La socialización marginal en el trabajo de servicio en la España del Siglo de Oro : Aproximación a su análisis

Durante la temprana modernidad parte de los pobres fueron marginados y criminalizados debido a que no se insertaban en el mercado laboral, motivo que condujo a que fueran instigados al trabajo compulsivamente. La falta de especialización de estos hombres, así como su carácter urbano, fueron factores que contribuyeron a su inserción en diversas ocupaciones de servicio. Los criados no eran económicamente productivos, sino que su función tenía sentido en el marco socio-cultural, ya que servían a la reproducción de status de sus amos. Este tipo de actividades fueron ampliamente descriptas en el corpus de novelas que compone el género de la picaresca española, en el cual podemos observar un retrato sobre cómo imaginaron los literatos -que refractaron en sus obras una concepción social- las prácticas de los servidores. El Guzmán de Alfarache ilustra, a través de las sucesivas ocupaciones de servicio en que se emplea el protagonista, las formas de socialización que existían entre los mozos en el espacio doméstico, donde reproducían las conductas marginales en el marco de socialización "no marginal" que les era impuesto. El análisis que proponemos pretende indagar acerca de este problema en la crítica ilustración realizada por Mateo Alemán en El Guzmán...

Apuntes iniciales para una polémica marginal : Aldo Pellegrini y Osiris Troiani; de Letra y Línea a Contorno

Entre mediados de 1954 y septiembre de 1955, en las jóvenes revistas Letra y Línea, Capricornio, y Contorno, se mantuvo una polémica dilatada entre Osiris Troiani y Aldo Pellegrini, cuya causa parecía justificarse en una nota de Carlos Latorre acerca de Sur y la literatura italiana. El propósito de este trabajo es, por un lado, dar cuenta de esa temporalidad desfasada y marginal en que se organiza esta disputa contra los preceptos del surrealismo, más precisamente, el surrealismo en Argentina, reparando en cuáles son las nuevas concepciones críticas y literarias que comienzan a ponerse en juego al momento de discutir. Por otro lado, aunque de forma breve, se amplía el contexto de revistas literarias y publicaciones periódicas que han sido introducidas, tanto en referencias como en repercusiones de esta polémica

Literatura marginal e a compreensão das dinâmicas sociais das periferias brasileiras

O presente artigo discute, a partir das noçoesde literatura e sociedade desenvolvidas por Antonio Candido e de campo social de Pierre Bourdieu, a produçao ficcional e a trajetória social e intelectual de determinados escritores no campo literário brasileiro. A manifestaçao cultural desses autores, caracterizada de periféricae denominada "literatura marginal", ganhou a cena pública brasileira no final da década de 1990 com a publicaçao dos romances Cidade de Deus, do carioca Paulo Lins e Capao Pecado, do paulistano Ferréz.O romance de Paulo Lins tornou-se mundialmente conhecido depois que o cineasta Fernando Meirelles filmou "Cidade de Deus" conquistando, inclusive, indicaçoes para a disputa do Oscar. Ferréz publicou outros livros e organizou a revista "Literatura Marginal", coletânea com diferentes moradores de bairros periféricos da cidade de Sao Paulo.A partir da análise das obras desses dois autores sugerimos que os morros, favelas e periferias têm suas próprias características e a literatura marginal pode indicar mais uma oportunidade para desvendar esse mundo que espacialmente está tao próximo, mas socialmente muito distante

Water chemistry of lakes from the Antarctic

This paper reviews Japanese limnological studies mainly in the McMurdo and Syowa oases, with special emphasis on the nutrient distribution. Generally, the chemical composition of the major ionic components in the coastal lakes and ponds is similar to that in seawater, while that in inland Dry Valley lakes and ponds of the McMurdo Oasis is abundant in calcium, magnesium and sulfate ions. The former can be explained by the direct influences of sea salts, while the latter is mainly attributable to the accumulation of atmospheric salts. Most saline lakes are meromictic. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper layers are saturated or supersaturated, but the bottom layers are anoxic and often hydrogen sulfide occurs. The concentrations of nutrients vary largely not only among the lakes but also with depth. Silicate-Si, which is generally abundant in all freshwater and saline lakes, may be due to erosions of soils and rocks. Nitrite-N concentrations in both freshwater and saline lakes are generally low. Nitrate-N concentrations in the oxic layers of the inland saline lakes in the McMurdo Oasis arc often high, but not high in the coastal saline lakes of the Syowa and Vestfold oases. The abundance of phosphate-P and ammonium-N in the bottom stagnant layers of saline lakes can be explained by the accumulation of microbially released nutrients due to the decomposition of organic substances. Nutrients are supplied mainly from meltstreams in the catchment areas, and are proved to play an important role in primary production.

