Plano de Acção para o Desenvolvimento de Agricultura da Ilha de São Nicolau 2009-2012

A Republica de Cabo Verde é um arquipélago saheliano de 10 ilhas, do qual 8 são habitadas, com uma superfície de 4.033 Km², situada no Oceano Atlântico a cerca de 500 Km a Oeste da costa do Senegal. O clima é do tipo tropical seco. As duas estações são as ditas “estação das chuvas” que vai de Agosto a Outubro e “estação seca” (ou dos ventos) que vai de Dezembro a Junho. A pluviometria é fraca e muito aleatória em todo o País. O arquipélago é caracterizado por factores de vulnerabilidade estrutural: insularidade, descontinuidade do território, persistência da seca, fragilidade dos ecossistemas e escassez dos recursos naturais nomeadamente água e terra arável. A área total cultivável é de 44.531 ha, ( RGA 2004) da qual 99,6% pertence às explorações agrícolas familiares. Desta área, 90,8% são terras de sequeiro, 7,8% de regadio e 1,3% de regadio e sequeiro. A produção alimentar em Cabo Verde cobre apenas 10 a 15 % das necessidades alimentares do país. De acordo com ISVAF 2005, 20 % das famílias no meio rural sofrem de insegurança alimentar e as principais ilhas agrícolas (Santiago, Santo Antão e Fogo) encontram-se nos grupos mais afectados, devido a dependência da agricultura de sequeiro marcada pela incerteza e a falta de capacidade de diversificação de fontes de rendimentos. Em 2007 a população residente de Cabo Verde foi estimada em 491.419, sendo 51,6% mulheres e 60% com idade inferior a 25 anos. A capital é a cidade da Praia, com 25 % da população, localizada na ilha de Santiago, ilha onde se concentra mais de metade da população do País. A urbanização aumentou de forma substancial nos últimos anos, passando de 54% em 2000 para 60% em 2007. A taxa de crescimento anual médio natural é 1,93 e a densidade média da população é de 124 hab/Km². O índice de fecundidade é de 2,89 crianças por mulher. A população agrícola é predominantemente feminina, constituindo 52,3% do total. As explorações agrícolas familiares, mais de metade (50.5%) são chefiadas por mulheres. Mais de metade dos chefes das famílias agrícolas caboverdianas têm idades a partir dos 44 anos. Cabo Verde é tradicionalmente um país de emigração, verificando-se contudo uma diminuição dos fluxos, devido às restrições impostas pelos países de acolhimento tradicionais. Cabo Verde tem tido um crescimento económico anual médio de 5,7% no período 2000-2005, atingindo 10,8% em 2006 e para 2007 as projecções indicam um crescimento de 7%. A economia é dominada pelo sector dos serviços mais de 70% do PIB em 2006, orientada essencialmente para o mercado interno, o sector secundário (industria e construção) representa cerca de 16,9%, enquanto que o sector primário, fortemente condicionado pela fraqueza dos recursos naturais e pelas aleatoriedades climáticas representa 9,0%. A taxa de crescimento real do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) foi em média superior a 5,5% por ano entre 2001 e 2006. A taxa media de inflação é da ordem de 2,5%. A taxa de desemprego em 2007 é de 21,7% contra 24,0% em 2005. De realçar a taxa de desemprego entre as mulheres ser o dobro que os homens, 25,7% e 18% respectivamente e 41,8% dos desempregados são jovens com idade compreendida entre os 15-24 anos (QUIBB 2007,INE). O nível da pobreza em Cabo Verde diminuiu em cerca de 10 pontos percentuais passando de 36,7% em 2001/02 para 26,6% em 2007, dos quais 33,0% mulheres e 21,3% homens chefe do agregado familiar (QUIBB 2007). Essa diminuição é mais acentuada no meio urbano do que no meio rural 12 e 7 pontos percentuais respectivamente. Contudo a situação de pobreza em Cabo Verde continua significativa e decorre essencialmente da fragilidade do tecido produtivo e da sua fraca capacidade de gerar emprego, rendimentos e bem estar às populações. Aspecto género, as mulheres representam 51,6% da população do país. Cabo Verde já atingiu a igualdade de género no que se refere ao acesso hoje ao ensino básico, mas ainda há desigualdades subsistentes. Segundo dados do QUIBB, cerca de 34% dos chefes de agregado familiar não sabem ler nem escrever, o analfabetismo tem maior incidência entre os chefes do agregado do sexo feminino (49%) do que entre os do sexo masculino (23%). A integração da abordagem de género em Cabo Verde tem sido um desafio face às percepções sócio-culturais ainda subsistentes na sociedade e que muitas vezes constituem entrave ao desenvolvimento, formulação e implementação de políticas, mesmo tendo um contexto legal favorável, já que a Constituição da República como o Código Penal, a Lei Eleitoral, o Código Laboral e o Código da Família consagram a igualdade de género, tendo sido realizados progressos consideráveis nos últimos anos muito em especial na área da educação.

