Compositional nutrient diagnosis of corn using the Mahalanobis distance as nutrient imbalance index

Parent, L. E., Natale, W. and Ziadi, N. 2009. Compositional nutrient diagnosis of corn using the Mahalanobis distance as nutrient imbalance index. Can. J. Soil Sci. 89: 383-390. Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) provides a plant nutrient imbalance index (CND - r(2)) with assumed chi(2) distribution. The Mahalanobis distance D(2), which detects outliers in compositional data sets, also has a chi(2) distribution. The objective of this paper was to compare D(2) and CND - r(2) nutrient imbalance indexes in corn (Zea mays L.). We measured grain yield as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in the ear leaf at silk stage for 210 calibration sites in the St. Lawrence Lowlands [2300-2700 corn thermal units (CTU)] as well as 30 phosphorus (2300-2700 CTU; 10 sites) and 10 nitrogen (1900-2100 CTU; one site) replicated fertilizer treatments for validation. We derived CND norms as mean, standard deviation, and the inverse covariance matrix of centred log ratios (clr) for high yielding specimens (>= 9.0 Mg grain ha(-1) at 150 g H(2)O kg(-1) moisture content) in the 2300-2700 CTU zone. Using chi(2) = 17 (P < 0.05) with nine degrees of freedom (i.e., nine nutrients) as a rejection criterion for outliers and a yield threshold of 8.6 Mg ha(-1) after Cate-Nelson partitioning between low- and high-yielders in the P validation data set, D(2) misclassified two specimens compared with nine for CND -r(2). The D(2) classification was not significantly different from a chi(2) classification (P > 0.05), but the CND - r(2) classification differed significantly from chi(2) or D(2) (P < 0.001). A threshold value for nutrient imbalance could thus be derived probabilistically for conducting D(2) diagnosis, while the CND - r(2) nutrient imbalance threshold must be calibrated using fertilizer trials. In the proposed CND - D(2) procedure, D(2) is first computed to classify the specimen as possible outlier. Thereafter, nutrient indices are ranked in their order of limitation. The D(2) norms appeared less effective in the 1900-2100 CTU zone.

Resposta de mudas de goiabeira a aplicação de fósforo

Phosphorus is a nutrient that most limits plant growth because of its importance in nutrition and low concentration in tropical soils. The present study aimed to evaluate the response of guava to application of phosphorus. For this, the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, with guava plants (cv. Paluma) from herbaceous plants cultivated in plastic bags (2.8 dm(-3)), filled with Alfissol (P = 2 mg dm(-3)), between November 2007 and April 2008. The treatments consisted of five doses of phosphorus (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg dm(-3)) in the form of triple superphosphate (44% P(2)O(5)), arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. After 100 days of transplantation evaluated the phosphorus content in soil, dry weight of shoot and root phosphorus and zinc in the shoot. The highest production of dry weight guava was a dose of 257 g dm(-3) of phosphorus and was associated with P content in soil and leaf 110 mg dm(-3) and 2,3 g kg(-1).

Nitrogênio e potássio via fertirrigação e adubação convencional-estado nutricional das bananeiras e produção de frutos

Realizou-se um experimento em Pindorama (SP) com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da fertirrigação e da adubação convencional com N e K, em bananeiras, durante dois ciclos de produção. Foram avaliados crescimento, estado nutricional e produção de frutos. A adubação causou redução do ciclo de produção. Os teores foliares de N e K foram influenciados pela adubação convencional e pela fertirrigação. Nos dois ciclos de cultivo, a produção de frutos variou em função dos tratamentos. A produção de frutos (t ha¹ ano¹) obtida com a aplicação de 80% da dose de N e de K via fertirrigação foi equivalente àquela com 100% da dose via adubação convencional.

Lodo de esgoto como fonte de nitrogênio: concentração no perfil do solo e em plantas de milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a concentração de nitrogênio em plantas de milho e ao longo do perfil de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico submetido a doses de lodo de esgoto e fertilizante mineral. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos (0,0; 55,0; 110,0 e 167,5 Mg.ha-1 de lodo de esgoto em doses acumuladas) e 5 repetições para um período de avaliação de 1 ano. A amostragem de solo foi realizada aos 60 dias após a emergência (d.a.e.) das plantas nas profundidades 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,4, 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m. Também aos 60, 80 e 128 d.a.e. foram coletadas, respectivamente, folha diagnose, planta inteira e grão. As maiores doses de lodo de esgoto proporcionaram maiores quantidades de nitrogênio no solo. O nitrogênio do solo, após a profundidade de 0,6 m, não diferiu entre as camadas avaliadas. Quanto maior a dose de lodo de esgoto, menor a proporção de nitrogênio em profundidade.

