Surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana em Itaporanga, São Paulo (Brasil)

O presente trabalho relata os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos de surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana na região Sudoeste do estado de São Paulo, área de colonização antiga, não associada a derrubadas de matas. Foram examinados 231 indivíduos, observando-se: a) Sessenta e sete indivíduos (29%) apresentavam leishmaniose confirmada pela histopatologia das lesões cutâneas e intradermorreação de Montenegro. Destes casos, 40 (59,7%) eram homens; b) a idade variou entre 2 (5 casos) e 86 anos (1 caso); c) de acordo com o tipo de lesão, observou-se: 54 (80, 6%) pacientes apresentavam úlceras, 13 (19,4%) nódulos, 4 (5,9%) lesões úlcero-vegetantes e 3 (4,4%) cicatrizes típicas; d) a intradermorreção de Montenegro apresentou 94,7% de positividade nos casos de leishmaniose-doença. Este estudo reforça observações prévias de que, além da forma clássica de transmissão, a leishmaniose pode ser transmitida no intra e peri-domicílio.

Regional variation in toxoplasmosis seronegativity in the São Paulo metropolitan region

Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent zoonotic human infection caused by the Apicomplexa protozoon Toxoplasma gondii. The acute disease is usually mild or asymptomatic, except for foetal infection transmitted by acutely infected pregnant women, which courses as a devastating disease. In order to determine possible regional variations in risk factors, we studied the frequency of seronegativity in areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, comparing liters and age groups. The prevalence of seronegativity was determined retrospectively in 1286 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at public health services in four selected areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region of similar socioeconomic background. The São Paulo City area had the higher frequency of seronegativity (41.1%), followed by the Northwest (31.5%) and Southwest (29.9%) areas, with similar intermediate levels, and by the Northeast (22.5%) area with the lowest frequency (p<0.001). A rough estimate disclosed about 280 infected infants/year in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Serological titers analyzed by age group suggested a decline in antibody levels with age, as shown by a lower frequency of higher titers in older groups. Our study emphasizes the importance of determining the regional prevalence of toxoplasmosis for proper planning of public health prenatal care.

Prevalence of rubella antibodies in a non-immunized urban population, São Paulo, Brazil

The prevalence of rubella antibodies was evaluated through a ramdom Seroepidemiological survey in 1400 blood samples of 2-14 year old children and in 329 samples of umbilical cord serum. Rubella IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, and the sera were collected in 1987, five years before the mass vaccination campaign with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine carried out in the city of São Paulo in 1992. A significant increase in prevalence of rubella infection was observed after 6 years of age, and 77% of the individuals aged from 15 to 19 years had detectable rubella antibodies. However, the seroprevalence rose to 90.5% (171/189) in cord serum samples from children whose mothers were 20 to 29 years old, and reached 95.6% in newborns of mothers who were 30 to 34 years old, indicating that a large number of women are infected during childbearing years. This study confirms that rubella infection represents an important Public Health problem in São Paulo city. The data on the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies before the mass vaccination campaign reflects the baseline immunological status of this population before any intervention and should be used to design an adequate vaccination strategy and to assess the Seroepidemiological impact of this intervention.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in five farms in Holambra, São Paulo, Brazil

A parasitological survey was carried out on 222 inhabitants of five farms in Holambra, located 30 km north of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, on October 1992. Approximately 70% of the inhabitants were found to be infected with at least one species of intestinal parasite. The positive rates of 6 helminths and 7 protozoan species detected are as follows: 5.4% Ascaris lumbricoides; 8.6% Trichuris trichiura; 19.8% Necator americanus; 10.4% Strongyloides stercoralis; 14% Enterobius vermicularis; 0.9% Hymenolepis nana; 3.2% Entamoeba histolytica; 2.7% E. hartmanni; 9.9% E. coli; 14.0% Endolimax nana; 2.3% Iodamoeba butschlii; 10.4% Giardia lamblia; 37.8% Blastocystis hominis. The positive rates of helminth infection were generaly higher in the younger-group under 16 years-old than those in the elder group aged 16 or more, whereas the infection rates of protozoan species were higher in the elder group. The infection rate of Strongyloides was found to be 10.4% by a newly developed sensitive method (an agarplate culture methods).

