Ultra-high Field (7 T) MRI and a Novel Robust Segmentation of Thalamic Nuclei on DWI for Gamma Knife Surgery Purposes: The Targeting of the Ventrointermediate Nucleus

Introduction: Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is a noninvasive neurosurgical stereotactic procedure, increasingly used as an alternative to open functional procedures. This includes the targeting of the ventrointermediate nucleus of the thalamus (e.g., Vim) for tremor. Objective: To enhance anatomic imaging for Vim GKS using high-field (7 T) MRI and Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI). Methods: Five young healthy subjects and two patients were scanned both on 3 and 7 T MRI. The protocol was the same in all cases, and included: T1-weighted (T1w) and DWI at 3T; susceptibility weighted images (SWI) at 7T for the visualization of thalamic subparts. SWI was further integrated into the Gamma Plan Software® (LGP, Elekta Instruments, AB, Sweden) and co-registered with 3T images. A simulation of targeting of the Vim was done using the quadrilatere of Guyot. Furthermore, a correlation with the position of the found target on SWI and also on DWI (after clustering of the different thalamic nuclei) was performed. Results: For the 5 healthy subjects, there was a good correlation between the position of the Vim on SWI, DWI and the GKS targeting. For the patients, on the pretherapeutic acquisitions, SWI helped in positioning the target. For posttherapeutic sequences, SWI supposed position of the Vim matched the corresponding contrast enhancement seen at follow-up MRI. Additionally, on the patient's follow-up T1w images, we could observe a small area of contrast-enhancement corresponding to the target used in GKS (e.g., Vim), which belongs to the Ventral-Lateral-Ventral (VLV) nuclei group. Our clustering method resulted in seven thalamic groups. Conclusion: The use of SWI provided us with a superior resolution and an improved image contrast within the central gray matter, enabling us to directly visualize the Vim. We additionally propose a novel robust method for segmenting the thalamus in seven anatomical groups based on DWI. The localization of the GKS target on the follow-up T1w images, as well as the position of the Vim on 7 T, have been used as a gold standard for the validation of VLV cluster's emplacement. The contrast enhancement corresponding to the targeted area was always localized inside the expected cluster, providing strong evidence of the VLV segmentation accuracy. The anatomical correlation between the direct visualization on 7T and the current targeting methods on 3T (e.g., quadrilatere of Guyot, histological atlases, DWI) seems to show a very good anatomical matching.

Environmentally induced changes in carotenoid-based coloration of female lizards: a comment on Vercken et al.

Colouration may either reflect a discrete polymorphism potentially related to life-history strategies, a continuous signal related to individual quality or a combination of both. Recently, Vercken et al. [J. Evol. Biol. (2007) 221] proposed three discrete ventral colour morphs in female common lizards, Lacerta vivipara, and suggested that they reflect alternative reproductive strategies. Here, we provide a quantitative assessment of the phenotypic distribution and determinants of the proposed colour polymorphism. Based on reflectance spectra, we found no evidence for three distinct visual colour classes, but observed continuous variation in colour from pale yellow to orange. Based on a 2-year experiment, we also provide evidence for reversible colour plasticity in response to a manipulation of the adult population sex ratio; yet, a significant portion of the colour variation was invariant throughout an adult female's life. Our results are thus in agreement with continuous colour variation in adults determined by environmental factors and potentially also by genetic factors.

NG2 glia are required for vessel network formation during embryonic development.

The NG2(+) glia, also known as polydendrocytes or oligodendrocyte precursor cells, represent a new entity among glial cell populations in the central nervous system. However, the complete repertoire of their roles is not yet identified. The embryonic NG2(+) glia originate from the Nkx2.1(+) progenitors of the ventral telencephalon. Our analysis unravels that, beginning from E12.5 until E16.5, the NG2(+) glia populate the entire dorsal telencephalon. Interestingly, their appearance temporally coincides with the establishment of blood vessel network in the embryonic brain. NG2(+) glia are closely apposed to developing cerebral vessels by being either positioned at the sprouting tip cells or tethered along the vessel walls. Absence of NG2(+) glia drastically affects the vascular development leading to severe reduction of ramifications and connections by E18.5. By revealing a novel and fundamental role for NG2(+) glia, our study brings new perspectives to mechanisms underlying proper vessels network formation in embryonic brains.

