The final proceedings of the third Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program Contractors' Review, December 16-19, 1979, Norfolk, Virginia /

Includes indexes.

Passive solar performance : summary of 1982-1983 class B results.

"SERI/SP-271-2362".

Solar electric power generation : citations from the NTIS data base : search period covered, 1964 - September 1976 /

Edited by A. S. Hundemann.

Solar bibliography /

Mode of access: Internet.

Interim performance criteria for solar heating and cooling systems in commercial buildings /

"NBSIR 76-1562."

Solar thermal technology.

Description based on: Fiscal year 1986.

Illinois solar weather program /

"March 1983."

Illinois solar greenhouse compendium /

"June 1980."

Municipal solar utility : a model for Carbondale, Illinois /

On cover : Shawnee Solar Project.

The potential economic impact of solar heated residential structures in Illinois, 1976-2000 /

Caption title.

Solar Law Reporter

Published by the Solar Energy Research Institute, a division of Midwest Research Institute, for the United States Department of Energy under contract no.EG-77-C-01-44042

Modelling and measurements on a condensing counter-flow heat exchanger

Experimental investigations and computer modelling studies have been made on the refrigerant-water counterflow condenser section of a small air to water heat pump. The main object of the investigation was a comparative study between the computer modelling predictions and the experimental observations for a range of operating conditions but other characteristics of a counterflow heat exchanger are also discussed. The counterflow condenser consisted of 15 metres of a thermally coupled pair of copper pipes, one containing the R12 working fluid and the other water flowing in the opposite direction. This condenser was mounted horizontally and folded into 0.5 metre straight sections. Thermocouples were inserted in both pipes at one metre intervals and transducers for pressure and flow measurement were also included. Data acquisition, storage and analysis was carried out by a micro-computer suitably interfaced with the transducers and thermocouples. Many sets of readings were taken under a variety of conditions, with air temperature ranging from 18 to 26 degrees Celsius, water inlet from 13.5 to 21.7 degrees, R12 inlet temperature from 61.2 to 81.7 degrees and water mass flow rate from 6.7 to 32.9 grammes per second. A Fortran computer model of the condenser (originally prepared by Carrington[1]) has been modified to match the information available from experimental work. This program uses iterative segmental integration over the desuperheating, mixed phase and subcooled regions for the R12 working fluid, the water always being in the liquid phase. Methods of estimating the inlet and exit fluid conditions from the available experimental data have been developed for application to the model. Temperature profiles and other parameters have been predicted and compared with experimental values for the condenser for a range of evaporator conditions and have shown that the model gives a satisfactory prediction of the physical behaviour of a simple counterflow heat exchanger in both single phase and two phase regions.

The development of a solar wall module using a selective surface

A need was indicated for the identification of a possible new solar energy product to improve the sales potential of a metal film with a selective surface, manufactured by the industriaI sponsor of this project (INCO). A possible way of overcoming the disadvantageous economics of solar energy collection was identified. This utilised the collection of solar energy by the walls of buildings constructed in such a manner as to allow the transfer of energy into the building, whilst providing adequate thermal insulation in the absence of sunlight. The actual collection element of the wall, being metallic, is also capable of performing the function of a low temperature heating .system in the absence of sunlight. As a result of this, the proposed system, by displacing both the wall and centraI heating system which would otherwise be necessary, demonstrates economic benefits over systems which are constructed solely for the purpose of collecting solar energy. The necessary thermodynamic and meteorological. characteristics and data: are established, and applied to a typical urban site in the North of England, for a typical average year, with and without a shading device incorporated into the construction. It is concluded that the proposed system may offer considerable benefit in reducing the effective heating season in all orientations of wall.

Survey and applications of standardized energy metrics to mobile networks

The energy consumption and the energy efficiency have become very important issue in optimizing the current as well as in designing the future telecommunications networks. The energy and power metrics are being introduced in order to enable assessment and comparison of the energy consumption and power efficiency of the telecommunications networks and other transmission equipment. The standardization of the energy and power metrics is a significant ongoing activity aiming to define the baseline energy and power metrics for the telecommunications systems. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the energy and power metrics being proposed by the various standardization bodies and subsequently adopted worldwide by the equipment manufacturers and the network operators. © Institut Télécom and Springer-Verlag 2012.and Springer-Verlag 2012.

The scope to improve the efficiency of solar-powered reverse osmosis

The aim of this paper is to identify and evaluate potential areas of technical improvement to solar-powered desalination systems that use reverse osmosis (RO). We compare ideal with real specific energy consumption (SEC) to pinpoint the causes of inefficiency. The ideal SEC is compared among different configurations including a batch system driven by a piston, and continuous systems with single or multiple stages with or without energy recovery in each case. For example, to desalinate 1 m3 of freshwater from normal seawater (osmotic pressure 27 bar) will require at least 0.94 kWh of solar energy; thus in a sunny coastal location, up to 1850 m3 of water per year per m2 (m3/m2) of land covered by solar collectors could theoretically be desalinated. For brackish water (osmotic pressure 3 bar), 11570 m3/m2 of fresh water could theoretically be obtained under the same conditions. These ideal values are compared with practically achieved values reported in the literature. The practical energy consumption is found to be typically 40-200 times higher depending on feed water composition, system configuration and energy recovery. For state-of-the-art systems, energy losses at the various steps in the conversion process are quantified and presented with the help of Sankey diagrams. Improvements that could reduce the losses are discussed. Consequently, recommendations for areas of R&D are highlighted with particular reference to emerging technologies. It is concluded that there is considerable scope to improve the efficiency of solar-powered RO system.