Lésions induites par les pistolets à impulsion électrique de type Taser [Health Risks Concerning Electronic Control Devices]

Les pistolets à impulsion électrique (PIE) sont de plus en plus fréquemment utilisés en Europe ces dernières années, le modèle le plus connu étant le Taser®. Les connaissances scientifiques concernant les PIE et leurs effets potentiels restent toutefois limitées. Nous avons conduit une revue de littérature afin d'évaluer les implications potentielles de leur utilisation en termes de sécurité, de morbidité et de mortalité. Une exposition unique chez un individu sain peut généralement être considérée comme peu dangereuse. Les sujets à risque de complications sont les individus exposés à de multiples décharges, les personnes sous l'influence de substances psychoactives, ceux qui montrent des signes d'agitation extrême, ou encore les individus présentant des comorbidités médicales. L'éventail des complications pouvant survenir lors de leur exposition est large et inclut les lésions provoquées par les impacts des électrodes, les traumatismes liés à la chute induite par la paralysie transitoire ou des complications cardiovasculaires. Dans ce contexte, les personnes exposées doivent être examinées attentivement, et les éventuelles lésions traumatiques doivent être exclues. The use of electronic control devices (ECD), such as the Taser®, has increased in Europe over the past decade. However, scientific data concerning the potential health impact of ECD usage remains limited. We reviewed the scientific literature in order to evaluate the safety, mortality, and morbidity associated with ECD use. Exposure of a healthy individual to a single ECD electroshock can be considered generally safe. Complications can, however, occur if the patient is subject to multiple electroshocks, if the patient has significant medical comorbidities, or when exposure is associated with drug abuse or agitated delirium. The broad spectrum of potential complications associated with ECD exposure includes direct trauma caused by the ECD electrodes, injuries caused by the transient paralysis-induced fall, and cardiovascular events. An ECD-exposed patient requires careful examination during which traumatic injuries are actively sought out.

The awr gene family encodes a novel class of Ralstonia solanacearum type III effectors displaying virulence and avirulence activities

We present here the characterization of a new gene family, awr, found in all sequenced Ralstonia solanacearum strains and in other bacterial pathogens. We demonstrate that the five paralogues in strain GMI1000 encode type III-secreted effectors and that deletion of all awr genes severely impairs its capacity to multiply in natural host plants. Complementation studies show that the AWR (alanine-tryptophanarginine tryad) effectors display some functional redundancy, although AWR2 is the major contributor to virulence. In contrast, the strain devoid of all awr genes (¿awr1-5) exhibits enhanced pathogenicity on Arabidopsis plants. A gain-of-function approach expressing AWR in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 proves that this is likely due to effector recognition, because AWR5 and AWR4 restrict growth of this bacterium in Arabidopsis. Transient overexpression of AWR in nonhost tobacco species caused macroscopic cell death to varying extents, which, in the case of AWR5, shows characteristics of a typical hypersensitive response. Our work demonstrates that AWR, which show no similarity to any protein with known function, can specify either virulence or avirulence in the interaction of R. solanacearum with its plant hosts.

Smoking cessation and the incidence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study.

AIMS: Smoking cessation has been suggested to increase the short-term risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed at assessing the association between smoking cessation and incidence of T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). METHODS: Data from participants in the CoLaus study, Switzerland, aged 35-75 at baseline and followed for 5.5years were used. Participants were classified as smokers, recent (≤5years), long-term (>5years) quitters, and non-smokers at baseline. Outcomes were IFG (fasting serum glucose (FSG) 5.6-6.99mmol/l) and T2DM (FSG ≥7.0mmol/l and/or treatment) at follow up. RESULTS: 3,166 participants (63% women) had normal baseline FSG, of whom 26.7% were smokers, 6.5% recent quitters, and 23.5% long-term quitters. During follow-up 1,311 participants (41.4%) developed IFG (33.6% women, 54.7% men) and 47 (1.5%) developed T2DM (1.1% women, 2.1% men). Former smokers did not have statistically significant increased odds of IFG compared with smokers after adjustment for age, education, physical activity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and alcohol intake, with OR of 1.29 [95% confidence interval 0.94-1.76] for recent quitters and 1.03 [0.84-1.27] for long-term quitters. Former smokers did not have significant increased odds of T2DM compared with smokers with multivariable-adjusted OR of 1.53 [0.58-4.00] for recent quitters and 0.64 [0.27-1.48] for long-term quitters. Adjustment for body-mass index and waist circumference attenuated the association between recent quitting and IFG (OR 1.07 [0.78-1.48]) and T2DM (OR 1.28 [0.48-3.40]. CONCLUSION: In this middle-aged population, smoking cessation was not associated with an increased risk of IFG or T2DM.

