963 resultados para Pacific salmon -- habitat -- British Columbia


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Mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM) is a rare sporadic syndrome comprising craniofacial malformations, microcephaly, developmental delay, and a recognizable dysmorphic appearance. Major sequelae, including choanal atresia, sensorineural hearing loss, and cleft palate, each occur in a significant proportion of affected individuals. We present detailed clinical findings in 12 unrelated individuals with MFDM; these 12 individuals compose the largest reported cohort to date. To define the etiology of MFDM, we employed whole-exome sequencing of four unrelated affected individuals and identified heterozygous mutations or deletions of EFTUD2 in all four. Validation studies of eight additional individuals with MFDM demonstrated causative EFTUD2 mutations in all affected individuals tested. A range of EPTUD2-mutation types, including null alleles and frameshifts, is seen in MFDM, consistent with haploinsufficiency; segregation is de novo in all cases assessed to date. U5-116kD, the protein encoded by EFTUD2, is a highly conserved spliceosomal GTPase with a central regulatory role in catalytic splicing and post-splicing-complex disassembly. MFDM is the fast multiple-malformation syndrome attributed to a defect of the major spliceosome. Our findings significantly extend the range of reported spliceosomal phenotypes in humans and pave the way for further investigation in related conditions such as Treacher Collins syndrome.

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Background Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delays in expressive language, and a distinctive facial appearance. Recently, heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP were determined to be disease-causing. With the availability of a DNA based confirmatory test, we set forth to define the clinical features of this syndrome. Methods and results Clinical information on fifty-two individuals with SRCAP mutations was collected using standardized questionnaires. Twenty-four males and twenty-eight females were studied with ages ranging from 2 to 52 years. The facial phenotype and expressive language impairments were defining features within the group. Height measurements were typically between minus two and minus four standard deviations, with occipitofrontal circumferences usually within the average range. Thirty-three of the subjects (63%) had at least one major anomaly requiring medical intervention. We did not observe any specific phenotype-genotype correlations. Conclusions This large cohort of individuals with molecularly confirmed FHS has allowed us to better delineate the clinical features of this rare but classic genetic syndrome, thereby facilitating the development of management protocols.

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Although Recovery is often defined as the less studied and documented phase of the Emergency Management Cycle, a wide literature is available for describing characteristics and sub-phases of this process. Previous works do not allow to gain an overall perspective because of a lack of systematic consistent monitoring of recovery utilizing advanced technologies such as remote sensing and GIS technologies. Taking into consideration the key role of Remote Sensing in Response and Damage Assessment, this thesis is aimed to verify the appropriateness of such advanced monitoring techniques to detect recovery advancements over time, with close attention to the main characteristics of the study event: Hurricane Katrina storm surge. Based on multi-source, multi-sensor and multi-temporal data, the post-Katrina recovery was analysed using both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The first phase was dedicated to the investigation of the relation between urban types, damage and recovery state, referring to geographical and technological parameters. Damage and recovery scales were proposed to review critical observations on remarkable surge- induced effects on various typologies of structures, analyzed at a per-building level. This wide-ranging investigation allowed a new understanding of the distinctive features of the recovery process. A quantitative analysis was employed to develop methodological procedures suited to recognize and monitor distribution, timing and characteristics of recovery activities in the study area. Promising results, gained by applying supervised classification algorithms to detect localization and distribution of blue tarp, have proved that this methodology may help the analyst in the detection and monitoring of recovery activities in areas that have been affected by medium damage. The study found that Mahalanobis Distance was the classifier which provided the most accurate results, in localising blue roofs with 93.7% of blue roof classified correctly and a producer accuracy of 70%. It was seen to be the classifier least sensitive to spectral signature alteration. The application of the dissimilarity textural classification to satellite imagery has demonstrated the suitability of this technique for the detection of debris distribution and for the monitoring of demolition and reconstruction activities in the study area. Linking these geographically extensive techniques with expert per-building interpretation of advanced-technology ground surveys provides a multi-faceted view of the physical recovery process. Remote sensing and GIS technologies combined to advanced ground survey approach provides extremely valuable capability in Recovery activities monitoring and may constitute a technical basis to lead aid organization and local government in the Recovery management.