Occurence of Giardia lamblia in children of municipal day-care centers from Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil

Considering that the number of day-care centers for pre-school-age children has expanded rapidly in developing countries, and that these institutions presenting conditions that facilitate the transmission of many enteric agents, a parasitological survey was carried out in three municipal day-cares from Botucatu: two in the urban area (one in downtown area and the other one in the city periphery area) and the third in the rural area. Three separate stool specimens were collected from 147 children ranging from 0 to 72 months old and 20 staff members. Each stool specimen was processed by Lutz and zinc sulfate flotation methods. The frequency of giardiasis observed among children of downtown, periphery and rural day-cares was 69.6%, 52.7% and 69.6%, respectively. Only one employee was positive for G. lamblia. The examination of three stool specimens increased the positivity for G. lamblia: from the ninety three final positive examinations, 24 (25.5%) and 8 (8.5%) were positives only after examination of the second and third samples, respectively. Others intestinal organisms like Ascaris lumbricoides (20.4%), Trichuris trichiura (19.0%). Hymenolepis nana (8.8%), Entamoeba coli (22.4%) and Blastocystis hominis (32.0%) were frequently found in the children. There was no significant association among localization of the day-cares, sex of the children and the levels of G. lamblia infection. According to the age, G. lamblia was found mainly in children between 12 to 47 months old.

The role of Public Health Laboratory in the problem os salmonellosis in São Paulo, Brazil

From 1950 to 1990 a total of 45,862 strains (31,517 isolates from human sources, and 14,345 of non-human origin) were identified at Instituto Adolfo Lutz. No prevalence of any serovars was seen during the period 1950-66 among human sources isolates. Important changing pattern was seen in 1968, when S. Typhimurim surprisingly increased becoming the prevalent serovar in the following decades. During the period of 1970-76, S. Typhimurium represented 77.7% of all serovars of human origin. Significant rise in S. Agona isolation as well as in the number of different serovars among human sources strains were seen in the late 70' and the 80's. More than one hundred different serovars were identified among non-human origin strains. Among serovars isolated from human sources, 74.9%, 15.5%, and 3.7% were recovered from stool, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures, respectively. The outbreak of meningitis by S. Grumpensis in the 60's, emphasizes the concept that any Salmonella serovars can be a cause of epidemics, mainly of the nosocomial origin. This evaluation covering a long period shows the important role of the Public Health Laboratory in the surveillance of salmonellosis, one of the most frequent zoonosis in the world.

Cytomegalovirus infection in a day-care center in the municipality of São Paulo

The prevalence of antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the incidence of CMV infection were tested in 98 children aged 5 to 36 months who attended the day-care center of a University hospital in São Paulo. At the beginning of the study the overall prevalence of anti-CMV IgG antibodies was 44% (43/98). Saliva and/or urine samples were obtained from 38 of the 43 children that were seropositive at the beginning of the study for isolation of the virus, and 52.6% of these children were found to excrete CMV in one of the two materials. Among the 37 children that were initially seronegative from whom it was possible to obtain a new blood sample 6 to 12 months later, 22 (59.5%) presented seroconversion. The rate of viral excretion through urine or saliva from the children that seroconverted was 50%. These results indicate that CMV infection is frequent and occurs early among the children who attend this day-care center. However, controlled studies using molecular epidemiology techniques are needed to define more precisely the role of day-care centers in CMV dissemination.