Alzheimer's disease-like APP processing in wild-type mice identifies synaptic defects as initial steps of disease progression.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent form of dementia in the elderly and no effective treatment is currently available. The mechanisms triggering AD onset and progression are still imperfectly dissected. We aimed at deciphering the modifications occurring in vivo during the very early stages of AD, before the development of amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal death and inflammation. Most current AD models based on Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) overproduction beginning from in utero, to rapidly reproduce the histological and behavioral features of the disease within a few months, are not appropriate to study the early steps of AD development. As a means to mimic in vivo amyloid APP processing closer to the human situation in AD, we used an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based transfer of human mutant APP and Presenilin 1 (PS1) genes to the hippocampi of two-month-old C57Bl/6 J mice to express human APP, without significant overexpression and to specifically induce its amyloid processing. RESULTS: The human APP, βCTF and Aβ42/40 ratio were similar to those in hippocampal tissues from AD patients. Three months after injection the murine Tau protein was hyperphosphorylated and rapid synaptic failure occurred characterized by decreased levels of both PSD-95 and metabolites related to neuromodulation, on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). Astrocytic GLT-1 transporter levels were lower and the tonic glutamatergic current was stronger on electrophysiological recordings of CA1 hippocampal region, revealing the overstimulation of extrasynaptic N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) which precedes the loss of long-term potentiation (LTP). These modifications were associated with early behavioral impairments in the Open-field, Y-maze and Morris Mater Maze tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, this demonstrates that an AD-like APP processing, yielding to levels of APP, βCTF and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio similar to those observed in AD patients, are sufficient to rapidly trigger early steps of the amyloidogenic and Tau pathways in vivo. With this strategy, we identified a sequence of early events likely to account for disease onset and described a model that may facilitate efforts to decipher the factors triggering AD and to evaluate early neuroprotective strategies.

Chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetic patients followed-up by primary care physicians in Switzerland: prevalence and prescription of antidiabetic drugs.

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among type 2 diabetic patients in primary care settings in Switzerland, and to analyse the prescription of antidiabetic drugs in CKD according to the prevailing recommendations. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, each participating physician was asked to introduce anonymously in a web database the data from up to 15 consecutive diabetic patients attending her/his office between December 2013 and June 2014. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data were analysed. CKD was classified with the KDIGO nomenclature based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. RESULTS: A total of 1 359 patients (mean age 66.5 ± 12.4 years) were included by 109 primary care physicians. CKD stages 3a, 3b and 4 were present in 13.9%, 6.1%, and 2.4% of patients, respectively. Only 30.6% of patients had an entry for urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Among them, 35.6% were in CKD stage A2, and 4.1% in stage A3. Despite prevailing limitations, metformin and sulfonylureas were prescribed in 53.9% and 16.5%, respectively, of patients with advanced CKD (eGFR <30 ml/min). More than a third of patients were on a dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor across all CKD stages. Insulin use increased progressively from 26.8% in CKD stage 1-2 to 50% in stage 4. CONCLUSIONS: CKD is frequent in patients with type 2 diabetes attending Swiss primary care practices, with CKD stage 3 and 4 affecting 22.4% of cases. This emphasizes the importance of routine screening of diabetic nephropathy based on both eGFR and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, the latter being largely underused by primary care physicians. A careful individual drug risk/benefit balance assessment is mandatory to avoid the frequently observed inappropriate prescription of antidiabetic drugs in CKD patients.

Smoking cessation and the incidence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes : a cohort study

