Bando cheneral, carta circular, ò manifest à tot el orbe sobre les grans festes que la ... ciutat de Valencia vá à fer à honor ... del beato Juan de Ribera, arzobispo y virey de ella en los añs mil sincsents xixanta y huit : [Texto impreso] y asó será en ... mil setsents noranta y set ... y Pio Papa Sexto, que el beatificá el ... añ mil setsents noranta y sis

Hay un ejemplar encuadernado con: Individual noticia de todos los altares, arcos pinturas, adornos y lo mas exquisito y notable que havia en la carrera de la procession, y de las iluminaciones en general ... : (XVIII/1705).

Perfil antropométrico y respuesta psico-fisiológica en escalada deportiva en roca: Diferencias entre modalidades

En la literatura se ha descrito el perfil antropométrico y la respuesta psicofisiológica en escalada deportiva en roca, pero hasta la fecha, no se habían analizado las diferencias existentes entre sus principales modalidades. El objetivo de la presente tesis fue describir las características antropométricas del escalador de competición y comprobar la existencia de diferencias entre los participantes de distintas modalidades, así como analizar la respuesta psico-fisiológica durante la ejecución de un búlder y una vía, además de evaluar las diferencias entre su realización a vista o tras un ensayo. Para ello, efectuamos dos estudios diferentes: en el primero participaron voluntariamente 61 hombres y 18 mujeres, participantes en cuatro pruebas del circuito nacional de competición de escalada durante el año 2009, tres de ellas de la modalidad de dificultad a vista y una de búlder. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, prueba de fuerza de prensión manual antes y después de competir, y se cumplimentó un cuestionario donde se evaluaba la percepción del esfuerzo y la experiencia deportiva. En el segundo estudio, 23 escaladores, 15 hombres y 8 mujeres, divididos en tres grupos en función de su nivel de rendimiento, realizaron de manera voluntaria distintas pruebas durante tres días separados entre sí al menos 48 horas. El primer día rellenaron un cuestionario sobre su experiencia deportiva y nivel de rendimiento, fueron pesados, tallados y sometidos a un escáner de cuerpo completo en densitómetro con objeto de medir la composición corporal. El segundo día realizaron previo calentamiento, un búlder a vista y, tras un descanso de 15 minutos, escalaron una vía a vista acorde con su nivel. El tercer día, después de calentar y disponer de 20 minutos para ensayarlo, repitieron la escalada del búlder. Tras un descanso de 15 minutos y 20 minutos de ensayo, realizaron un segundo intento a la vía. Se registraron los valores en la respuesta cardiorrespiratoria, se obtuvieron muestras de lactato en sangre del lóbulo de la oreja y se realizaron pruebas de fuerza de prensión manual antes y después de la escalada. También se pasó un cuestionario para medir la ansiedad y autoconfianza así como el esfuerzo percibido. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias antropométricas significativas entre los participantes en competiciones de búlder y los que participaron en competiciones de escalada de dificultad a vista. Se dieron diferencias en la pérdida de fuerza antes y después de escalar entre dichos participantes. Las mujeres obtuvieron menor fuerza de prensión manual que los hombres pero la misma pérdida de fuerza entre el instante antes de competir y el posterior. La respuesta fisiológica durante la ejecución del búlder fue menor que la obtenida durante la ejecución de la vía. Hubo pérdida de fuerza de prensión manual entre el instante anterior y el posterior a ejecutar la vía, pero no al hacer el búlder. Sin embargo, no se dieron diferencias en la ansiedad y la autoestima provocada por ambas modalidades, por lo que deducimos que la ejecución de un búlder y una vía presentan una respuesta fisiológica distinta. Proponemos que la respuesta está relacionada, sobre todo, con las variables de ejecución, de tal manera que a mayor distancia y/o tiempo recorrido en la escalada, mayor será la contribución anaeróbica al esfuerzo y la fatiga manifestada como pérdida de fuerza que, en el caso del búlder, fue mínima o inexistente. En el segundo intento, tras un ensayo de 20 minutos en el búlder, se consiguió mejorar el rendimiento respecto al primer intento, que se manifestó con un aumento en la distancia recorrida. Sin embargo, en la vía no se dieron diferencias entre ambos intentos, ni en la ejecución, ni en la respuesta fisiológica, ni en la ansiedad, ni siquiera en la fuerza de prensión manual. ABSTRACT It has been described in the literature the anthropometric profile and psychophysiological response in rock climbing, but so far not been analyzed differences between its main modalities. The aim of this thesis was to describe the anthropometric characteristics of the climber competitor and check for differences between participants of different modalities and to analyze the psycho-physiological response during the execution of a boulder and a route also to assess differences between on sight and redpoint attempts. We made two different studies: in the first 61 men and 18 women who attended four competitions of national climbing circuit in 2009, three of them on-sight difficulty competitions and a boulder competition participated voluntarily. Anthropometric measurements, a hand grip strength test before and after competing were registered for each climber, and a questionnaire which assessed perception of effort and the climbing experience was fulfilled. In the second study, various tests were conducted on 23 volunteer climbers, 15 men and 8 women, during three days separated for, at least, 48 hours of resting, divided into three groups according to their performance. The first day, climbers completed a questionnaire on their experience and performance level. It was recorded weight, height and they underwent a full body scan densitometer in order to measure body composition. The second day, after previous warming-up, they climbed a boulder on sight and, after a break of 15 minutes, climbed a route on-sight according to their level. The third day, after warming-up and have 20 minutes to try it, they repeated the bouldering climbing. After a break of 15 minutes and 20 minutes of essaying, they made a second attempt at the route. Values in the cardiorespiratory response were recorded, blood lactate samples were obtained from earlobe, and hand grip strength was tested before and after the climb. They also filled a questionnaire to measure anxiety and self-confidence and perceived exertion. The results showed no significant anthropometric differences between participants in bouldering competitions and participants in competitions on-sight difficulty climbing. There were found differences in strength loss before and after climbing between those participants. Women had less hand grip strength than men but the same loss of strength between the records carried out before and after competing. The physiological response recorded for boulder climbing was lower than the obtained for the route. There was loss of hand grip strength between the time before and after running the route but not for bouldering. However, there were no differences in anxiety and self-esteem caused by both modalities, so we conclude that the implementation of a boulder and a route have different physiological responses. We think that this response is mainly related to performance variables, as a greater distance and/or travel time on the climb, the higher the anaerobic contribution to the effort and fatigue as manifested by loss of strength in the case of the boulder was minimal or nonexistent. In the second attempt after 20 minutes in the boulder better performance was achieved on the first attempt, which was manifested by an increment of climbing distance. However, there were the differences in the route between the two attempts, either in execution or in the physiological response, or anxiety, or even in hand grip strength.

Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: An animal model of anxiety-related disorder

To investigate the contribution of individual serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors to mood control, we have used homologous recombination to generate mice lacking specific serotonergic receptor subtypes. In the present report, we demonstrate that mice without 5-HT1A receptors display decreased exploratory activity and increased fear of aversive environments (open or elevated spaces). 5-HT1A knockout mice also exhibited a decreased immobility in the forced swim test, an effect commonly associated with antidepressant treatment. Although 5-HT1A receptors are involved in controlling the activity of serotonergic neurons, 5-HT1A knockout mice had normal levels of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, possibly because of an up-regulation of 5-HT1B autoreceptors. Heterozygote 5-HT1A mutants expressed approximately one-half of wild-type receptor density and displayed intermediate phenotypes in most behavioral tests. These results demonstrate that 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the modulation of exploratory and fear-related behaviors and suggest that reductions in 5-HT1A receptor density due to genetic defects or environmental stressors might result in heightened anxiety.

Elevated anxiety and antidepressant-like responses in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mutant mice

The brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system is a powerful modulator of emotional processes and a target of medications used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. To evaluate the contribution of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors to the regulation of these processes, we have used gene-targeting technology to generate 5-HT1A receptor-mutant mice. These animals lack functional 5-HT1A receptors as indicated by receptor autoradiography and by resistance to the hypothermic effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Homozygous mutants display a consistent pattern of responses indicative of elevated anxiety levels in open-field, elevated-zero maze, and novel-object assays. Moreover, they exhibit antidepressant-like responses in a tail-suspension assay. These results indicate that the targeted disruption of the 5-HT1A receptor gene leads to heritable perturbations in the serotonergic regulation of emotional state. 5-HT1A receptor-null mutant mice have potential as a model for investigating mechanisms through which serotonergic systems modulate affective state and mediate the actions of psychiatric drugs.

Increased anxiety of mice lacking the serotonin1A receptor

Brain serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in a number of physiological processes and pathological conditions. These effects are mediated by at least 14 different 5-HT receptors. We have inactivated the gene encoding the 5-HT1A receptor in mice and found that receptor-deficient animals have an increased tendency to avoid a novel and fearful environment and to escape a stressful situation, behaviors consistent with an increased anxiety and stress response. Based on the role of the 5-HT1A receptor in the feedback regulation of the 5-HT system, we hypothesize that an increased serotonergic neurotransmission is responsible for the anxiety-like behavior of receptor-deficient animals. This view is consistent with earlier studies showing that pharmacological activation of the 5-HT system is anxiogenic in animal models and also in humans.

Genetic and pharmacological disruption of neurokinin 1 receptor function decreases anxiety-related behaviors and increases serotonergic function

Alterations in serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine, 5-HT), norepinephrine, and γ-aminobutyric acid have been linked to the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression, and medications that modulate these neurotransmitters are widely used to treat mood disorders. Recently, the neuropeptide substance P (SP) and its receptor, the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), have been proposed as possible targets for new antidepressant and anxiolytic therapies. However, animal and human studies have so far failed to provide a clear consensus on the role of SP in the modulation of emotional states. Here we show that both genetic disruption and acute pharmacological blockade of the NK1R in mice result in a marked reduction of anxiety and stress-related responses. These behavioral changes are paralleled by an increase in the firing rate of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a major source of serotonergic input to the forebrain. NK1R disruption also results in a selective desensitization of 5-HT1A inhibitory autoreceptors, which resembles the effect of sustained antidepressant treatment. Together these results indicate that the SP system powerfully modulates anxiety and suggest that this effect is at least in part mediated by changes in the 5-HT system.

Point mutant mice with hypersensitive α4 nicotinic receptors show dopaminergic deficits and increased anxiety

Knock-in mice were generated that harbored a leucine-to-serine mutation in the α4 nicotinic receptor near the gate in the channel pore. Mice with intact expression of this hypersensitive receptor display dominant neonatal lethality. These mice have a severe deficit of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, possibly because the hypersensitive receptors are continuously activated by normal extracellular choline concentrations. A strain that retains the neo selection cassette in an intron has reduced expression of the hypersensitive receptor and is viable and fertile. The viable mice display increased anxiety, poor motor learning, excessive ambulation that is eliminated by very low levels of nicotine, and a reduction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function upon aging. These knock-in mice provide useful insights into the pathophysiology of sustained nicotinic receptor activation and may provide a model for Parkinson's disease.