O doente com patologia múltipla em medicina geral e familiar: comorbilidade de 4 doenças crónicas

RESUMO: A tese de doutoramento visa demonstrar duas proposições: a comorbilidade de 4 situações de doença prevalentes, hipertensão arterial (HTA), diabetes (DM), doença cardíaca isquémica (DCI) e asma é um assunto importante em Medicina Geral e Familiar e o seu estudo tem diversas implicações na forma como os cuidados de saúde são prestados, na sua organização e no ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina. O documento encontra-se dividido em 4 partes: 1) justificação do interesse do tema e finalidades da dissertação; 2) revisão sistemática de literatura publicada entre 1992 e 2002; 3) apresentação de dois trabalhos de investigação, descritivos e exploratórios que se debruçam sobre a mesma população de estudo, o primeiro intitulado “Comorbilidade de quatro doenças crónicas e sua relação com factores sócio demográficos” e o segundo, “Diferenças entre doentes, por médico e por sub-região, na comorbilidade de 4 doenças crónicas”; 4) conclusões e implicações dos resultados dos estudos na gestão da prática clínica, nos serviços, no ensino da disciplina da MGF e no desenvolvimento posterior de uma linha de investigação nesta área. O primeiro estudo tem como objectivos: descrever a prevalência da comorbilidade entre as 4 doenças-índice; verificar se existe relação entre o tempo da primeira doença e o tempo decorrido até ao aparecimento da 2ª e da 3ª doença, nas 4 doenças; determinar a comorbilidade associada às 4 doenças; identificar eventuais agrupamentos de doenças e verificar se existe relação entre comorbilidade e factores sociais e demográficos. O segundo estudo pretende verificar se existem diferenças na comorbilidade a nível local, por médico, e por Sub-Região de Saúde. O trabalho empírico é descritivo e exploratório. A população é constituída pelos doentes, com pelo menos uma das 4 doenças crónicas índice, das listas de utentes de 12 Médicos de Família a trabalharem em Centros de Saúde urbanos, suburbanos e rurais dos distritos de Lisboa e Beja. Os dados foram colhidos durante um ano através dos registos médicos. As variáveis sócio demográficas estudadas são: sexo, idade, etnia/raça, escolaridade, situação profissional, estado civil, tipo de família, funcionalidade familiar, condições de habitação. A comorbilidade é definida pela presença de duas ou mais doenças e estudada pelo número de doenças coexistentes. O tempo de duração da doença é definido como o número de anos decorridos entre o ano de diagnóstico e 2003. Os problemas de saúde crónicos são classificados pela ICPC2. Nas comparações efectuadas aplicaram-se os testes de Mann-Whitney e de Friedman, de homogeneidade e de análise de resíduos. A Análise Classificatória Hierárquica foi utilizada para determinar o agrupamento de doenças e a Análise de Regressão Categórica e Análise de Correspondências na relação entre as características sócio demográficas e a comorbilidade. Identificaram-se 3998 doentes. A idade média é de 64,3 anos (DP=15,70). Há uma correlação positiva significativa (r =0,350 r=0) entre “anos com a primeira doença”e “idade dos doentes” em todos os indivíduos (homens r=0,129 mulheres r=0,231). A comorbilidade entre as quatro doenças crónicas índice está presente em 1/3 da população. As associações mais prevalentes são HTA+DM (14,3%) e HTA+DCI (6,25%). Existe correlação positiva, expressiva, entre a duração da primeira doença, quando esta é a HTA ou a DM, e o intervalo de tempo até ao aparecimento da 2ª e da 3ª doenças. Identificaram-se 18 655 problemas crónicos de saúde que se traduziram em 244 códigos da ICPC2. O número médio de problemas foi de 5,94 (DP=3,04). A idade, a actividade profissional, a funcionalidade familiar e a escolaridade foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram para diferenciar os indivíduos quanto à comorbilidade. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre médicos(c2=1165,368 r=0) e entre os agrupamentos de doentes por Sub-Região de Saúde (c2= 157,108 r=0) no respeitante à comorbilidade. Na partição por Lisboa o número médio de problemas é de 6,45 e em Beja de 5,35. Deste trabalho ressaltam várias consequências para os profissionais, para os serviços, para o ensino e para a procura de mais saber nesta área. Os médicos, numa gestão eficiente de cuidados são chamados a desempenhar um papel de gestores da complexidade e de coordenadores assim como a trabalhar num modelo organizativo apoiado numa colaboração em equipa. Por sua vez os serviços de saúde têm que desenvolver medidas de avaliação de cuidados que integrem a comorbilidade como medida de risco. O contexto social da cronicidade e da comorbilidade deverá ser incluído como área de ensino. A concluir analisa-se o impacto do estudo nos colaboradores e o possível desenvolvimento da investigação nesta área.