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A complete stratigraphic assessment and revision of the middle Campanian to upper Maastrichtian Wapiti Formation in north-western Alberta and north-eastern British Columbia is the main aim of this research project. The study area encompasses an area of approximately 200X180 km in the Grande Prairie County (west-central Alberta) and easternmost British Columbia, Canada. Results presented here indicate that the 1300m thick succession currently reported in the literature as “undifferentiated lithostratigraphic unit”, consists of five lithostratigraphic units and four unconformity-bounded depositional sequences; their study and description have been documented integrating several geological disciplines, including sequence stratigraphic methods, well-log signatures, facies analysis, and fossil associations. On the whole, particular attention has been given to 1) age and nature of both basal and upper contacts of the Wapiti Formation, 2) effective mappability of lithostratigraphic units and depositional sequences in western Alberta, and 3) the identification of previously undetermined maximum flooding surface of the Bearpaw seaway and Drumheller Marine Tongue, which are reference marine unit in central and southern Alberta. A second, but not less important, guideline for the project has been the rich paleontological record of the Wapiti deposits. Detailed paleoenvironmental and taxonomical information on old and new finds have been the base for correlation with well known associations of Alaska, southern Alberta, and Montana. Newly discovered rich fossil localities documented an extraordinarily diverse fauna during the latest Cretaceous, including dinosaurs, squamates, and fresh-water fishes and reptiles. Lastly, in order to better characterize the Wapiti Formation, major marker beds were described: these include several bentonites (altered volcanic ash deposits) which have been documented over an area of almost 30.000 km2, as well as four major coal zones, characterized by tabular coal seams with an overall thickness of 2 meters. Such marker beds represent a formidable tool for high-resolution chronology and regional correlations within the Late Cretaceous Alberta foreland basin.

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Il presente studio ha come obiettivi l’analisi, la modellazione numerica e la caratterizzazione del rischio idrogeologico di due siti dell’Appennino bolognese interessati negli ultimi due anni da colate detritiche, Serraglio (Comune di Castiglione dei Pepoli) e Chiapporato (Comune di Camugnano). Lo studio è stato condotto in collaborazione con il Servizio Tecnico di Bacino Reno della Regione Emilia-Romagna, che ha reso disponibile la documentazione relativa ai due eventi analizzati. I predetti eventi possono esser definiti “anomali” in relazione sia alla loro collocazione – essendo il fenomeno delle colate detritiche diffuso principalmente in aree montuose caratterizzate da un’altitudine media rilevante, come l’arco alpino – sia al fatto che non sono né catalogati né ricordati a memoria d’uomo eventi, in tali località, precedenti a quelli in esame. Il rischio idrogeologico, indotto dalla possibilità non remota di nuovi eventi, è dato non dal volume o dall’area interessata dai fenomeni, ma piuttosto dall’estrema velocità caratterizzante le colate detritiche, appunto definite come manifestazioni parossistiche lungo la rete idrografica secondaria con trasporto in massa di sedimenti. L’analisi effettuata ha anche fornito l’occasione per effettuare un confronto tra due realtà, quella di Serraglio e quella di Chiapporato, accomunate dalla stessa tipologia di evento, ma differenti in relazione all’uso del suolo, alle caratteristiche geomorfologiche e alle modalità di propagazione nel corso dell’evento. L’abitato di Serraglio, sito nella frazione di Baragazza, è stato colpito da una colata detritica il 20 gennaio 2009. Da un punto di vista geologico e geomorfologico la località è sovrastata da un versante boscato notevolmente acclive, caratterizzato