534 resultados para Forno de cozimento de anodo
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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Fuel cells are considered one of the most promising ways of converting electrical energy due to its high yield and by using hydrogen (as fuel) which is considered one of the most important source of clean energy for the future. Rare earths doped ceria has been widely investigated as an alternative material for the electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its high ionic conductivity at low operating temperatures compared with the traditional electrolytes based on stabilized zirconia. This work investigates the effect of gallium oxide (Gallia) as a sintering aid in Eu doped ceria ceramic electrolytes since this effect has already been investigated for Gd, Sm and Y doped ceria electrolytes. The desired goal with the use of a sintering aid is to reduce the sintering temperature aiming to produce dense ceramics. In this study we investigated the effects on densification, microstructure and ionic conduction caused by different molar fraction of the dopants europium (10, 15 and 20%) and gallium oxide (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9%) in samples sintered at 1300, 1350 and 1450 0 C. Samaria (10 and 20%) doped ceria samples sintered between 1350 and 1450 °C were used as reference. Samples were synthesized using the cation complexation method. The ceramics powders were characterized by XRF, XRD and SEM, while the sintered samples were investigated by its relative density, SEM and impedance spectroscopy. It was showed that gallia contents up to 0.6% act as excellent sintering aids in Eu doped ceria. Above this aid content, gallia addition does not promote significant increase in density of the ceramics. In Ga free samples the larger densification were accomplished with Eu 15% molar, effect expressed in the microstructure with higher grain growth although reduced and surrounded by many open pores. Relative densities greater than 95 % were obtained by sintering between 1300 and 1350 °C against the usual range 1500 - 1600 0 C. Samples containing 10% of Sm and 0.9% of Ga reached 96% of theoretical density by sintering at 1350 0 C for 3h, a gain compared to 97% achieved with 20% of Sm and 1% of Ga co-doped cerias sintered at 1450 0 C for 24 h as described in the literature. It is found that the addition of gallia in the Eu doped ceria has a positive effect on the grain conductivity and a negative one in the grain boundary conductivity resulting in a small decrease in the total conductivity which will not compromise its application as sintering aids in ceria based electrolytes. Typical total conductivity values at 600 and 700 °C, around 10 and 30 mS.cm -1 respectively were reached in this study. Samples with 15% of Eu and 0.9 % of Ga sintered at 1300 and 1350 °C showed relative densities greater than 96% and total conductivity (measured at 700 °C) between 20 and 33 mS.cm -1 . The simultaneous sintering of the electrolyte with the anode is one of the goals of research in materials for SOFCs. The results obtained in this study suggest that dense Eu and Ga co-doped ceria electrolytes with good ionic conductivity can be sintered simultaneously with the anode at temperatures below 1350 °C, the usual temperature for firing porous anode materials
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The heat transfer between plasma and a solid occurs mostly due the radiation and the collision of the particles on the material surface, heating the material from the surface to the bulk. The thermal gradient inside the sample depends of the rate of particles collisions and thermal conductivity of the solid. In order to study that effect, samples of AISI M35 steel, with 9,5 mm X 3,0 mm (diameter X thickness) were quenched in resistive furnace and tempereds in plasma using the plane configuration and hollow cathode, working with pressures of 4 and 10 mbar respectively. Analyzing the samples microstructure and measuring the hardness along the transversal profile, it was possible to associate the tempered temperature evaluating indirectly the thermal profile. This relation was obtained by microstructural analyzes and through the hardness curve x tempered sample temperature in resistive furnace, using temperatures of 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700°C. The microstructural characterization of the samples was obtained by the scanning electron microscopy, optic microscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was verified that all samples treated in plasma presented a superficial layer, denominated affected shelling zone, wich was not present in the samples treated in resistive furnace. Moreover, the samples that presented larger thermal gradient were treated in hollow cathode with pressure of 4 mbar
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Carbide reinforced metallic alloys potentially improve some important mechanical properties required for the overall use of important engineering materials such as steel and nickel. Nevertheless, improved performance is achieved not only by composition enhancement but also by adequate processing techniques, such as novel sintering methods in the case of powder metallurgy. The method minimizes energy losses in addition to providing uniform heating during sintering. Thus, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the density, hardness, flexural strength, dilatometric behavior and to analyze the microstructure of metal matrix composites based nickel with addition of carbides of tantalum and / or niobium when sintered in a conventional furnace and Plasma assisted debinding and sintering (PADS). Initially, were defineds best parameters of granulation, screening and mixing procedure. After, mixtures of carbonyl Ni and 5%, 10% and 15 wt.% NbC and TaC were prepared in a Y-type mixer under wet conditions during 60 minutes. The mixtures were then dried and granulated using 1.5 wt. % paraffin diluted in hexane. Granulates were cold pressed under 600 MPa. Paraffin was then removed from the pressed pellets during a pre-sintering process carried out in a tubular furnace at 500 °C during 30 min. The heating rate was 3 ºC/min. The pellets were then sintered using either a plasma assisted reactor or a conventional resistive tubular furnace. For both methods, the heating rate was set to 8 ºC/min up to 1150 °C. The holding time was 60 minutes. The microstructure of the sintered samples was evaluated by SEM. Brinell hardness tests were also carried out. The results revealed that higher density and higher hardness values were observed in the plasma-assisted sintered samples. Hardness increased with the concentration of carbides in the Ni-matrix. The flexural strength also increased by adding the carbides. The decline was larger for the sample with addition of 5% 5% TaC and NbC. In general, compositions containing added carbide 10% showed less porous and more uniform distribution of carbides in the nickel matrix microstructural appearance. Thus, both added carbide and plasma sintering improved density, hardness, flexural strength and microstructural appearance of the composites