----------------------------------------ABSTRACT: The PhD Thesis has two propositions, co-morbidity of four chronic conditions (hypertension, asthma, diabetes, cardiac ischaemic disease) is a prevalent and complex issue and its study has several implications in the way care is provided and organised as well as in the learning and teaching of the discipline of General Practice. In the first part of the document arguments of different nature are given in order to sustain the dissertation aims; the second part describes a systematic study of literature review from 1992 to 2002; the third presents two research studies "Comorbidity of four chronic diseases and its relation with socio demographic factors” and “Differences between patients among GPs at local and regional level”; implications of study results for practice management, teaching and research are presented in the last part. The prevalence of the four chronic diseases co-morbidity, the relation of the first disease duration with the time of diagnose of the next index condition, the burden of co-morbidity in the four chronic diseases, the clustering of those diseases, the relation between demographic and social characteristics and co-morbidity, are the objectives of the first study. The second intends to verify differences in comorbidity between patients at local and regional level of practice. Research studies were descriptive and exploratory. The population under study were patients enlisted in 12 GPs working in urban and rural health centres, in Lisbon and Beja districts, with at least one of the four mentioned diseases. Data were collected through medical records during one year (2003) and 3998 patients were identified. The social demographic variables were: sex, age, ethnicity/race, education, profession, marriage status, family status, family functionality, home living conditions. Co-morbidity is defined by the presence of two or more diseases, and studied by the number of co-existing diseases. The time duration of the disease is defined by the number of years between the diagnostic year and 2003. The chronic disease problems are classified in accord with ICPC2. The characterization of population is descriptive. The effected comparisons applied the Mann-Whitney, Friedman, homogeneity and analysis of residuals tests. The Classificatory Hierarchy Analysis was utilized to determine the grouping of diseases and the Regression Categorization and Correspondences Analysis was used to study the relation of socio-demographic and co-morbidity. The median age of the population under study is 64,3 (SD= 15,70). There is a significant positive correlation (r =0,350 r=0)between “years with the first disease” and “patient age” for all individuals (men r=0,129 women r=0,231). Co-morbidity of the four index diseases is present in 1/3 of the studied population. The most prevalent associations for the four diseases are HTA+DM (14,03%) and HTA+IHD (6,25%). Expressive positive correlation between the duration of the first disease and the second and the third index disease interval is found. For the 3988 patients, 18 655 chronic health problems, translated in 244 ICPC2 codes, were identified. The mean number of problems is 5,94 (SD=3,04). Age, professional activity, family functionality and education level are the socio demographic characteristics that most contribute to differentiate individuals concerning the overall co-morbidity. Significant differences in co-morbidity between GP patients at local (c2=1165,368 r=0) and regional level (c2= 157,108 r=0) are found. This study has several consequences for professionals, for services, for the teaching and learning of General Practice and for the pursuit of knowledge in this area. New competences and performances have to be implemented. General Practitioners, assuming a role of co-ordination, have to perform the role of complexity managers in patient's care, working in practices supported by a strong team in collaboration with other specialists. In order to assess provided care, services have to develop tools where co-morbidity is included as a risk measure. The social context of comorbidity and chronicity has to be included in the curricula of General Practice learning and teaching areas. The dissertation ends describing the added value to participant's performance for their participation in the research and an agenda for further research, in this area, based on a community of practice.