dall’affioramento della cosiddetta Formazione di Cervarola: tali rocce, appartenenti alla categoria delle arenarie e solitamente presenti in strati compatti, in seguito alla naturale degradazione dovuta agli agenti atmosferici hanno dato luogo ad un detrito composto da blocchi e ciottoli di varia dimensione immersi in una matrice sabbiosa. Il distacco è avvenuto proprio in questo materiale detritico, reso instabile dal notevole apporto pluviometrico verificatosi nei giorni precedenti. La colata, sviluppatasi in seguito alla fluidificazione del materiale coinvolto in uno scivolamento di detrito di ridotta volumetria, si è incanalata in uno dei rii effimeri che drenano il versante con traiettorie tra loro pseudo parallele. Il debris flow, accelerato da un dislivello complessivo di 125 m, ha poi raggiunto due abitazioni, fortunatamente non abitate al momento dell’evento, depositando uno spessore detritico di oltre 1,5 m nella zona di transito prima di proseguire verso valle nella sua frazione più fine, incanalandosi di fatto lungo lo stradello asfaltato di accesso alle abitazioni e interessando la strada provinciale che collega Castiglione dei Pepoli all’uscita autostradale di Roncobilaccio. Da un punto di vista meteo-climatico il mese di gennaio 2009 è stato caratterizzato da precipitazioni fortemente superiori alla media, accompagnate da una ridotta insolazione. La continua oscillazione dello zero termico tra 0 e 900 m ha dato luogo alla formazione di uno spessore nivale al suolo di circa 20 cm tre giorni prima dell’evento e poi al suo rapido scioglimento contestualmente all’aumento termico, dato dalla risalita di aria calda umida di origine africana, accompagnata da quella perturbazione che ha poi di fatto innescato il fenomeno. Nelle 48 ore precedenti l’evento sono stati registrati apporti nivo-pluviometrici corrispondenti ad oltre 130 mm, che hanno causato la completa saturazione del detrito superficiale, l’innesco dello scivolamento di detrito e la sua successiva fluidificazione. Il distacco del materiale detritico, la sua movimentazione e la notevole erosione che ha caratterizzato l’alveo del rio durante il fenomeno – quantificata mediamente in 20 cm – sono state favorite dalle mediocri condizioni di salute del castagneto che copre il versante interessato dall’evento: la totale assenza di manutenzione e l’abbandono della coltivazione “a pali” del bosco hanno inibito la naturale funzione stabilizzante del boscato, trasformatosi da fattore inibente a fattore predisponente il fenomeno. La seconda colata detritica analizzata ha invece interessato la strada comunale che collega la frazione di Stagno all’abitato di Chiapporato, splendida borgata cinquecentesca, frequentata soprattutto da turisti ed escursionisti durante la stagione estiva. Il versante sede della colata, occorsa in data 8 novembre 2010, è caratterizzato da numerosi affioramenti della cosiddetta Formazione di Stagno, arenarie intervallate da strati marnoso-pelitici. Tale litotipo, soggetto alla naturale degradazione indotta dagli agenti atmosferici, origina un detrito composto da massi e ciottoli, raccoltisi, nell’area in esame, in un canalone posto ai piedi di una scarpata pseudo verticale delimitante il pianoro di “Val di Sasso”. Tale materiale detritico è stato poi fluidificato dalle abbondanti piogge, depositando, dopo oltre 320 metri di dislivello, circa un metro di detrito sul piano stradale per poi proseguire la sua corsa verso il Torrente Limentra e il Bacino di Suviana. L’evento è stato innescato da precipitazioni intense e persistenti che hanno depositato al suolo oltre 69 mm di pioggia in 25 ore. Nel mese precedente il fenomeno sono stati misurati oltre 530 mm di pioggia, quantitativi superiori alla media climatologica, che hanno sicuramente accelerato anche la degradazione della scarpata e l’accumulo di detriti nell’area sorgente. Le colate sopra descritte sono state poi simulate utilizzando il modello DAN-W (Dynamic ANalysis) del prof. Oldrich Hungr della University of British Columbia (Canada). Tale modello si basa su