Alai! Alai! - a new species of the Gloydius halys (Pallas, 1776) complex (Viperidae, Crotalinae), including a brief review of the complex

During a scientific field expedition to the Alai-Pamir range five specimens of the genus Gloydius have been collected in the larger Alai. A morphological and genetical examination of the specimens has shown that they are part of the G. halys complex, but represent a new taxon which is characterized by the following unique character combination: It is a slender and moderately stout small snake, up to 479 mm total length. The head has nine symmetrical plates on the upper head, 7 supralabial and 8-9 infralabial scales. Body scales in 20-22 rows around midbody, 143-156 ventral and 35-45 usually paired subcaudal scales. The cloacal plate not divided. The general coloration consists of various different tones of olive, tan and brown, having a distinct head, but an indistinct body pattern with, excluding the tail, 26-29 transverse crossbands, which are not extending to the sides of the body. The haplotype network shows the new species within the G. halys complex and close related to both, G. h. halys and G. h. caraganus. So far the new described species is only known from the Alai range. However, various Gloydius specimens are found in Kyrgyzstan and because of the complicated taxonomy those specimens have to re-identified to clarify their status and the status of the new species.

Microstructural Brain Differences Predict Functional Hemodynamic Responses in a Reward Processing Task

Many aspects of human behavior are driven by rewards, yet different people are differentially sensitive to rewards and punishment. In this study, we showthat white matter microstructure inthe uncinate/inferiorfronto-occipitalfasciculus, defined byfractional anisotropy values derived from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images, correlates with both short-term (indexed by the fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent response to reward in the nucleus accumbens) and long-term (indexed by the trait measure sensitivity to punishment) reactivityto rewards.Moreover,traitmeasures of reward processingwere also correlatedwith reward-relatedfunctional activation in the nucleus accumbens. The white matter tract revealed by the correlational analysis connects the anterior temporal lobe with the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex and also supplies the ventral striatum. The pattern of strong correlations suggests an intimate relationship betweenwhitematter structure and reward-related behaviorthatmay also play a rolein a number of pathological conditions, such as addiction and pathological gambling.

Functional neuroanatomy of contextual acquisition of concrete and abstract words

The meaning of a novel word can be acquired by extracting it from linguistic context. Here we simulated word learning of new words associated to concrete and abstract concepts in a variant of the human simulation paradigm that provided linguistic context information in order to characterize the brain systems involved. Native speakers of Spanish read pairs of sentences in order to derive the meaning of a new word that appeared in the terminal position of the sentences. fMRI revealed that learning the meaning associated to concrete and abstract new words was qualitatively different and recruited similar brain regions as the processing of real concrete and abstract words. In particular, learning of new concrete words selectively boosted the activation of the ventral anterior fusiform gyrus, a region driven by imageability, which has previously been implicated in the processing of concrete words.

Counteracting incentive sensitization in severe alcohol dependence using deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: clinical and basic science aspects

The ventral striatum / nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the craving for drugs and alcohol which is a major reason for relapse of addicted people. Craving might be induced by drug-related cues. This suggests that disruption of craving-related neural activity in the nucleus accumbens may significantly reduce craving in alcohol-dependent patients. Here we report on preliminary clinical and neurophysiological evidence in three male patients who were treated with high frequency deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens bilaterally. All three had been alcohol dependent for many years, unable to abstain from drinking, and had experienced repeated relapses prior to the stimulation. After the operation, craving was greatly reduced and all three patients were able to abstain from drinking for extended periods of time. Immediately after the operation but prior to connection of the stimulation electrodes to the stimulator, local field potentials were obtained from the externalized cables in two patients while they performed cognitive tasks addressing action monitoring and incentive salience of drug related cues. LFPs in the action monitoring task provided further evidence for a role of the nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behaviors. Importantly, alcohol related cue stimuli in the incentive salience task modulated LFPs even though these cues were presented outside of the attentional focus. This implies that cue-related craving involves the nucleus accumbens and is highly automatic.