Le tabagisme est associé à un risque augmenté de développer un diabète de type 2. Arrêter de fumer devrait donc diminuer le risqué de diabète. Seulement, les études concernant le risque métabolique à l'arrêt du tabac sont discordantes. Par ailleurs, les effets métaboliques du tabac et de l'arrêt du tabac diffèrent probablement selon le sexe, avec notamment un effet différent du tabac sur la santé des femmes, et une prise pondérale plus importante à l'arrêt que chez les hommes. Notre étude vise à évaluer le risque métabolique à l'arrêt du tabac, chez les femmes et les homes séparément. Nous avons utilisé les données de l'étude de cohorte prospective CoLaus, qui évalue différents facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire chez des sujets choisis de manière aléatoire, dans la population Lausannoise entre 35 et 75 ans, suivis sur 5.5 ans en moyenne. Parmi ceux avec une glycémie à jeun normale au départ, nous avons divisé les participants en quatre groupes selon leur statut tabagique : non fumeurs, personnes ayant arrêté de fumer depuis plus de 5 ans, celles ayant arrêté depuis moins de 5 ans, et fumeurs actifs. Nous avons mesuré les incidences de glycémie à jeun altérée (5.6-6.99 mmol/l) et de diabète (glycémie à jeun Ͱ5; 7 mmol/l et/ou traitement pour le diabète) durant le période de suivi, stratifiées par sexe. Puis le risque d'incidence de glycémie altérée et de diabète a été calculé avec trois niveaux d'ajustement pour les facteurs confondants pour un risque métabolique. Nous avons inclus 3166 participants, dont 63% de femmes. Au total, 26.3% étaient fumeurs, 6.5% ex-fumeurs depuis moins de 5 ans et 23.5% ex-fumeurs depuis plus de 5 ans. Durant le suivi, 1311 (41.4%) personnes ont développé une glycémie à jeun altérée (33.6% des femmes, 54.7% des homes), et 47 (1.5%) ont développé un diabète (1.1% des femmes, 2.1% des hommes). Les personnes ayant arrêté de fumer n'avait pas de risque significativement plus élevé de développer une glycémie à jeun altérée ou un diabète que les fumeurs, après ajustement pour l'âge, l'éducation, l'hypercholestérolémie, la prise d'alcool, l'activité physique, la prise de poids, le BMI initial et le BMI d'arrivée dans les différents modèles d'ajustement. L'analyse de l'interaction du sexe avec ces résultats est également négative. Les analyses de sensibilité ont montré que l'exclusion des personnes ayant changé de statut tabagique durant le suivi ne changeait pas ces résultats. Nous avons refait les analyses en incluant les participants ayant une glycémie altérée au début du suivi, mais le risque d'incidence de diabète n'est pas plus élevé chez les ex-fumeurs que chez les fumeurs non plus dans cette population. Sur demande d'un reviewer, nous avons également refait les analyses avec la glycémie en continue (valeurs de base et valeurs à 5.5 ans), et la glycémie moyenne n'était pas différente par groupe de tabagisme. En conclusion, dans cette population européenne d'âge moyen, avec une prévalence basse d'obésité et une prise de poids modérée durant le suivi, nous n'avons pas trouvé de risque significativement plus élevé de développer un diabète en arrêtant de fumer, et ce pour les deux sexes. L'arrêt du tabac doit donc être encouragé chez toutes les fumeuses et tous les fumeurs.

Lifecourse socioeconomic status and type 2 diabetes : the role of chronic inflammation in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

We examined the association between lifecourse socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk of type 2 diabetes at older ages, ascertaining the extent to which adult lifestyle factors and systemic inflammation explain this relationship. Data were drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) which, established in 2002, is a representative cohort study of Ͱ5;50-year olds individuals living in England. SES indicators were paternal social class, participants' education, participants' wealth, and a lifecourse socioeconomic index. Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) and lifestyle factors were measured repeatedly; diabetes incidence (new cases) was monitored over 7.5 years of follow-up. Of the 6218 individuals free from diabetes at baseline (44% women, mean aged 66 years), 423 developed diabetes during follow-up. Relative to the most advantaged people, those in the lowest lifecourse SES group experienced more than double the risk of diabetes (hazard ratio 2.59; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.81-3.71). Lifestyle factors explained 52% (95%CI:30-85) and inflammatory markers 22% (95%CI:13-37) of this gradient. Similar results were apparent with the separate SES indicators. In a general population sample, socioeconomic inequalities in the risk of type 2 diabetes extend to older ages and appear to partially originate from socioeconomic variations in modifiable factors which include lifestyle and inflammation.