una discretizzazione della massa movimentata tramite il metodo degli “elementi di contorno” e sulla soluzione alle differenze finite di tipo Lagrangiano dell’equazione di De Saint Venant. L’equazione del moto, integrata verticalmente, è applicata a colonne strette di flusso (elementi di contorno). L’equazione di continuità è invece risolta riferendosi agli elementi di massa delimitati dai predetti elementi di contorno. Il numero di incognite principali eguaglia il numero di equazioni disponibili ed il problema è quindi completamente determinato. Gli altri parametri caratterizzanti la colata sono determinati tramite interpolazioni basate sull’ipotesi che sia la superficie del flusso sia quella della traiettoria siano ragionevolmente lisce. La soluzione è esplicita ed avviene per step temporali successivi. Al fine della determinazione dei parametri l’utilizzatore ha la possibilità di scegliere tra vari modelli reologici, quantificanti il termine di resistenza caratterizzante il moto. Su indicazione dell’autore del modello sono stati utilizzati il modello frizionale e quello di Voellmy, che, in casi simili, forniscono risultati più realistici (in relazione alla modellizzazione di colate di detrito). I parametri utilizzati per la calibrazione sono lo spessore di detrito depositato sul piano stradale, nel caso di Chiapporato, e a tergo della prima abitazione investita dalla colata nel caso di Serraglio, unitamente alla massima distanza raggiunta dai detriti. I risultati ottenuti utilizzando il modello reologico frizionale mostrano profili di velocità scarsamente rappresentativi, con una costante sovrastima della stessa, a fronte di una migliore capacità descrittiva degli spessori accumulatisi. Il modello di Voellmy ha invece prodotto andamenti di velocità più realistici, confrontabili con i valori forniti dalla letteratura internazionale, riuscendo al contempo a quantificare con precisione l’accumulo di detrito rilevato a seguito degli eventi. I valori dei parametri utilizzati nella modellazione sono stati ricavati dalle indicazioni dell’autore del modello affiancate dai range resi disponibili dalla letteratura. Entrambe le caratterizzazioni reologiche sono poi state oggetto di un’analisi di sensitività ai fini di quantificare il peso dei parametri utilizzati. Il modello frizionale si è rivelato particolarmente sensibile all’andamento del coefficiente di attrito basale e al coefficiente di pressione dei pori, con un lieve preponderanza del primo, mentre il modello reologico di Voellmy si è mostrato fortemente influenzato dal coefficiente di turbolenza e dal coefficiente di attrito, pressoché paritari nell’effettivo condizionamento dei risultati. Gli output ottenuti simulando l’evento di Serraglio sono risultati generalmente meno realistici di quelli ricavati nel caso di Chiapporato: ciò è probabilmente dovuto alle caratteristiche reologiche proprie del fenomeno occorso a Serraglio, classificabile come un ibrido tra un mud flow e un debris flow. Sono state infine avanzate proposte di intervento e di monitoraggio dei siti indagati, al fine di una mitigazione del rischio idrogeologico gravante sulle aree esaminate. Il caso di Serraglio presenta, a parere dello scrivente, un rischio idrogeologico più elevato, se paragonato a quello presente a Chiapporato, dati la vicinanza ad un centro abitato e lo status quo caratterizzante il versante sede del dissesto. Nei circa 18 mesi trascorsi dopo l’evento è stato possibile rilevare un progressivo ampliamento della nicchia di distacco dello scivolamento, poi evolutosi in colata con andamento tipicamente retrogressivo. Lo stato della vegetazione permane in condizioni problematiche, con frequenti ribaltamenti e sradicamenti (processi noti in letteratura come chablis) dei castagni presenti, con un conseguente aumento dell’erosione superficiale del versante e l’apporto detritico all’interno del rio. Tale detrito è poi trattenuto all’interno dell’alveo da una serie di briglie naturali formatesi a seguito della caduta di varie piante all’interno del canale stesso a causa del passaggio