Functional connectivity of reward processing in the brain

Controversial results have been reported concerning the neural mechanisms involved in the processing of rewards and punishments. On the one hand, there is evidence suggesting that monetary gains and losses activate a similar fronto-subcortical network. On the other hand, results of recent studies imply that reward and punishment may engage distinct neural mechanisms. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated both regional and interregional functional connectivity patterns while participants performed a gambling task featuring unexpectedly high monetary gains and losses. Classical univariate statistical analysis showed that monetary gains and losses activated a similar fronto-striatallimbic network, in which main activation peaks were observed bilaterally in the ventral striatum. Functional connectivity analysis showed similar responses for gain and loss conditions in the insular cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus that correlated with the activity observed in the seed region ventral striatum, with the connectivity to the amygdala appearing more pronounced after losses. Larger functional connectivity was found to the medial orbitofrontal cortex for negative outcomes. The fact that different functional patterns were obtained with both analyses suggests that the brain activations observed in the classical univariate approach identifi es the involvement of different functional networks in the current task. These results stress the importance of studying functional connectivity in addition to standard fMRI analysis in reward-related studies.

Reward networks in the brain as captured by connectivity measures

An assortment of human behaviors is thought to be driven by rewards including reinforcement learning, novelty processing, learning, decision making, economic choice, incentive motivation, and addiction. In each case the ventral tegmental area/ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) (VTAVS) system has been implicated as a key structure by functional imaging studies, mostly on the basis of standard, univariate analyses. Here we propose that standard functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis needs to be complemented by methods that take into account the differential connectivity of the VTAVS system in the different behavioral contexts in order to describe reward based processes more appropriately. We fi rst consider the wider network for reward processing as it emerged from animal experimentation. Subsequently, an example for a method to assess functional connectivity is given. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of such analyses by examples regarding reward valuation, reward expectation and the role of reward in addiction.

An fMRI Study of Emotional engagement in decicion-making

It has been suggested that decisionmaking depends on sensitive feelings associatedwith cognitive processing rather than cognitiveprocessing alone. From human lesions, we knowthe medial anterior inferior-ventral prefrontalcortex processes the sensitivity associated withcognitive processing, it being essentiallyresponsible for decision making.In this fMRI (functional Magnetic ResonanceImage) study 15 subjects were analyzed usingmoral dilemmas as probes to investigate the neuralbasis for painful-emotional sensitivity associatedwith decision making. We found that a networkcomprising the posterior and anterior cingulateand the medial anterior prefrontal cortex wassignificantly and specifically activated by painfulmoral dilemmas, but not by non-painful dilemmas.These findings provide new evidence that thecingulate and medial anterior prefrontal areinvolved in processing painful emotionalsensibility, in particular, when decision makingtakes place. We speculate that decision makinghas a cognitive component processed by cognitivebrain areas and a sensitivity component processedby emotional brain areas. The structures activatedsuggest that decision making depends on painfulemotional feeling processing rather than cognitiveprocessing when painful feeling processinghappens