--------RÉSUMÉ:Cette thèse de doctorat prétend démontrer deux postulats : le premier, que la comorbidité de quatre maladies fréquentes, hypertension artérielle (HTA), diabète (DM), maladie cardiaque ischémique (DCI) et asthme, est un thème important en Médecine Générale et Familiale et que son étude a plusieurs implications au niveau de l'approche pour dispenser les soins, de leur organisation et de l'enseignement/apprentissage de la discipline. Le document comprend quatre parties distinctes : 1) justification de l'intérêt du sujet et objectifs de la dissertation ; 2) étude systématique de publications éditées entre 1992 et 2002 ; 3) présentation de deux travaux de recherche, descriptifs et exploratoires, un premier intitulée « Comorbidité de quatre maladies chroniques et leur relation avec des facteurs sociodémographiques » et un deuxième « Différences entre malades, selon le médecin et la sous région, dans la comorbilité de quatre maladies chroniques» ; 4) conclusions et conséquences des résultats des études dans la gestion de la pratique clinique, dans les services, dans l'enseignement de la discipline de MGF et dans le développement postérieur de la recherche dans ce domaine. Les objectifs de la première étude sont les suivants : décrire la prévalence de la comorbidité entre les quatre maladies chroniques, vérifier s'il existe une relation entre temps de durée de la première maladie et l'espace de temps jusqu'à le diagnostic de la 2ème ou 3ème maladie; déterminer la comorbidité entre les 4 maladies ; identifier d'éventuelles groupements de maladies et vérifier s'il existe une relation entre comorbidité et facteurs sociodémographiques. La deuxième étude prétend vérifier s'il existe des différences de comorbidité entre médecins et par groupement régional. Le travail empirique est descriptif et exploratoire. La population est composée des malades ayant au moins une des quatre maladies chroniques parmi les listes de malades de douze Médecins de Famille qui travaillent dans des Centres de Santé urbains, suburbains et ruraux (Districts de Lisbonne et Beja). Les données ont été extraites pendant l'année 2003 des registres des médecins. Les variables sociodémographiques étudiées sont : le sexe, l'âge, l'ethnie/race, la scolarité, la situation professionnelle, l'état civil, le type de famille, sa fonctionnalité, les conditions de logement. La comorbidité est définie lorsqu'il existe deux ou plusieurs maladies et est étudiée d'après le nombre de maladies coexistantes. La durée de la maladie est établie en comptant le nombre d'années écoulées entre le diagnostique et 2003. Les problèmes de santé chroniques sont classés par l'ICPC 2. Pour les comparaisons les tests de Mann-Whitney et Friedman, de homogénéité et analyse de résidues ont été appliqués. L'Analyse de Classification Hiérarchique a été utilisée pour procéder au regroupement des maladies et l'Analyse de Régression Catégorique et l'Analyse de Correspondances pour étudier la relation entre les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et la comorbilité. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : les 3998 malades identifiés ont 64,3 ans d'âge moyen (DP=15,70). Il existe une corrélation positive significative (r =0,350 r=0) entre « les années avec la première maladie » et « l'âge des malades », chez tous les individus (hommes r=0,129 femmes r=0,231). La comorbidité entre les quatre maladies chroniques est une réalité chez 1/3 des patients. Les associations les plus fréquentes sont HTA+DM (14%) et HTA+DCI (6,25%). Il existe une corrélation positive significative entre la durée de la première maladie, HTA ou DM, et l'écart jusqu'à l'apparition de la deuxième et de la troisième maladie. Chez les malades, 18.655 problèmes chroniques de santé ont été identifiés et traduits en 244 codes de l'ICPC2. La moyenne des problèmes a été de 5,94 (DP=3,04). L'âge, l'activité professionnelle, la fonctionnalité familiale et la scolarité sont les variables qui ont le plus contribué à différencier les individus face à la comorbilité. Des différences notoires ont été trouvées entre médecins (c2=1165,368 r=0) et entre les groupements régionaux (c2=157,108 r=0) en ce qui concerne la comorbidité. Dans le groupe de patients de Lisbonne, le chiffre moyen de problèmes est de 6,45 et à Beja il est de 5,35. Cette étude met en évidence plusieurs conséquences pour les professionnels, les services, l'enseignement et l'élargissement du savoir dans ce domaine. Les médecins, soucieux de gérer efficacement les soins sont appelés à jouer un rôle de gestionnaires de la complexité et de coordinateurs, de même qu'à travailler dans un modèle d'organisation soutenus par un travail d'équipe. D'autre part, les services de santé doivent eux aussi développer des mesures d'évaluation des soins qui intègrent la comorbidité comme mesure de risque. Le contexte social de la chronicité et de la comorbidité devra être inclus comme domaines à étudier. La fin de cette thèse décrit l'impact de cette étude sur les collaborateurs et le développement futur de la recherche dans ce domaine.