del debris flow o a fenomeni di chablis. La forte sovraescavazione occorsa in occasione della colata ha poi favorito l’innesco di una serie di piccoli scivolamenti superficiali confluenti nel rio stesso, anch’essi apportatori di detrito, ingrediente principale per un nuovo debris flow. È inoltre da notare come la zona di runout è tuttora parzialmente occupata dal detrito depositatosi a seguito dell’evento: tale configurazione, causando di fatto una riduzione della potenziale area di “sfogo” di un nuovo debris flow, acuisce il rischio di un’estensione areale verso valle degli effetti di un nuovo fenomeno, con un conseguente possibile maggior coinvolgimento dell’abitato di Serraglio. È stato quindi proposto di attuare un’adeguata regimazione dell’area boschiva caratterizzante il versante, unitamente ad una regimazione fluviale del rio, tramite la realizzazione di briglie in legno e pietrame – essendo l’area non cantierabile – e la rimozione degli accumuli detritici in seno all’alveo stesso. La nicchia di distacco principale e le nicchie secondarie dovranno poi essere oggetto di opportuna stabilizzazione. Più a valle è stata suggerita la rimozione dell’accumulo detritico presente nell’area di runout e la realizzazione di un’adeguata opera di ricezione delle acque del rio e di eventuali nuove colate: a tal fine si è ipotizzato il ripristino dell’antico alveo, successivamente deviato e tombato per permettere l’edificazione dell’abitazione poi investita dalla colata. È stato inoltre proposto un monitoraggio attraverso l’installazione di un pluviometro, tarato con opportune soglie di allarme, dotato di datalogger e modem GPRS al fine di comunicare in tempo reale, ai tecnici incaricati e agli abitanti, un eventuale superamento della soglia di allarme. Il caso di Chiapporato è invece caratterizzato da problematiche connesse al rischio idrogeologico meno rilevanti di quelle presenti a Serraglio. Ciò è dovuto allo scarso traffico caratterizzante la strada comunale e all’assenza di altri edifici o infrastrutture potenzialmente coinvolgibili da un nuovo evento. La probabilità del verificarsi di una nuova colata è però concreta, considerata la forte erosione caratterizzante il versante: trascorsi sei mesi dall’evento, è stato possibile rilevare nell’area sorgente un accumulo medio di detrito di circa mezzo metro di spessore. Le cause del dissesto, a differenza di Serraglio, non sono in alcun modo imputabili all’azione antropica: si tratta infatti della naturale evoluzione del versante sovrastante il piano stradale. Si propone quindi la collocazione di cartelli stradali indicanti il pericolo di caduta massi e colate detritiche agli automobilisti e ai pedoni, unitamente all’installazione di un cavo a strappo posto lungo l’alveo torrentizio collegato ad un semaforo dislocato nei pressi del guado della strada comunale sul rio Casale. L’eventuale verificarsi di un nuovo evento comporterebbe la lacerazione del cavo installato e l’attivazione del semaforo – e di un eventuale allarme acustico – con conseguente inibizione del traffico stradale in occasione del transito del debris flow. Nel contesto geologico e geomorfologico dell’Appennino tosco-emiliano i debris flow rappresentano una tipologia di dissesto da frana poco diffusa, ma comunque potenzialmente presente nelle aree dove i processi di alterazione e degradazione degli ammassi rocciosi affioranti generino accumuli di detrito e in condizioni morfologiche caratterizzate da elevate pendenze dei versanti. Questo studio ha permesso di approfondire la conoscenza di questi fenomeni, che presentano una magnitudo notevolmente inferiore rispetto al contesto alpino, ma la cui interferenza con l’attività antropica acuisce notevolmente il rischio idrogeologico nelle zone interessate. Si sottolinea, inoltre, che nell’attuale contesto climatico caratterizzato da sempre più frequenti piogge brevi ed intense ed eventi cosiddetti di rain on snow, la frequenza sia temporale che spaziale di tali fenomeni di dissesto appare destinata ad aumentare, anche in aree in precedenza non interessate.