Tratamento cirúrgico das distrofias da parede abdominal no adulto

Os autores apresentam um estudo retrospectivo de 79 pacientes portadores de distrofias abdominais acompanhadas ou não de hérnias, operados no período compreendido entre 01/06/94 a 31/12/96. A idade média foi de 46 anos. A hérnia incisional isoladamente e o abdome distrófico (em avental) foram o principal objetivo do estudo. Enfatizam a importância da dermolipectomia abdominal para a completa recuperação do paciente bem como demonstram facilitar o manuseio técnico das hérnias. A técnica da transposição peritônio-aponeurótica longitudinal bilateral (técnica de Lázaro da Silva) foi utilizada para as grandes hérnias incisionais. É uma técnica já consagrada, que consta de três planos de suturas sem superposição dos mesmos. Sua recidiva em cinco anos de seguimento tem sido em tomo de 5% segundo estudos do próprio autor. A grande vantagem técnica é que, usando o saco herniário (quanto maior e mais espesso, melhor) como fechamento e reforço do anel, evita-se o uso de prótese com todos os inconvenientes da mesma (fístulas, rejeições etc.) Uma variante desta técnica, para as hérnias com anel herniário de até 10cm, é proposta pelos autores, e consiste no fechamento do anel e reforço da sutura com o saco herniário, em jaquetão. A vantagem seria a facilidade de execução e diminuição do tempo operatório, além de evitar dissecções extensas das camadas aponeuróticas. Quando o anel herniário alcançar 10cm e existir ligeira tensão, deve-se realizar incisão relaxadora na aponeurose anterior dos retos e recobrir a superfície cruenta com o próprio saco herniário que deverá estar íntegro. Esta técnica ainda requer maior observação clínica. É feita a revisão dos resultados dos procedimentos realizados isoladamente e acompanhados com dermolipectomia abdominal: 63 pacientes (81,66%) evoluíram sem complicações, cinco recidivas (6,3%); um caso de hematoma extenso (1,26%); dois casos de abscesso de parede em operações sem dermolipectomia (2,5%); uma necrose de linha média+embolia pulmonar (1,26%); e um óbito por embolia pulmonar (1,26%).

Infecção latente de sítio cirúrgico: hipótese ou realidade?

OBJETIVO: A infecção prévia do sítio cirúrgico é um forte determinante para o desenvolvimento de uma nova infecção do sítio cirúrgico. É a chamada infecção latente do sítio cirúrgico. O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar a taxa de infecção de pacientes com história prévia de infecção do sítio cirúrgico e tentar correlacionar com o agente etiológico da infecção anterior. MÉTODO: A população estudada compreendeu 389 pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico eletivo de hérnia incisional. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com as informações contidas na ficha de controle de infecção, que é anexada ao prontuário de cada paciente, sendo, após a alta encaminhada à Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. RESULTADOS: A incidência de infecção do sítio cirúrgico foi de 6,7% (26/389). Nos pacientes com história pregressa de infecção de ferida operatória (69/389) um novo quadro de infecção ocorreu em 27,6%(19/69) enquanto que a taxa de infecção de feridas dos pacientes que não apresentaram episódios anteriores de infecção de sítio cirúrgico foi de 2,2% (7/320). Esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Nos 19 pacientes que apresentaram infecção do sítio cirúrgico e história pregressa de infecção do sítio cirúrgico, conseguimos resgatar apenas cinco culturas (quatro Staphyloccocus aureus e um Proteus sp). Houve coincidência de culturas em quatro ocasiões (quatro Staphyloccocus aureus). CONCLUSÕES: No estudo apresentado, observamos uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a taxa de infecção nos paciente com historia de infecção de ferida operatória prévia (27,6% contra 2,2%). Este dado nos leva a considerar a possibilidade da existência da infecção latente de sítio cirúrgico.