A influência do e-learning no capital humano

Na Europa e nas últimas décadas do Século XX, a emergência da Sociedade de Informação veio impor às organizações a necessidade de que, para além das inovações tecnológicas, haja uma preocupação relativamente aos bens intangíveis como a informação, as novas metodologias de trabalho e o know how (Batista, 2002). Paralelamente a estas inovações, as Instituições de Ensino Superior têm contribuído para a evolução do Capital Humano, como ativo intangível intrínseco ao Homem. Em Portugal e no contexto do Ensino/Formação a Distância parecem continuar a existir, ainda, em algumas instituições, problemas de identificação, e de descriminação das vantagens no que concerne à estrutura aberta e flexível, com o estudante/formando a ter algumas dificuldades em adaptar o seu perfil e interesses profissionais ao tipo de aprendizagem que mais se lhe adequa. O e-learning surge como um método de Ensino/Formação a Distância, só possível com a especificidade dos processos pedagógicos e em complementaridade com as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), uma vez que são estas que lhe dão o suporte necessário à sua concretização. O e-learning ao proporcionar novas formas de comunicação, de interação e de confronto de ideias, permite uma aprendizagem baseada na partilha de saberes, tendo em consideração as experiências e os objetivos profissionais dos formandos. Dentro destes pressupostos, achámos importante fazer uma investigação a partir de Instituições de Ensino Superior Portuguesas, de modo a percebermos qual o papel e a influência que o e-learning desempenha nos objetivos das organizações académicas em geral e no Capital Humano dos seus Estudantes/Formandos em particular. A partir da questão da investigação foram definidos os objetivos e hipóteses de investigação de modo a que ao ser enunciada uma metodologia esta englobe fatores que foquem os elementos necessários à confirmação, ou não, dos pressupostos enunciados. Foi analisada documentação diversa, criado um questionário e conduzidas entrevistas, de modo a obter e potenciar a informação necessária e suficiente para o efeito. A recolha de dados para posterior análise e os resultados depois de interpretados, permitirão responder aos propósitos expressos desde o início da investigação.

Firm investment in imperfect capital markets: A structural estimation

We set up a dynamic model of firm investment in which liquidity constraintsenter explicity into the firm's maximization problem. The optimal policyrules are incorporated into a maximum likelihood procedure which estimatesthe structural parameters of the model. Investment is positively related tothe firm's internal financial position when the firm is relatively poor. This relationship disappears for wealthy firms, which can reach theirdesired level of investment. Borrowing is an increasing function of financial position for poor firms. This relationship is reversed as a firm's financial position improves, and large firms hold little debt.Liquidity constrained firms may be unused credits lines and the capacity toinvest further if they desire. However the fear that liquidity constraintswill become binding in the future induces them to invest only when internalresources increase.We estimate the structural parameters of the model and use them to quantifythe importance of liquidity constraints on firms' investment. We find thatliquidity constraints matter significantly for the investment decisions of firms. If firms can finance investment by issuing fresh equity, rather than with internal funds or debt, average capital stock is almost 35% higher overa period of 20 years. Transitory shocks to internal funds have a sustained effect on the capital stock. This effect lasts for several periods and ismore persistent for small firms than for large firms. A 10% negative shock to firm fundamentals reduces the capital stock of firms which face liquidityconstraints by almost 8% over a period as opposed to only 3.5% for firms which do not face these constraints.