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The following Ph.D work was mainly focused on catalysis, as a key technology, to achieve the objectives of sustainable (green) chemistry. After introducing the concepts of sustainable (green) chemistry and an assessment of new sustainable chemical technologies, the relationship between catalysis and sustainable (green) chemistry was briefly discussed and illustrated via an analysis of some selected and relevant examples. Afterwards, as a continuation of the ongoing interest in Dr. Marco Bandini’s group on organometallic and organocatalytic processes, I addressed my efforts to the design and development of novel catalytic green methodologies for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched molecules. In the first two projects the attention was focused on the employment of solid supports to carry out reactions that still remain a prerogative of omogeneous catalysis. Firstly, particular emphasis was addressed to the discovery of catalytic enantioselective variants of nitroaldol condensation (commonly termed Henry reaction), using a complex consisting in a polyethylene supported diamino thiopene (DATx) ligands and copper as active species. In the second project, a new class of electrochemically modified surfaces with DATx palladium complexes was presented. The DATx-graphite system proved to be efficient in promoting the Suzuki reaction. Moreover, in collaboration with Prof. Wolf at the University of British Columbia (Vancouver), cyclic voltammetry studies were reported. This study disclosed new opportunities for carbon–carbon forming processes by using heterogeneous, electrodeposited catalyst films. A straightforward metal-free catalysis allowed the exploration around the world of organocatalysis. In fact, three different and novel methodologies, using Cinchona, Guanidine and Phosphine derivatives, were envisioned in the three following projects. An interesting variant of nitroaldol condensation with simple trifluoromethyl ketones and also their application in a non-conventional activation of indolyl cores by Friedel-Crafts-functionalization, led to two novel synthetic protocols. These approaches allowed the preparation of synthetically useful trifluoromethyl derivatives bearing quaternary stereocenters. Lastly, in the sixth project the first γ-alkylation of allenoates with conjugated carbonyl compounds was envisioned. In the last part of this Ph.D thesis bases on an extra-ordinary collaboration with Prof. Balzani and Prof. Gigli, I was involved in the synthesis and characterization of a new type of heteroleptic cyclometaled-Ir(III) complexes, bearing bis-oxazolines (BOXs) as ancillary ligands. The new heteroleptic complexes were fully characterized and in order to examine the electroluminescent properties of FIrBOX(CH2), an Organic Light Emitting Device was realized.

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This research is focussed on the study of Orcinus orca's communication system. The analysis of vocalizations emitted by marine mammals has started in the '80s and most studies have been carried out in the wild. In this regard the most studied animal has been common dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as the numerous presence of captive individuals worldwide made researches easier to be carried out. Studies about Orcinus orca's vocalizations have mainly been carried out in the wild (most in British Columbia) because its maintenance in a controlled environment results to be very difficult, only 17 among parks and oceanaria worldwide have some Orcinus orca (45 overall among which 64% born in captivity). These researches showed that Orcinus orca emit three main different types of sounds, classified as: whistles, clicks and calls. Besides, it was discovered that different groups (pods) produce sounds belonging only to the relevant pod (dialects). It is rare to find two pods sharing some calls. The two pods usually live in adjacent areas and can form a clan. This study was carried out in a controlled environment in the Orca ocean structure (Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain) where, at the moment (March 2012) 6 individuals are hosted. Here it was developed an automatic sound recording system. Thanks to the use of suitable mathematical algorithms that allow to isolate only "interesting" sound events that differ from the "background noise", it was possible to create a database. The visualization of the sound events collected in the database is carried out with the use of a software. By looking at this output and at the observation register we could match the animal to the sound produced. Three situations were detected and studied: 1) Chosen alone: the animal chooses to go to the recording pool but it is free to move to another pool with other individuals. 2) Put alone: the animal is put alone in the recording pool. 3) With other orcas: more animals are together in the recording pool. The statistic analysis show that animals emit more vocalizations when they are in the situation "Chosen alone". The research will continue in order to observe eventual differences in the individual repertoire of each Orcinus orca.

