Male sexuality-related concerns: what use of the internet?

Purpose: Although young males encounter sexually-related concerns, they are mostly absent from specialized services. Our objective is to assess whether the internet is used by boys to find answers to these types of problems and questions. Methods: In the context of a qualitative study assessing young males' barriers to access sexual and reproductive health facilities, we conducted two focus groups gathering 12 boys aged 17-20. Discussions were triggered through the presentation of four vignettes corresponding to questions posted by 17-20 year old boys and girls on an information website for adolescents (www.ciao.ch), concerning various sexual dysfunction situations. In order to avoid having to talk about their own experience, participants were asked what they would do in those cases. Results: In general, the internet was mentioned quite thoroughly as a means of searching for information through research engines and a place to address professionals for advice.Within the hierarchy of consultation possibilities, the internet was given the first place as a way to deal with these types of problems presenting many advantages: (1) the internet enables to maintain intimacy; (2) it is anonymous (use of a pseudo); (3) it avoids having to confront someone face-to-face with personal problems which can be embarrassing and challenging for one's pride; (4) it is free; and (5) it is accessible at all times. In other words, participants value the internet as a positive tool to avoid many barriers which prevent offline consultations to take place. Most participants consider the internet at least as a first step in trying to solve a problem; for instance, by better defining the seriousness of a problem and judging if it is worth consulting a doctor. However, despite the positive qualities of the internet, they do put forward the importance of having specialists answering questions, trustworthiness, and being followed-up by the same person. Participants suggested that a strategy to break down barriers for boys to consult in face-to-face settings is to have a consultation on the internet as a first step which could then guide the person to an in-person consultation if necessary. Conclusions: The internet as a means of obtaining information or consulting received high marks overall. Although the internet cannot replace an in-person consultation, the screen and the keyboard have the advantage of not involving a face-to-face encounter and raise the possibility of discussing sexual problems anonymously and in private. The internet tools together with other new technologies should continue to develop in a secure manner as a space providing prevention messages and to become an easy access door to sexual and reproductive health services for young men, which can then guide youths to appropriate resource persons. Sources of support: This study was supported by the Maurice Chalumeau Foundation, Switzerland.

Appartenances en fête: entre l'ordinaire et le spectaculaire

Résumé Alors que les pratiques religieuses régulières diminuent et que les groupes religieux majoritaires perdent des membres formellement enregistrés, une évènementisation de l'appartenance religieuse peut être observée depuis environ deux décennies. Dans un premier exemple, l'auteure montre que le réseau transnational de la confrérie soufie des Mourides resserre les liens entre adeptes dans un contexte migratoire qui tend à fragiliser les relations sociales. La confrérie y fait face à travers une spectacularisation de la pratique religieuse, occupant l'espace public à Harlem ou, dans une moindre mesure, à Paris. Le second exemple traite du pèlerinage aux Saintes et Saints d'Afrique dans la ville valaisanne de Saint Maurice. Ce dernier fut inventé par l'Église catholique suisse afin d'attirer des migrants africains, mais aussi afin de redynamiser une pratique religieuse ordinaire en perte de vitesse. L'évènement a lieu en même temps que le pèlerinage de Namugongo en Ouganda, réunissant plus d'un demi-million de personnes. Les communautés évènementielles ainsi créées sont-elles durables ou plutôt liquides ? Abstract While regular religious practice is decreasing and the major religious groups are losing formally registered members, a 'spectacularization' of religious belonging can be observed over the last two decades. The author presents two examples to support this argument. In the first, the transnational network of the Murids, a Sufi brotherhood, has tried to reinforce the relations between its members, which become fragile during migration. The brotherhood occupies a public space in Harlem, and, to a lesser extent, in Paris, in a spectacularization of religious belonging, in order to remain attractive to migrants. The second example deals with the pilgrimage dedicated to African Saints in the Swiss town of Saint Maurice. This event was invented by the missionary service of the Swiss Catholic Church in order to attract African migrants, but also in order to make ordinary religious practice more appealing. The event takes place at the same time as the Ugandan pilgrimage of Namugongo, which assembles more than half a million people. However, are these 'event communities' sustainable or ephemeral?