Changing patterns of Salmonella serovars: increase of Salmonella Enteritidis in São Paulo, Brazil

Serovars of a total of 5,490 Salmonella strains isolated during the period of 1991-95, from human infections (2,254 strains) and from non-human materials (3,236 strains) were evaluated. In the studied period, 81 different serovars were determined among human isolates. Salmonella Enteritidis corresponded to 1.2% in 1991, 2% in 1992, 10.1% in 1993, 43.3% in 1994, and 64.9% in 1995 of all isolates. A significant rise on the isolation of this serovar was seen since 1993 linked to food poisoning outbreaks. It is reported also an increase on the isolation of S. Enteritidis from blood cultures, associated mainly with patients with immunodeficiency syndrome. S. Enteritidis was prevalent among one hundred and thirty different serovars isolated from non-human sources. Increasing number of isolation of this serovar was seen from shell eggs, breeding flocks and from environmental samples. It is also reported a contamination of commercial feed stuffs by S. Enteritidis which represents a major concern for Brazilian poultry industry.

Prevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections among HIV-1-infected asymptomatic individuals in São Paulo, Brazil

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are often infected with multiple pathogens. In particular, HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections have been found more frequently in AIDS patients than in asymptomatic individuals in Europe and Japan. We carried out a serosurvey among asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects in São Paulo, Brazil and compared our results with those of other investigators. In this study, we found HTLV infection in 1.5% of 266 asymptomatic and 14% of 28 AIDS patients. Epidemiological data obtained from patients pointed out the use of intravenous drugs as the principal risk factor for acquiring retroviruses. In conclusion, our results are in accordance with other studies done in Brazil and elsewhere where the principal risk group for HIV/HTLV-I/II coinfection was IDU

Use of doxycycline for leptospirosis after high-risk exposure in São Paulo, Brazil

A clinical trial pilot study, double-blinded, randomized, and controlled with a placebo to assess the effectiveness of oral doxycycline (200 mg, single dose) in preventing leptospirosis after high exposure to potentially contamined water was performed in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Confirmed cases were defined as those with leptospira IgM antibody and symptoms; asymptomatic cases were those presenting with IgM antibodies but no symptoms; and suspected cases were individuals with symptoms but no IgM antibody. Forty subjects were given doxycycline and 42 were given placebo. In the drug-treated group there were 2 confirmed cases, 11 asymptomatic cases, and 6 suspected cases. In the placebo group there were 5 confirmed, 6 symptomatic, and 5 suspected cases. Even though we found a protective association of doxycycline for confirmed leptospirosis cases (RR = 2.3) and seroconversion only (RR = 2.0), the association was not statistically significant because of the small number of individuals enrolled in this pilot study. We observed that the 22% of the volunteers already had IgM antibodies to leptospirosis at the first sampling. Finally, the attack rate to confirmed, asymptomatic, and suspected cases of Leptospirosis was 8.5%, 22%, and 13%, respectively, in this population.

