Inti raymipi tukaukuna kamak kausai imashina kaimanta : Simbolismo, identidad y poder en el Inti Raymi del cantón Otavalo, provincia de Imbabura

Trata de reivindicar el discurso propositivo que han desarrollado las comunidades, desde su cotidianidad, en este caso a partir de una de sus expresiones sagradas como es el Inti Raymi, una expresión que de por sí es una institución cultural en la cual se expresa, la geografía cultural del pueblo kichwa, una geografía retocada por el tiempo y que al mismo tiempo ha logrado innovarse permanentemente. Inti Raymi es la fuente de varias expresiones culturales, entre ellas la pantomina que se expresa a través del papel que cumple el Aya Uma, la organización, la solidaridad, la cosmovisión cultural, la inaguración de nuevas etapas, etc., se expresan en el Inti Raymi. El primer capítulo hace referencia a la celebración del Inti Raymi antes de la invasión española, es decir a la época del incario sobre la cual existen algunos testimonios como las crónicas de Guamán Poma de Ayala, Garcilaso de la Vega, González Suárez, entre otros, mencionando también trabajos cntemporáneos y de investigadores kichwas. El segundo capítulo, realiza una descripción de Otavalo, sus antecedentes históricos, las relaciones y conflictos intrétnicos, el ambiente que se genera en los días de fiesta, preparativos, espacios sagrados, rol de los símbolos en la colonia y la república, haciendo referencia a los procesos de sincretismo cultural. El tercer capítulo es una descripción cronológica de la fiesta, los preparativos, ensayos, la participación de las comunidades. El cuarto capítulo, hace referencia a los distintos símbolos que enriquecen el Inti Raymi y su interpretación, tomando en cuenta aspectos como el proceso histórico cultural, la práctica cultural y la cosmovisión de las comunidades. El quinto capítulo se refiere a la vigencia del Inti Raymi en todas las épocas. Incluye conclusiones y el deseo de la comunidad kichwa de dar continuidad a su proceso histórico y cultural como entidades colectivas.

Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks Show a Mixed Response to Cattle Grazing in the Intermountain Region of British Columbia

Livestock grazing in the shortgrass steppe of the Intermountain region of British Columbia is predicted to have significant effects on grassland habitats and their associated ground-nesting bird communities. We tested whether grazed and ungrazed sites could be discriminated on the basis of their vegetation communities, whether the abundance of two ground-nesting bird species, Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), differed between grazed and ungrazed sites, and whether vegetation variables found to differ between grazed and ungrazed plots could be used to predict the abundance of the two bird species at a fine scale. Grazed sites were easily distinguishable from a site that had been ungrazed for >30 years based on the structure and composition of their vegetation communities. However, more detailed grazing categories could not be distinguished on the basis of vegetation characteristics. Despite the existence of grazing effects on vegetation structure and composition, we found no consistent differences in abundance of Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks between the grazed and ungrazed sites. However, there was weak evidence that the abundance of both species was higher at fine-scale plots (100 m radius point count station) with less bare ground and taller vegetation. Bare ground cover was lower on grazed plots, but vegetation was taller on ungrazed plots. Combined, our results suggest that low intensity grazing leads to grassland habitat change with both negative and positive effects on Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks, resulting in no net change in their broad-scale abundance.

A three-dimensional magnetometer for motion sensing of a balloon-carried atmospheric measurement package

An instrument is described which carries three orthogonal geomagnetic field sensors on a standard meteorological balloon package, to sense rapid motion and position changes during ascent through the atmosphere. Because of the finite data bandwidth available over the UHF radio link, a burst sampling strategy is adopted. Bursts of 9s of measurements at 3.6Hz are interleaved with periods of slow data telemetry lasting 25s. Calculation of the variability in each channel is used to determine position changes, a method robust to periods of poor radio signals. During three balloon ascents, variability was found repeatedly at similar altitudes, simultaneously in each of three orthogonal sensors carried. This variability is attributed to atmospheric motions. It is found that the vertical sensor is least prone to stray motions, and that the use of two horizontal sensors provides no additional information over a single horizontal sensor