction de l’adiposité et de l’amélioration du profil lipoprotéique induites par l’intervention, l’amélioration de la qualité alimentaire et de la DÉAP est associée, indépendamment l’une de l’autre, à une meilleure pression artérielle et un meilleur profil lipidique. Par ailleurs, une modification du système glutathion, un des systèmes antioxydants les plus communs de l’organisme, est associée à un RCM élevé. Une activité élevée de la glutathion peroxydase est associée à une résistance à l’insuline et à une épaisseur plus importante de l’intima-media de la carotide. Ces relations pourraient être médiées par un stress réducteur. En conclusion, l’adoption d’une saine alimentation et la pratique d’activités physiques doivent être encouragées dans les interventions visant à contrer l’obésité et ses complications, même en absence d’un changement d’adiposité. D’autre part, l’activité de la glutathion peroxydase pourrait être un paramètre impliqué dans le développement de désordres cardiométaboliques sub-cliniques et asymptomatiques chez des femmes obèses. D’autres investigations sont requises pour confirmer ces observations et élucider les mécanismes d’action impliqués.