EXPERIENCE IN THE EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY AT A TEACHING AMBULATORY, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Objectives: Describe cases of children with hepatosplenomegaly (HS) attended at the General Pediatric Teaching Ambulatory (AGER) of Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, identifying the main causes, evolution, necessity for hospitalization and/or referral to specialists. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of the records of children presenting HS on admission at AGER from September 1, 1993 to August 31, 1996. Results: Of the 89 children included (age range, 1 to 148 months; median, 24 months), 64 (72%) were referred from other services for HS investigation. Most common presenting complaints were: fever - 39 (44%); pallor - 26 (29%); weight loss - 21 (24%) and jaundice - 14 (16%). Main alterations noticed on physical examination were: pallor - 47 (53%) and short stature - 17 (19%). Anemia was diagnosed in 70 children (79%); 35 children (39%) had infections; 7 (8%) metabolic disorders and 5 (6%) neoplastic disorders. The most frequent infections were of the urinary tract - 9 (10%) and hepatitis A - 6 (7%).Thirty six children (40%) were referred to specialists, 17 of which were already diagnosed. Conclusions: Most of the children with HS present deficiency anemia associated with infections which the general pediatrician is able to diagnose. Persistence of unexplained HS for more than 2 months, especially when there is substantial volume enlargement or alteration in the organs consistency, is an indication for referral to specialists.

HUMAN CYCLOSPORIASIS DIAGNOSIS: REPORT OF A CASE IN SÃO PAULO, SP, BRAZIL

Diagnosis of the human cyclosporiasis is reported in São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Cyclospora cayetanensis has been identified in the feces of a patient by a modified Kinyoun staining method, with later sporulation in a solution of 2.5% potassium dichromate. The probability that this parasite is the eventual cause of gastrointestinal disturbances in the country was stimulated by this finding, which was arrived at by a simple technique. It had been kept in mind that the disease was expressing itself mainly among immunocompromised patients, whose number is increasing; especially in those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

A survey of congenital Chagas’ disease, carried out at three Health Institutions in São Paulo City, Brazil

The congenital transmission of Chagas’ disease was evaluated in 57 pregnant women with Chagas’ disease and their 58 offspring. The patients were selected from three Health Institutions in São Paulo City. The maternal clinical forms of Chagas’ disease were: indeterminate (47.4%), cardiac (43.8%) and digestive (8.8%); 55 were born in endemic areas and two in São Paulo City. The transmission of Chagas’ disease at fetal level was confirmed in three (5.17%) of the 58 cases studied and one probably case of congenital Chagas’ disease. Two infected infants were born to chagasic women with HIV infection and were diagnosed by parasitolological assays (microhematocrit, quantitative buffy coat-QBC or artificial xenodiagnosis). In both cases the placenta revealed T. cruzi and HIV p24 antigens detected by immunohistochemistry. In one case, a 14-week old abortus, the diagnosis of congenital T. cruzi infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The other probable infection, a 30-week old stillborn, the parasites were found in the placenta and umbilical cord. The Western blot method using trypomastigote excreted/secreted antigens of T. cruzi (TESA) was positive for IgG antibodies in 54/55 newborns and for IgM in 1/55 newborns. One of the two newborns with circulating parasites had no detectable IgG or IgM antibodies. The assessment of IgG antibodies in the sera of pregnant women and their newborns was performed by ELISA using two different T. cruzi antigens: an alkaline extract of epimastigotes (EAE) and trypomastigote excreted/secreted antigens (TESA). The analysis showed a linear correlation between maternal and newborn IgG antibody titers at birth.