Impacts of limestone and nitrogen top dressing application on the potassium content in the soil profile and marandu-grass leaf concentration

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg/ha.ano), com ou sem aplicação de calcário dolomítico em cobertura, sobre o teor de potássio (K) do solo nas profundidades de 0 a 5; 5 a 10; e 10 a 20 cm e a concentração de potássio na planta. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de relevo suavemente ondulado, disposto em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A adubação nitrogenada promoveu aumento linear na concentração de potássio na planta e no teor desse mineral na camada de 0 a 5 cm do solo. Ocorreu efeito de inibição competitiva entre a absorção de potássio e cálcio e entre potássio e magnésio. Embora uma fração significativa de potássio retorne à camada superficial do solo pelo resíduo de forragem, em decorrência da maior produção de massa, o aumento da concentração de potássio na planta nas mais altas doses de nitrogênio comprova a importância do suprimento de potássio para a planta, por intensificar a massa de forragem.

Structural characteristics and forage mass of Tifton 85 pastures managed under three post-grazing residual leaf areas

The experiment was carried out on Cynodon spp cv. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep under rotational stocking, with the objective of evaluating the structural characteristics as well as the forage mass of the pastures subjected to three grazing intensities in successive cycles. Treatments were composed of three residual leaf area indices (rLAI; 2.4; 1.6 and 0.8), allocated in completely randomized blocks with seven replications, totaling 21 experimental units. Tiller population density, pasture height, leaf area index, forage morphological composition and pasture forage mass were evaluated. The rLAI modified the tiller population density, which increased linearly with decrease in the rLAI of the pastures. Dry masses of leaf blade, stem and dead material were inferior when the rLAI imposed were lower, which resulted in differentiated forage production among the treatments. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep in rotational stocking under tropical conditions with different rLAI show a modified sward structure over successive grazing cycles, mainly by alteration in the height and LAI of the plants at pre-grazing and by light interception post-grazing, which change the tiller population density. The residual leaf area index of 1.6 is the most suitable for pasture management for being equivalent to the heights of entrance and exit of animals on and from paddocks of 33 and 19 cm, respectively, which avoid great accumulation of dead material and excessive stem elongation, in addition to ensuring tillering in the sward.

Cellulose nanocomposites with nanofibres isolated from pineapple leaf fibers for medical applications

Nanocellulose is the crystalline domains obtained from renewable cellulosic sources, used to increase mechanical properties and biodegrability in polymer composites. This work has been to study how high pressure defibrillation and chemical purification affect the PALF fibre morphology from micro to nanoscale. Microscopy techniques and X-ray diffraction were used to study the structure and properties of the prepared nanofibers and composites. Microscopy studies showed that the used individualization processes lead to a unique morphology of interconnected web-like structure of PALF fibers. The produced nanofibers were bundles of cellulose fibers of widths ranging between 5 and 15 nm and estimated lengths of several micrometers. Percentage yield and aspect ratio of the nanofiber obtained by this technique is found to be very high in comparison with other conventional methods. The nanocomposites were prepared by means of compression moulding, by stacking the nanocellulose fibre mats between polyurethane films. The results showed that the nanofibrils reinforced the polyurethane efficiently. The addition of 5 wt% of cellulose nanofibrils to PU increased the strength nearly 300% and the stiffness by 2600%. The developed composites were utilized to fabricate various versatile medical implants. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antecipação da adubação de semeadura do milho em dois sistemas de manejo do solo

Cada sistema de manejo do solo é trabalhado de maneira própria, alterando de forma diferenciada suas propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas, podendo requerer modificações nas recomendações e no manejo da adubação. Com a finalidade de avaliar o desempenho de três cultivares de milho em relação à adubação realizada em pré-semeadura, comparada à adubação na semeadura, em dois sistemas de manejo do solo, foi realizado este estudo. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, campus de Botucatu-SP, no período de novembro de 2003 a maio de 2004, em Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de manejo do solo (plantio direto e preparo reduzido com escarificação); as subparcelas, pelas épocas de adubação (adubação de pré-semeadura na superfície do solo, realizada 22 dias antes da semeadura do milho, e adubação feita junto com a semeadura do milho, sendo os fertilizantes incorporados ao solo); e as subsubparcelas, pelos cultivares de milho (DKB 333B, CO 32 e AL Bandeirante), totalizando 12 tratamentos. Os dados de produtividade, componentes de produção e teores de N, P e K no tecido foliar foram submetidos à análise de variância e às análises multivariadas de agrupamentos e de componentes principais. Os sistemas de manejo do solo não influíram no desempenho da cultura do milho, tampouco as épocas de adubação. As diferenças observadas nos componentes de produção e no desempenho da cultura do milho foram decorrentes, principalmente, da divergência genética dos cultivares de milho.