Bubbles and capital flows

This paper presents a stylized model of international trade and asset price bubbles. Its central insight is that bubbles tend to appear and expand in countries where productivity is low relative to the rest of the world. These bubbles absorb local savings, eliminating inefficient investments and liberating resources that are in part used to invest in high productivity countries. Through this channel, bubbles act as a substitute for international capital flows, improving the international allocation of investment and reducing rate-of-return differentials across countries. This view of asset price bubbles could eventually provide a simple account of some real world phenomenae that have been difficult to model before, such as the recurrence and depth of financial crises or their puzzling tendency to propagate across countries.

Record keeping by Swiss physiotherapists--a national survey of knowledge regarding legal requirements.

A national survey conducted in Switzerland aimed to evaluate the knowledge of physiotherapists regarding the legal requirements for record keeping and to collect their feedback about record keeping in general. Three physiotherapists from various professional practice groups and a lawyer specialised in health law developed a questionnaire that was sent to the 7,753 members of two existing national associations of physiotherapists. The questionnaire evaluated the participants' knowledge by calculating a score of legal knowledge, which had a maximum of 30 points. We included 825 questionnaires in the analysis. The large majority (83.4%) of participants confessed an ignorance of the legal requirements concerning record keeping prior to the survey. The average score of legal compatibility was 8 points. The younger age of the physiotherapists was a significant predictor of having knowledge of the legal requirements for record keeping (p <0.001). The participants had an appreciation of the value of records, but they did not have the relevant knowledge regarding the legal requirements for keeping records. The participants blamed a lack of time and remuneration for their failure to keep records according to known requirements. All practising allied health professionals should keep up-to-date and accurate records that conform to active legal requirements and existing international guidelines. In addition to the existing legal requirements, the emergence of e-health and the electronic era will trigger major changes in patient record management by physiotherapists.

Capital goods imports and investments in Latin America in the mid 1920s

The assessment of Latin American long term economic performance is in urgent need ofmobilizing more data to match the pressing demands of growth analysts. We present asystematic comparison of capital goods imports for 20 Latin American countries in 1925. It relies on both the foreign trade data of the importing countries and of the major exporting countries the industrialized economies of the time. The quality of foreign trade figures is tested; an homogeneous estimate of capital goods imported is derived, and its per capita ranking is discussed providing new light on Latin American development levels before import substitution.

Effects of uncertain lifetime and annuity insurance on capital accumulation and growth

This paper studies the effects of uncertain lifetime on capitalaccumulation and growth and also the sensitivity of thoseeffects to the existence of a perfect annuities market. Themodel is an overlapping generations model with uncertainlifetimes. The technology is convex and such that the marginalproduct of capital is bounded away from zero. A contribution ofthis paper is to show that the existence of accidental bequestsmay lead the economy to an equilibrium that exhibits asymptoticgrowth, which is impossible in an economy with a perfect annuitiesmarket or with certain lifetimes. This paper also shows that ifindividuals face a positive probability of surviving in everyperiod, they may be willing to save at any age. This effect ofuncertain lifetime on savings may also lead the economy to anequilibrium exhibiting asymptotic growth even if there exists aperfect annuities market.

Organizational capital and employment fluctuations

In this paper I present a model in which production requires two types of labor inputs: regular productive tasks and organizational capital, which is accumulated by workers performing organizational tasks. By allocating more workers from organizational to productive tasks, firms can temporarily increase production without hiring. The availability of this intensive margin of labor adjustment, in combination with adjustment costs along the extensive margin (search frictions, firing costs, training costs), makes it optimal to delay employment adjustments. Simulations indicate that this mechanism is quantitatively important even if only a small fraction of workers perform organizational tasks, and explains why the hiring rate is persistent and why employment is slow to recover after the end of a recession.

Why are capital flows so much more volatile in emerging than in developed countries?

