Research in Global Groundfish Markets: An Exercise in International Cooperation

Over roughly the last decade, most of the fishery resources of the continental shelf and nearshore areas of the world's oceans have come under the control of coastal nations. One consequence of this extension of fisheries jurisdiction (EFJ) by any individual state has been the expansion of its production possibilities. That is, with strengthened property rights in the ocean resources off its shores, a coastal nation experiences increased opportunities to produce goods and services from its newly enlarged pool of resources. Such a nation, then, would appear to be a potential gainer from EFJ.

Intersetorialidade e políticas sociais: análise do estado da arte da produção bibliográfica no cenário brasileiro: uma análise a partir do estado da arte

As desigualdades e demais complexidades produzidas pelo sistema capitalista e a retração do Estado na área social vêm produzindo, e reafirmando, problemas e situações frente aos quais conhecimentos e ações focalizados, fragmentados e setoriais são incapazes de explicar e de enfrentar. Partindo deste entendimento, no presente estudo foi realizada uma investigação acerca das proposições e do debate recente sobre a intersetorialidade e a política social no cenário brasileiro, buscando caracterizar o estado da arte das produções acadêmico-científicas elaboradas no período de 1986 a 2013. Consiste, então, em um estudo baseado em revisão bibliográfica, de cunho qualitativo, cujo recorte se volta para as produções identificadas junto às bases bibliográficas do banco de resumos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e da Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SCIELO). Procurou-se identificar os estudos produzidos sobre a intersetorialidade e as políticas sociais, assim como o tratamento teórico-metodológico dado a este tema a partir do exame das produções bibliográficas identificadas e selecionadas. Buscou-se apreender as concepções e dimensões de análise sobre intersetorialidade e política social e a possível heterogeneidade de abordagens, além de elaborar os principais consensos e dissensos teóricos em torno do tema. Por fim, procedeu-se a demarcação dos principais desafios teóricos e práticos postos à implementação da intersetorialidade no campo da política social. Os resultados apontam a presença de uma diversidade de entendimento em relação ao termo intersetorialidade que, por vezes, tem sido relacionada apenas à dimensão técnica, funcional e gerencial no âmbito da gestão e intervenção social, estando esse debate isento, em grande parte, da análise crítica dos processos contraditórios que perpassam as políticas sociais. A pesquisa demonstrou também o avanço do debate crítico sobre a intersetorialidade e políticas sociais, principalmente nos últimos anos, relacionando as dimensões técnica, ético-política, econômica, cultural e social relacionadas ao debate e proposições acerca da intersetorialidade e as políticas sociais.

Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosome library of black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)

The large-insert genomic DNA library is a critical resource for genome-wide genetic dissection of target species. We constructed a high-redundancy bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of a New World monkey species, the black-handed spider monkey

Construction of a BAC library for Chinese amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri and identification of clones containing Amphi-pax genes

Amphioxus is a crucial organism for the study of vertebrate evolution. Although a genomic BAC library of Branchiostoma floridae has been constructed, we report here another BAC library construction of its distant relative species Branchiostoma belcheri. The amphioxus BAC library established in present study consists of 45,312 clones arrayed in one hundred and eighteen 384-well plates. The average insert fragment size was 120 kb estimated by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of 318 randomly selected clones. The representation of the library is about 12 equivalent to the genome, allowing a 99.9995% probability of recovering any specific sequence of interest. We further screened the library with 4 single copied Amphi-Pax genes and identified total of 26 positive clones with average of 6.5 clones for each gene. The result indicates this library is well suited for many applications and should also serve as a useful complemental resource for the scientific community.

Construction, characterization and chromosomal mapping of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)

We constructed a high redundancy bacterial artificial chromosome library of a seriously endangered Old World Monkey, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) from China. This library contains a total of 136 320 BAC clones. The average insert size of BAC clones was estimated to be 148 kb. The percentage of small inserts (50-100 kb) is 2.74%, and only 2.67% non-recombinant clones were observed. Assuming a similar genome size with closely related primate species, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey BAC library has at least six times the genome coverage. By end sequencing of randomly selected BAC clones, we generated 201 sequence tags for the library. A total of 139 end-sequenced BAC clones were mapped onto the chromosomes of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey by fluorescence in-situ hybridization, demonstrating a high degree of synteny conservation between humans and Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. Blast search against human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the size of the chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribution of the BAC library. This library and the mapped BAC clones will serve as a valuable resource in comparative genomics studies and large-scale genome sequencing of nonhuman primates. The DNA sequence data reported in this paper were deposited in GenBank and assigned the accession number CG891489-CG891703.

The evolution of cooperation in asymmetric systems

Explaining "Tragedy of the Commons" of evolution of cooperation remains one of the greatest problems for both biology and social science. Asymmetrical interaction, which is one of the most important characteristics of cooperative system, has not been sufficiently considered in the existing models of the evolution of cooperation. Considering the inequality in the number and payoff between the cooperative actors and recipients in cooperation systems, discriminative density-dependent interference competition will occur in limited dispersal systems. Our model and simulation show that the local but not the global stability of a cooperative interaction can be maintained if the utilization of common resource remains unsaturated, which can be achieved by density-dependent restraint or competition among the cooperative actors. More intense density dependent interference competition among the cooperative actors and the ready availability of the common resource, with a higher intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient, will increase the probability of cooperation. The cooperation between the recipient and the cooperative actors can be transformed into conflict and, it oscillates chaotically with variations of the affecting factors under different environmental or ecological conditions. The higher initial relatedness (i.e. similar to kin or reciprocity relatedness), which is equivalent to intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient, can be selected for by penalizing less cooperative or cheating actors but rewarding cooperative individuals in asymmetric systems. The initial relatedness is a pivot but not the aim of evolution of cooperation. This explains well the direct conflict observed in almost all cooperative systems.