Leaf nutritional levels in peach and nectarine grown in subtropical climate

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Production of polysaccharidases in different carbon sources by Leucoagaricus gongylophorus Moller (Singer), the symbiotic fungus of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens linnaeus

Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, the fungus cultured by the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens, produces polysaccharidases that degrade leaf components by generating nutrients believed to be essential for ant nutrition. We evaluated pectinase, amylase, xylanase, and cellulase production by L. gongylophorus in laboratory cultures and found that polysaccharidases are produced during fungal growth on pectin, starch, cellulose, xylan, or glucose but not cellulase, whose production is inhibited during fungal growth on xylan. Pectin was the carbon source that best stimulated the production of enzymes, which showed that pectinase had the highest production activity of all of the carbon sources tested, indicating that the presence of pectin and the production of pectinase are key features for symbiotic nutrition on plant material. During growth on starch and cellulose, polysaccharidase production level was intermediate, although during growth on xylan and glucose, enzyme production was very low. We propose a possible profile of polysaccharide degradation inside the nest, where the fungus is cultured on the foliar substrate.

Evaluation of the adequacy of diflubenzuron and dechlorane in toxic baits for leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) based on formicidal activity

Studies assessing the characteristics of active ingredients (AIs) of toxic baits for leaf-cutting ants are still scarce, although the need for a delayed action of these compounds on adult workers has been well accepted (mortality <= 15% at 24 h and <= 90% at 21 days). Therefore, we determined the insecticidal action of two AIs used in commercial baits, diflubenzuron and dechlorane, over time in workers, and discussed the control of colonies in relation to the existing literature. Dechlorane presented excellent insecticidal activity with a delayed action at all concentrations tested, although its commercial use has been prohibited due to its organochlorine nature. In contrast, diflubenzuron did not cause significant mortality or symptoms of intoxication, indicating that the successful cases reported with the use of baits containing this AI were in fact due to an accidental contamination with dechlorane. We comment about the ineffectiveness of diflubenzuron on alternative targets, i.e., young forms and the mutualistic fungus, supporting the concept that the AI needs to a have a delayed action on adult workers.

Larval isolation and brood care in Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants

The larvae of leaf-cutting ants are maintained within the fungus gardens of their colonies and are fed pieces of fungus by the adult workers. However, little else is known about the nature of the worker-larva interaction in these ecologically important ants. To examine whether workers can gauge the needs of individual larvae, we isolated larvae without adult workers for different lengths of time. We then placed workers with the larvae and recorded the type and frequency of the subsequent behaviours of the workers. Workers scraped the mouthparts of larvae, ingested their faecal fluid, fed them with fungal hyphae, transported them around the fungus garden and, most frequently, licked their bodies. The workers were also observed to 'plant' fungal hyphae on the bodies of larvae. Workers interacted more frequently with larvae that had been isolated without workers than with those that had not, but there was no effect of the length of isolation. The results suggest that the interactions are complex, involving a number of behaviours that probably serve different functions, and that workers are to some extent able to assess the individual needs of larvae.

Adubação NK no desenvolvimento e na concentração de macronutrientes no florescimento do feijoeiro

O nitrogênio e o potássio são os elementos mais absorvidos e exportados pelo feijoeiro, sendo a adubação mineral entre os produtores bastante variável quanto as doses aplicadas. Este trabalho avalia os efeitos de doses de N (0, 60, 80, 100 e 120 kg ha-1) e K2O (0, 60 e 120 kg ha-1) no desenvolvimento do feijoeiro, por meio do número de unidades estruturais, peso de material fresco e seco, e a concentração de macronutrientes no florescimento. O experimento foi realizado em Botucatu, SP., em túnel plástico, utilizando-se a cultivar 'Pérola'. Duas plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de 15 L, preenchidos com terra de Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, textura média, por 50 dias. As doses de NK foram parceladas em cobertura aos 20 e 40 dias após semeadura. As variáveis estudadas foram influenciadas pela interação entre as doses de N e K. A adubação parcelada com N via solo, independentemente das doses utilizadas ou da fertilização com K, aumenta a produção de matéria seca sem interferir nos teores de N da parte aérea do feijoeiro, assim como os de K, Ca e Mg. A omissão de N em cobertura reduz o teor de clorofila, diminuindo a produção de matéria seca, mas não interferindo no número de flores. Os níveis de K utilizados não diminuíram os teores de Ca e Mg da planta.

Filamentous fungi found on foundress queens of leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)