Physical, biological and chemical characteristics of Canadian and Danish lakes during summer

1. Winter temperatures differ markedly on the Canadian prairies compared with Denmark. Between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2002, average weekly and monthly temperatures did not drop below 0 °C in the vicinity of Silkeborg, Denmark. Over this same time, weekly average temperatures near Calgary, Alberta, Canada, often dropped below -10 °C for 3-5 weeks and the average monthly temperature was below 0 °C for 2-4 months. Accordingly, winter ice conditions in shallow lakes in Canada and Denmark differed considerably. 2. To assess the implications of winter climate for lake biotic structure and function we compared a number of variables that describe the chemistry and biology of shallow Canadian and Danish lakes that had been chosen to have similar morphometries. 3. The Danish lakes had a fourfold higher ratio of chlorophyll-a: total phosphorus (TP). Zooplankton : phytoplankton carbon was related to TP and fish abundance in Danish lakes but not in Canadian lakes. There was no significant difference in the ratio log total zooplankton biomass : log TP and the Canadian lakes had a significantly higher proportion of cladocerans that were Daphnia. These differences correspond well with the fact that the Danish lakes have more abundant and diverse fish communities than the Canadian lakes. 4. Our results suggest that severe Canadian winters lead to anoxia under ice and more depauperate fish communities, and stronger zooplankton control on phytoplankton in shallow prairie lakes compared with shallow Danish lakes. If climate change leads to warmer winters and a shorter duration of ice cover, we predict that shallow Canadian prairie lakes will experience increased survivorship of planktivores and stronger control of zooplankton. This, in turn, might decrease zooplankton control on phytoplankton, leading to 'greener' lakes on the Canadian prairies.

Measurements of gastropods shell sizes from 23 fossil and extant long-lived lakes

Aim: To investigate shell size variation among gastropod faunas of fossil and recent long-lived European lakes and discuss potential underlying processes. Location: 23 long-lived lakes of the Miocene to Recent of Europe. Methods: Based on a dataset of 1412 species of both fossil and extant lacustrine gastropods, we assessed differences in shell size in terms of characteristics of the faunas (species richness, degree of endemism, differences in family composition) and the lakes (surface area, latitude and longitude of lake centroid, distance to closest neighbouring lake) using multiple and linear regression models. Because of a strong species-area relationship, we used resampling to determine whether any observed correlation is driven by that relationship. Results: The regression models indicated size range expansion rather than unidirectional increase or decrease as the dominant pattern of size evolution. The multiple regression models for size range and maximum and minimum size were statistically significant, while the model with mean size was not. Individual contributions and linear regressions indicated species richness and lake surface area as best predictors for size changes. Resampling analysis revealed no significant effects of species richness on the observed patterns. The correlations are comparable across families of different size classes, suggesting a general pattern. Main conclusions: Among the chosen variables, species richness and lake surface area are the most robust predictors of shell size in long-lived lake gastropods. Although the most outstanding and attractive examples for size evolution in lacustrine gastropods derive from lakes with extensive durations, shell size appears to be independent of the duration of the lake as well as longevity of a species. The analogue of long-lived lakes as 'evolutionary islands' does not hold for developments of shell size because different sets of parameters predict size changes.

Distribution of diatoms in surface sediments and some limnological characteristics of studied lakes in the Siberian arctic

The investigation of the species composition and ecology of diatoms of modern bottom sediments in water bodies of arctic polygonal tundra in three subregions of North Yakutiya has been carried out. As a result, 161 taxons of diatoms were determined; the determinant role of the depth, conductivity, pH of the water, and geographic latitude in their distribution was confirmed, and two complexes of species with respect to the leading abiotic factors were distinguished. The diatoms of the first complex prefer shallow water bodies of high latitudes with neutral and slightly alkaline water and relatively high conductivity. The second complex is confined to the water bodies of lower latitudes with small conductivity, as well as neutral and slightly acidic water.

(Table 2, page 725) Solid phase chemistry of ferromanganese precipitates from Nova Scotian lakes

Sediments associated with freshwater ferromanganese concretions in Lake Charlotte, Nova Scotia, contained microscopic precipitates of manganese and iron. These precipitates were dispersed throughout the sediment and were as rich in nickel, cobalt, and copper as deep sea concretions. In addition, the development of the precipitates appeared to be associated with the microbial oxidation of manganese. Results from the deployment of poisoned and unpoisoned dialysis probes or peepers demonstrated that microbial manganese oxidation and nickel binding were closely associated, causing a fivefold enhancement of abiotic processes such as adsorption.