Thermal-Hydraulic Studies on the Safety Of VVER-440 Type Nuclear Power Plants

This thesis includes several thermal hydraulic analyses related to the Loviisa WER 440 nuclear power plant units. The work consists of experimental studies, analysis of the experiments, analysis of some plant transits and development of a calculational model for calculation of boric acid concentrations in the reactor. In the first part of the thesis, in the case of won of boric acid solution behaviour during long term cooling period of LOCAs, experiments were performed in scaled down test facilities. The experimental data together with the results of RELAPS/MOD3 simulations were used to develop a model for calculations of boric acid concentrations in the reactor during LOCAs. The results of calculations showed that margins to critical concentrations that would lead to boric acid crystallization were large, both in the reactor core and in the lower plenum. This was mainly caused by the fact that water in the primary cooling circuit includes borax (Na)BsO,.IOHZO), which enters the reactor when ECC water is taken from the sump and greatly increases boric acid solubility in water. In the second part, in the case of simulation of horizontal steam generators, experiments were performed with PACTEL integral test loop to simulate loss of feedwater transients. The PACTEL experiments, as well as earlier REWET III natural circulation tests, were analyzed with RELAPS/MOD3 Version Sm5 code. The analysis showed that the code was capable of simulating the main events during the experiments. However, in the case of loss of secondary side feedwater the code was not completely capable to simulate steam superheating in the secondary side of the steam generators. The third part of the work consists of simulations of Loviisa VVER reactor pump trip transients with RELAPSlMODI Eur, RELAPS/MOD3 and CATHARE codes. All three codes were capable to simulate the two selected pump trip transients and no significant differences were found between the results of different codes. Comparison of the calculated results with the data measured in the Loviisa plant also showed good agreement.

Autoagregação da 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-metoxifenil)porfirina (tmpp): estudos espectroscópicos e análises multivariadas

In this work, the spectroscopic properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (TMPP) in solvents of different polarities and water/ethanol mixtures were studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy and resonance light scattering associated with statistical analysis. The molar absorption coefficient and emission maximum of TMPP were dependent on solvent polarity. In the water/ethanol mixture, TMPP remained monomeric up to 25% of water, when it reaches its critical aggregation percentage. Oblique head-to-tail aggregate was found at intermediate water content (35 - 55%), while formation of a J-type aggregate was observed at higher water content (> 60%).

Islet antigen-specific T cells and regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes

T cells are the key players in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), mediating autoimmune reactions leading to the destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the islets. We aimed to analyze the role of different T-cell subtypes in the autoimmunity and pathogenesis of T1D. The frequency of islet antigen-specific (GAD65-, proinsulin-, and insulin-specific) CD4+ T cells was investigated in vitro in T1D patients, at-risk individuals (diabetes-associated autoantibody positive), and in controls, using MHC class II tetramers. An overall higher frequency of CD4+ T-cells recognizing the GAD65 555−567 peptide was detected in at-risk individuals. In addition, increased CD4+ T-cell responses to the same GAD65 epitope displaying a memory phenotype were observed in at-risk and diabetic children, which demonstrate a previous encounter with the antigen in vivo. Avidity and phenotypic differences were also observed among CD4+ T-cell clones induced by distinct doses of GAD65 autoantigen. T-cell clones generated at the lowest peptide dose displayed the highest avidity and expressed more frequently the TCR Vβ5.1 chain than low-avidity T cells. These findings raise attention to the antigen dose when investigating the diversity of antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, an increased regulatory response during the preclinical phase of T1D was also found in genetically at-risk children. Higher frequencies of regulatory T (Treg) cells (CD4+CD25_high HLA-DR-/CD69-) and natural killer T (NKT) cells (CD161+Vbeta11+) were observed in children with multiple autoantibodies compared to autoantibody-negative controls. Taken together, these data showed increased frequency of islet-specific CD4+ T-cells, especially to the GAD65 555-567 epitope, and Treg and NKT cell upregulation in children at-risk for T1D, suggesting their importance in T1D pathogenesis

Danos na produção da abobrinha de moita causados pelo Papaya ringspot virus type W e Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar, em condições de casa de vegetação e de campo, os danos causados pelo PRSV-W e ZYMV em abobrinha-de-moita (Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta). As plantas em casa de vegetação foram inoculadas com os vírus individualmente e em mistura aos 12 e 22 dias após emergência (DAE) e aos 5, 15 e 25 DAE no campo. Em casa de vegetação, as infecções com PRSV-W + ZYMV, PRSV-W e ZYMV, na primeira época de inoculação, ocasionaram reduções de área foliar de 39,6%, 36,8% e 12,1%, respectivamente. As massas fresca e seca também foram significativamente afetadas na primeira época de inoculação. No campo, as plantas com infecções individuais ou mistas dos potyvírus produziram frutos não comerciais em quantidades que variaram de 14 a 861 g/planta, dependendo da idade que foram inoculadas. As plantas tratadas com tampão fosfato aos 5, 15 e 25 DAE produziram em média 573 g, 937 g e 1172 g de frutos comerciais e 282 g, 221 g e 192 g de frutos não comerciais, respectivamente. A redução na massa fresca das plantas foi diretamente relacionada com a época de inoculação, com médias de 60,7% para aquelas inoculadas aos 5 DAE e de 22,7% para aquelas inoculadas aos 15 DAE. Na terceira época de inoculação não houve diferença significativa de massa fresca entre os tratamentos.