Pneumoperitôneo progressivo no pré-operatório de hérnias incisionais volumosas

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o pneumoperitôneo no preparo pré-operatório de pacientes portadores de hérnias incisionais volumosas. MÉTODO: Foram estudados cinco pacientes portadores de hérnias incisionais volumosas, encaminhados ao Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da UFRJ, no período de agosto de 1994 a abril de 1997. Foi efetuado pneumoperitôneo progressivo, complementando a terapêutica pré-operatória instituída nestes pacientes. RESULTADOS: Não houve intercorrências durante os procedimentos de instalação do pneumoperitôneo. Um paciente - o único do sexo masculino - não aceitou bem a expansão intra-abdominal e decidiu interromper o tratamento. As cirurgias se mostraram tecnicamente facilitadas: em três casos foi possível a sutura direta da aponeurose comprometida, sendo necessário o uso de tela de polipropileno em apenas um paciente. O acompanhamento de 15 a 47 meses mostrou boa evolução e ausência de recidivas. CONCLUSÃO: O pneumoperitônio progressivo nos pacientes estudados, portadores de hérnias incisionais volumosas, se mostrou um método simples e eficaz do preparo pré-operatório.

Efeito do ultra-som na prevenção da hérnia incisional mediana em ratos

OBJETIVO: Investigar se o ultra-som é capaz de evitar o aparecimento da hérnia incisional (HI), uma vez que o seu tratamento ainda é um problema não resolvido. MÉTODO: Induziu-se a HI, por secção da linha alba, em 20 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em dois grupos: um recebeu a aplicação do ultra-som, na área operada, por 14 dias e o outro por 28 dias, cada qual com seu subgrupo controle (não tratado). Utilizou-se aparelho com cabeçote reduzido, modo pulsado (1:5), freqüência de 3,0MHz e intensidade de 0,5W/cm², durante 5min/dia, iniciando-se as aplicações no primeiro dia pós-operatório. Ao final, mediu-se o diâmetro transverso do anel herniário ou da largura da cicatriz na linha alba, definindo-se a HI quando esses valores ultrapassassem 2mm. A densidade de vasos sangüíneos, de fibroblastos e de fibras colágenas, nessas estruturas, foi estudada à microscopia óptica. As médias e o erro padrão foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e ao teste de comparação múltipla de Tukey-Kramer. RESULTADOS: Dos animais tratados com o ultra-som, 60% não desenvolveram HI e, nos restantes, o anel herniário foi menor do que os não tratados (p<0,0001). A densidade de vasos sangüíneos (p=0,0031), de fibroblastos (p<0,0001) e de fibras colágenas (p=0,0015) também foi maior, em relação aos controles. Não houve diferença significante nesses parâmetros, comparando-se os dois períodos de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: O ultra-som evitou o aparecimento da HI ou reduziu o seu tamanho, quando aplicado por 14 dias pós-operatórios, nas condições deste experimento.

Eventrações lombares: revisão tardia de 20 pacientes

INTRODUÇÃO: Desde a primeira descrição em 1731 por DeGarangoet até 1994 poucos casos de hérnia lombar incisional (HLI) foram relatados, restringindo-se a aproximadamente 300 casos. No entanto, esse número deve ser muito maior do que o encontrado na literatura pesquisada1,2. Não há maiores relatos com experiência significativa nesta afecção e, da mesma forma, não há descrição de uma técnica cirúrgica padrão para sua correção. OBJETIVO: Transmitir a experiência dos autores, alcançada no tratamento cirúrgico dos pacientes com HLI, confrontando-a com os dados vigentes na literatura. MÉTODO: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 20 casos de hérnia lombar submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico no Serviço de Cirurgia Geral da ISCMPA/FFFCMPA nos últimos 10 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 20 pacientes, a idade média foi de 49 anos (28 - 68 anos). A maioria (19 casos) correspondeu a hérnias incisionais lombares. O seguimento médio foi de 60 meses (5-72 meses), porém sete casos não compareceram às revisões ambulatoriais de rotina. Não houve recidiva nos casos acompanhados em um seguimento que variou de seis meses a 8,5 anos. Em um caso persistiu o abaulamento, dois apresentaram seroma, e um apresentou infecção de ferida operatória. CONCLUSÕES: Os autores recomendam a intervenção convencional, com reparo primário nos casos com diâmetro inferior a 5 cm e a utilização de tela nos casos em que há tensão na linha de sutura.