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Slender and lighter footbridges are becoming more and more popular to meet the transportation demand and the aesthetical requirements of the modern society. The widespread presence of such particular structures has become possible thanks to the availability of new, lightweight and still capable of carrying heavy loads material . Therefore, these kind of structure, are particularly sensitive to vibration serviceability problems, especially induced by human activities. As a consequence, it has been imperative to study the dynamic behaviour of such slender pedestrian bridges in order to define their modal characteristics. As an alternative to a Finite Element Analysis to find natural frequencies, damping and mode shape, a so-called Operational Modal Analysis is a valid tool to obtain these parameters through an ambient vibration test. This work provides a useful insight into the Operational Modal Analysis technique and It reports the investigation of the CEME Skywalk, a pedestrian bridge located at the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, Canada. Furthermore, human-induced vibration tests have been performed and the dynamic characteristics derived with these tests have been compared with the ones from the ambient vibration tests. The effect of the dynamic properties of the two buildings supporting the CEME Skywalk on the dynamic behaviour of the bridge has been also investigated.

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The accretionary shells of bivalve mollusks can provide environmental information, such as water temperature, precipitation, freshwater fluxes, primary productivity and anthropogenic activities in the form of variable growth rates and variable geochemical properties, such as stable oxygen and carbon isotopes. However, paleoenvironmental reconstructions are constrained by uncertainties about isotopic equilibrium fractionation during shell formation, which is generally acknowledged as a reasonable assumption for bivalves, but it has been disputed in several species. Furthermore, the variation in shell growth rates is accepted to rely on multiple environmental variables, such as temperature, food availability and salinity, but can differ from species to species. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibration studies for both isotope proxies and shell growth rates before they can be used with confidence for environmental interpretations of the past. Accordingly, the principal objective of this Ph.D research is to examine the reliability of selected bivalve species, the long-lived Eurhomalea exalbida (Dillwyn), the short-lived and fast growing species Paphia undulata (Born 1778), and the freshwater mussel Margaritifera falcata (Gould 1850), as paleoenvironmental proxy archives.rnThe first part is focused on δ18Oshell and shell growth history of live-collected E. exalbida from the Falkland Islands. The most remarkable finding, however, is that E. exalbida formed its shell with an offset of -0.48‰ to -1.91‰ from the expected oxygen isotopic equilibrium with the ambient water. If this remained unnoticed, paleotemperature estimates would overestimate actual water temperatures by 2.1-8.3°C. With increasing ontogenetic age, the discrepancy between measured and reconstructed temperatures increased exponentially, irrespective of the seasonally varying shell growth rates. This study clearly demonstrates that, when the disequilibrium fractionation effect is taken into account, E. exalbida can serve as a high-resolution paleoclimate archive for the southern South America. The species therefore provides quantifiable temperature estimates, which yields new insights into long-term paleoclimate dynamics for mid to high latitudes on the southern hemisphere.rnThe stable carbon isotope of biogenic carbonates is generally considered to be useful for reconstruction of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon. The δ13Cshell composition of E. exalbida was therefore, investigated in the second part of this study. This chapter focuses on inter-annual and intra-annual variations in δ13Cshell. Environmental records in δ13Cshell are found to be strongly obscured by changes in shell growth rates, even if removing the ontogenetic decreasing trend. This suggests that δ13Cshell in E. exalbida may not be useful as an environmental proxy, but a potential tool for ecological investigations. rnIn addition to long-lived bivalve species, short-lived species that secrete their shells extremely fast, can also be useful for environmental reconstructions, especially as a high-resolution recorder. Therefore, P. undulata from Daya Bay, South China Sea was utilized in Chapter 4 to evaluate and establish a potential proxy archive for past variations of the East Asian monsoon on shorter time-scales. The δ18Oshell can provide qualitative estimates of the amount of monsoonal rain and terrestrial runoff and the δ13Cshell likely reflect the relative amount of isotopically light terrestrial carbon that reaches the ocean during the summer monsoon season. Therefore, shells of P. undulata can provide serviceable proxy archives to reconstruct the frequency of exceptional summer monsoons in the past. The relative strength of monsoon-related precipitation and associated changes in ocean salinity and the δ13C ratios of the dissolved inorganic carbon signature (δ13CDIC) can be estimated from the δ18Oshell and δ13Cshell values as well as shell growth patterns. rnIn the final part, the freshwater pearl shell M. falcata from four rivers in British Columbia, Canada was preliminarily studied concerning the lifespans and the shell growth rates. Two groups separated by the Georgia Strait can be clearly distinguished. Specimens from the western group exhibit a shorter lifespan, while the eastern group live longer. Moreover, the average lifespan seems to decrease from south to north. The computed growth equations from the eastern and western groups differ as well. The western group exhibits a lower growth rate, while bivalves from the eastern group grow faster. The land use history seems to be responsible for the differences in lifespans of the specimens from the two groups. Differences in growth rate may be induced by differences in water temperature or nutrient input also related to the land use activities.