The Influence of Diet and Microbes on Colonic Immune Regulation and their Implications on Type 1 Diabetes

Dietary and microbial factors are thought to contribute to the rapidly increasing prevalence of T1D in many countries worldwide. The impact of these factors on immune regulation and diabetes development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are investigated in this thesis. Diabetes can be prevented in NOD mice through dietary manipulation. Diet affects the composition of intestinal microbiota, which may subsequently influence intestinal immune homeostasis. However, the specific effects of anti-diabetogenic diets on gut immunity and the explicit associations between intestinal immune disruption and type 1 diabetes onset remain unclear. The research presented herein demonstrates that newly weaned NOD mice suffer from a mild level of colitis, which shifts the colonic immune cell balance towards a proinflammatory status. Several aberrations can also be observed in the peritoneal B cells of NOD mice; an increase in activation marker expression, increased trafficking to the pancreatic lymph nodes and significantly higher antigen presenting cell (APC) efficiency towards insulin-specific T cells. A shift towards inflammation is likewise observed in the colon of germ-free NOD mice, but signs of peritoneal B cell activation are lacking in these mice. Remarkably, most of the abnormalities in the colon, peritoneal macrophages and the peritoneal B cell APC activity of NOD mice are abrogated when NOD mice are maintained on a diabetes-preventive, soy-based diet (ProSobee) from the time of weaning. Dietary and microbial factors hence have a significant impact on colonic immune regulation and peritoneal B cell activation and it is suggested that these factors influence diabetes development in NOD mice.

Influence of stiffness in bolted connections in wooden plane structure of truss type

Trusses are structural systems commonly used in projects, being employed mainly in roof structures, present in most rural buildings. The design of trusses, as well as other structural systems, requires the determination of displacements, strains and stresses. However, the project is developed from an ideal model of calculation, considering free rotation between the elements of a connection. This paper presents a computer program for the analysis of bidimensional wooden trusses with connections formed with two screws per node. The formulation is based on the flexibility method, taking into account the influence of the effect of semi-rigid connections formed by two screws. An example of a structure is presented and analyzed by the program developed here, highlighting the importance of behavior analysis on semi-rigid connections.

New Type Nuclear Reactors (NETNUC) 2008-2011 Final Report

This report summarizes the work done by a consortium consisting of Lappeenranta University of Technology, Aalto University and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland in the New Type Nuclear Reactors (NETNUC) project during 2008–2011. The project was part of the Sustainable Energy (SusEn) research programme of the Academy of Finland. A wide range of generation IV nuclear technologies were studied during the project and the research consisted of multiple tasks. This report contains short articles summarizing the results of the individual tasks. In addition, the publications produced and the persons involved in the project are listed in the appendices.

Co-infection by porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets in southern Brazil

Porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 (PCV1, PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) are widespread in pig populations around the world. Nevertheless, only PCV2 has been associated with different clinical syndromes, thus representing a major problem to the pig industry. The association of cases of swine abortions and stillborns with PCV1 and PCV2 and PPV was studied retrospectively (2005-2007). Additional pathogens were also investigated in lesioned fetuses. The studied litters included stillborn piglets and several mummified fetuses of varied sizes. Ventricular dilatation, myocardial pale areas, and mesocolic edema were the gross lesions. Escherichia coli was detected as co-infecting with PCV2 the cases in which mesocolic edema was seen. Microscopic lesions included non-suppurative myocarditis, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, mineralization foci and intranuclear inclusion bodies in cardiomyocytes, and interstitial mononuclear pneumonia. Samples from 7 (5.78 per cent) of 121 aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets had lesions consistent with a viral cause and showed both positive anti-PCV2 immunostaining as well as PCV2-PCR. In samples from 3 (2.47 per cent) of these 7 fetuses, co-infection with PPV was confirmed by Nested-PCR. Both viruses were detected in fetuses at different stages of gestation. Viral antigens of PCV2 were detected by immunohistochemistry mainly in macrophages and myocytes. PCV1 individually was not detected in any of these affected fetuses, but it was associated with PCV2 and/or PPV in some of them. These findings indicate that PCV2 alone or in association with PPV should be kept in mind when investigating causes of infectious abortion in pigs in Brazil.