Relatório do Perfil Temático na área da Conservação da Biodiversidade

A conservação e o desenvolvimento sustentável O desenvolvimento sustentável – Contexto histórico Uma viagem retrospectiva ao conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável conduz-nos, ate dois eventos marcantes da história: Maurice Strong, quem enquanto Secretario Geral da Conferencia de Stockholm, em 1972, introduziu o termo de eco-desenvolvimento. O termo desenvolvimento sustentável surge por primeira vez no “Relatório Bruntland” (1987), nele destacou-se tanto a necessidade de assegurar, mas também, as ligações existentes entre, um crescimento económico sustentável, a gestão apropriada dos recursos naturais (RN) e a equidade ao interior e, entre gerações. Desde aquela época o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável tem sido amplamente disseminado e utilizado. Entre os antecedentes e base histórica da teoria da Conservação e Desenvolvimento Sustentável temos, que em 1948, foi fundada a União Internacional para a Conservação da Naturaza, the World Conservation Union – IUCN. Em 1972, teve efeito a Conferencia Global Sobre Meio Ambiente Humano, com o lema: “ Uma Só Terra”, nesse contexto é criado o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente, PNUMA (UNEP). 1980-1990 pode ser definido como o período do desenvolvimento das ideais da conservação ao estatuto de Ciência. A década foi marcada com uma série de eventos e documentos resultantes, tais como: 1980: é apresentado ao mundo o documento histórico, sempre em actualidade, a Estratégia Mundial de Conservação (IUCN, UNEP, WWF, 1980) 1982: Teve efeito a Convenção sobre o Direito do Mar. 1984: no seio da Assembleia General das Nações Unidas é constituída a Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e desenvolvimento 1987: É apresentado o Informe Brundtland “ O Nosso Futuro Comum”, de donde chamamos a atenção para aspectos importantes tais como: • Define o conceito de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (com as suas dimensões dimensiones económica, social e ambiental. • Assente a necessidade de uma nova ética de desenvolvimento em torno da equidade. • Alerta sobre a necessidade de mudanças nos padrões da produção e o consumo vigentes no momento. • Destaca a divida histórica dos países desenvolvidos. De remarcar o salto de qualidade atingido na abordagem e aplicação do conceito desenvolvimento sustentável que tivera efeito durante a Conferencia de Rio, em 1992, de onde podemos destacar: A Conferencia de Rio, resgata o conteúdo do informe Brundtland e, desenvolve aspectos importantes quando o Assinala a relação existente entre pobreza e meio ambiente, para logo estabelecer a ligação estratégica desses conceitos com o de desenvolvimento sustentável. o Marcando assim, em 1992, a transição a um novo sistema ambiental internacional o Propõe acordos concretos sobre novos princípios e conceitos éticos globais, e bases mais equitativas de cooperação. No campo prático, ao nível da cooperação, as preocupações da conservação mostram-se coerentemente ligadas ao desenvolvimento, educação e reforço das capacidades, através de iniciativa internacionais tais como as da UNESCO (1970). Onde ao estabelecimento do “Programa Homem e Biosfera” (MAB), lhe segue o estabelecimento da “REDE Mundial de Reservas de Biosfera” (RB), quatro dessas reservas estão localizadas em Africa Ocidental: a RB do Banco de Argin, na Mauritânia; a RB do Delta de Saloum, no Senegal; e a RB do Arquipélago dos Bijagós, na Guine Bissau, hoje em dia membros integrantes da Estratégia Regional de Áreas Protegidas da Africa Ocidental, iniciativa do Programa Regional de Conservação da Zona Costeira e o Meio Marinho – PRCM (2003). E da qual Cabo Verde é signatário.

The effects of structural reforms on productivity and profitability enhancing reallocation: Evidence from Colombia

Estimates for the U.S. suggest that at least in some sectors productivity enhancing reallocationis the dominant factor in accounting for producitivity growth. An open question, particularlyrelevant for developing countries, is whether reallocation is always productivity enhancing. Itmay be that imperfect competition or other barriers to competitive environments imply that thereallocation process is not fully e?cient in these countries. Using a unique plant-levellongitudinal dataset for Colombia for the period 1982-1998, we explore these issues byexamining the interaction between market allocation, and productivity and profitability.Moreover, given the important trade, labor and financial market reforms in Colombia during theearly 1990's, we explore whether and how the contribution of reallocation changed over theperiod of study. Our data permit measurement of plant-level quantities and prices. Takingadvantage of the rich structure of our price data, we propose a sequential mehodology to estimateproductivity and demand shocks at the plant level. First, we estimate total factor productivity(TFP) with plant-level physical output data, where we use downstream demand to instrumentinputs. We then turn to estimating demand shocks and mark-ups with plant-level price data, usingTFP to instrument for output in the inversedemand equation. We examine the evolution of thedistributions of TFP and demand shocks in response to the market reforms in the 1990's. We findthat market reforms are associated with rising overall productivity that is largely driven byreallocation away from low- and towards highproductivity businesses. In addition, we find thatthe allocation of activity across businesses is less driven by demand factors after reforms. Wefind that the increase in aggregate productivity post-reform is entirely accounted for by theimproved allocation of activity.