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the impact of hepatitis C (HCV) serostatus on adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) among HIV-infected adults initiating ART. METHODS: The British Columbia HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Program distributes, at no cost, all ART in this Canadian province. Eligible individuals used triple combination ART as their first HIV therapy and had documented HCV serology. Statistical analyses used parametric and non-parametric methods, including multivariate logistic regression. The primary outcome was > or = 95% adherence, defined as receiving > or = 95% of prescription refills during the first year of antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: There were 1186 patients eligible for analysis, including 606 (51%) positive for HCV antibody and 580 (49%) who were negative. In adjusted analyses, adherence was independently associated with HCV seropositivity [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.23-0.97; P = 0.003], higher plasma albumin levels (AOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12; P = 0.002) and male gender (AOR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.04-6.15; P = 0.017), but not with injection drug use (IDU), age or other markers of liver injury. There was no evidence of an interaction between HCV and liver injury in adjusted analyses; comparing different strata of HCV and IDU confirmed that HCV was associated with poor adherence independent of IDU. CONCLUSIONS: HCV-coinfected individuals and those with lower albumin are less likely to be adherent to their ART.

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BACKGROUND: We sought to characterize the impact that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has on CD4 cells during the first 48 weeks of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in previously ART-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. METHODS: The HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Programme at the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS distributes all ART in this Canadian province. Eligible individuals were those whose first-ever ART included 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and either a protease inhibitor or a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and who had a documented positive result for HCV antibody testing. Outcomes were binary events (time to an increase of > or = 75 CD4 cells/mm3 or an increase of > or = 10% in the percentage of CD4 cells in the total T cell population [CD4 cell fraction]) and continuous repeated measures. Statistical analyses used parametric and nonparametric methods, including multivariate mixed-effects linear regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: Of 1186 eligible patients, 606 (51%) were positive and 580 (49%) were negative for HCV antibodies. HCV antibody-positive patients were slower to have an absolute (P<.001) and a fraction (P = .02) CD4 cell event. In adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis (controlling for age, sex, baseline absolute CD4 cell count, baseline pVL, type of ART initiated, AIDS diagnosis at baseline, adherence to ART regimen, and number of CD4 cell measurements), HCV antibody-positive patients were less likely to have an absolute CD4 cell event (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.84 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.98]) and somewhat less likely to have a CD4 cell fraction event (AHR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.70-1.14]) than HCV antibody-negative patients. In multivariate mixed-effects linear regression analysis, HCV antibody-negative patients had increases of an average of 75 cells in the absolute CD4 cell count and 4.4% in the CD4 cell fraction, compared with 20 cells and 1.1% in HCV antibody-positive patients, during the first 48 weeks of ART, after adjustment for time-updated pVL, number of CD4 cell measurements, and other factors. CONCLUSION: HCV antibody-positive HIV-infected patients may have an altered immunologic response to ART.

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Zinc is produced from ores by two general methods, distillation and electrolysis. The general principles involved in the electrolytic zinc process of today were known as far back as 1880. Difficulties encountered in purifying the solution for electrolysis and lack of suitable mechanical apparatus were the main reasons that such a long time elapsed before the process was used to produce zinc in commercial quantities.