The standard deviations of capital flows to emerging countries are 80 percent higher than those to developed countries. First, we show that very little of this difference can be explained by more volatile fundamentals or by higher sensitivity to fundamentals. Second, we show that most of the difference in volatility can be accounted for by three characteristics of capital flows: (i) capital flows to emerging countries are more subject to occasional large negative shocks ( crises ) than those to developed countries, (ii) shocks are subject to contagion, and (iii) the most important one shocks to capital flows to emerging countries are more persistent than those to developed countries. Finally, we study a number of country characteristics to determine which are most associated with capital flow volatility. Our results suggest that underdevelopment of domestic financial markets, weak institutions, and low income per capita, are all associated with capital flow volatility.

Quantifying quantitative literacy: Age heaping and the history of human capital

Age data frequently display excess frequencies at round or attractive ages, such as even numbers and multiples of five. This phenomenon of age heaping has been viewed as a problem in previous research, especially in demography and epidemiology. We see it as an opportunity and propose its use as a measure of human capital that can yield comparable estimates across a wide range of historical contexts. A simulation study yields methodological guidelines for measuring and interpreting differences in ageheaping, while analysis of contemporary and historical datasets demonstrates the existence of a robust correlation between age heaping and literacy at both the individual and aggregate level. To illustrate the method, we generate estimates of human capital in Europe over the very long run, which support the hypothesis of a major increase in human capital preceding the industrial revolution.

Inflation and output dynamics with firm-owned capital

We model firm-owned capital in a stochastic dynamic New-Keynesian generalequilibrium model à la Calvo. We find that this structure impliesequilibrium dynamics which are quantitatively di¤erent from the onesassociated with a benchmark case where households accumulate capital andrent it to firms. Our findings therefore stress the importance ofmodeling an investment decision at the firm level in addition to ameaningful price setting decision. Along the way we argue that the problemof modeling firm-owned capital with Calvo price-setting has not been solvedin a correct way in the previous literature.

Growth accounting in items of turbulence and death: efficiency, technology, capital accumulation and human capital 1929-1950

We employ a non-parametrical approach to growth accounting (Data Envelopment Analysis,DEA) to disentangle the proximate sources of labour productivity growth in 41 nationsbetween 1929 and 1950 by decomposing productivity growth into four components:technological change; efficiency catch-up (movements towards the production frontier),capital accumulation and human capital accumulation. We show that efficiency catch-upgenerally explains productivity growth, whereas technological change and factoraccumulation were limited and distorted by the effects of war. War clearly hamperedefficiency. Moreover, an unbalanced ratio of human capital to physical capital (a gap to thetechnological leader) was crucial for efficiency catching-up.

Adjustment to target capital, finance and growth

Does financial development result in capital being reallocated more rapidly to industries where it is most productive? We argue that if this was the case, financially developed countries should see faster growth in industries with investment opportunities due to global demand and productivity shifts. Testing this cross-industry cross-country growth implication requires proxies for (latent) global industry investment opportunities. We show that tests relying only on data from specific (benchmark) countries may yield spurious evidence for or against the hypothesis. We therefore develop an alternative approach that combines benchmark-country proxies with a proxy that does not reflect opportunities specific to a country or level of financial development. Our empirical results yield clear support for the capital reallocation hypothesis.

Gross capital flows: Dynamics and crises

This paper analyzes the behavior of international capital flows by foreign and domestic agents,dubbed gross capital flows, over the business cycle and during financial crises. We show thatgross capital flows are very large and volatile, especially relative to net capital flows. Whenforeigners invest in a country, domestic agents invest abroad, and vice versa. Gross capital flowsare also pro-cyclical. During expansions, foreigners invest more domestically and domesticagents invest more abroad. During crises, total gross flows collapse and there is a retrenchmentin both inflows by foreigners and outflows by domestic agents. These patterns hold for differenttypes of capital flows and crises. This evidence sheds light on the sources of fluctuations drivingcapital flows and helps discriminate among existing theories. Our findings seem consistent withcrises affecting domestic and foreign agents asymmetrically, as would be the case under thepresence of sovereign risk or asymmetric information.