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Com a alta demanda mundial de carne de qualidade, a utilização de cruzamento entre raças e de dieta com teores elevados de energia são estratégias que podem ser utilizadas visando à melhorias na eficiência do sistema de produção de carne bovina e na qualidade do produto final. Assim, o objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho (pesos, ganhos em peso, consumo de matéria seca, eficiência alimentar e dias em confinamento), características de carcaça (peso e rendimento de carcaça fria, pesos dos cortes primários, espessura de gordura, mármore, área de olho de lombo e rendimento de cortes cárneos) e de qualidade da carne (cor, pH, capacidade de retenção de água, perda por cozimento, força de cisalhamento, % de lipídios, perfil de ácidos graxos e análises sensoriais descritivas e de aceitação) durante diferentes tempos de maturação (0, 14 e 28 dias) no longissimus thoracis de 169 novilhos e novilhas jovens provenientes do cruzamento de touros das raças Charolesa (CH) ou Hereford (HF) com vacas ½ Angus + ½ Nelore (TA) ou ½ Simental + ½ Nelore (TS). Após a desmama aos 7,5 meses, os animais foram tratados individualmente (ad libitum) por 119 dias, em média, em confinamento com duas dietas diferentes: dieta controle (DC) ou dieta energética (DE) (dieta controle acrescida de glúten de milho e gordura protegida). Os animais foram abatidos aos 13 meses de idade, em média, em frigorífico comercial, quando atingiram 5 mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea medida por ultrassonografia e por avaliação visual. Os dados foram analisados usando o procedimento MIXED do SAS, cujo modelo estatístico incluiu os efeitos fixos de ano, gênero, raça do touro (RT), grupo genético da vaca (GGV), dieta, tempo de maturação (TM) como medida repetida e suas interações (exceto com ano), dependendo da característica. Apesar de algumas interações significativas, o gênero foi o principal efeito fixo que influenciou os atributos estudados, seguido por RT, GGV e TM. Os machos, em geral, apresentaram superioridade quanto às características de desempenho e de carcaça, rendimento dos cortes cárneos e na relação ácidos graxos poliinsaturados/ácidos graxos saturados (PUFA/SFA), enquanto as fêmeas apresentaram maior espessura de gordura (EG), mármore (MAR), gordura perirrenal, % de lipídios e relação n-6/n-3. Os filhos dos touros charoleses apresentaram maiores pesos (inicial e final), melhores características de carcaça, rendimentos dos cortes (RCC) do traseiro e melhor aceitação quanto à textura, enquanto os filhos dos touros Hereford apresentaram maior EG, MAR, % de lipídios e RCC do dianteiro e menor força de cisalhamento. Os filhos das vacas TS apresentaram maiores médias de peso inicial e de área de olho de lombo, enquanto os filhos das vacas TA apresentaram maiores valores de MAR e permaneceram por mais dias no confinamento. A maciez da carne melhorou com o tempo de maturação. A dieta, em geral, não influenciou as características estudadas, mas apenas o perfil de ácidos graxos, em que a dieta DC foi a que influenciou positivamente, e a aceitação da carne, mas com a presença de interação com TM. Machos e filhos de touros da raça Charolesa melhoraram as características de desempenho e de carcaça e os rendimentos dos cortes cárneos. Para carcaças bem acabadas, maior espessura de gordura e mais gordura intramuscular (mármore e % v lipídios), recomenda-se a utilização de fêmeas, de filhos de touros da raça Hereford ou de vacas ½ Angus + ½ Nelore. Para carne mais macia, recomenda-se o uso de touros Hereford. Dietas energéticas melhoram a aceitação da carne, mas não melhoram o perfil de ácidos graxos. A maturação é recomendada, pois aumenta a maciez e a aceitação da carne.
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This project describes a methodology optimization that would allow for a more efficient microwave assisted digestion process for petroleum samples. With the possible chance to vary various factors at once to see if any one factor was significant enough in the answers, experimental planning was used. Microwave assisted digestion allows, through the application of potency, an increasing number of collisions between the HNO3 and H2O2 molecules, favoring sample opening for complex matrixes. For this, a 24 factorial experimental planning was used, varying potency, time and the volumes for HNO3 65% and H2O2 30%. To achieve the desired answers, several elements were monitored (C, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn and V) through Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). With this initial study it was noticed that the HNO3 was not a significant factor for any of the statistical studies for any of the analytes and the other 3 factors and their interactions showed statistical significance. A Box Behnken experimental planning was used taking in consideration 3 factors: H2O2 volume, time (min) and Potency (W), Nitric Acid kept at 4mL for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The results were extremely satisfying showing higher efficiency in the digestion process and taking in a responsibility between the answers for each analyte and the carbon monitoring was achieved in the following conditions: 7mL of H2O2, 700 Watts of potency and a reaction time of 7 minutes with 4mL de HNO3 for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The optimized digestion process was applied to four different petroleum samples and the analytes determined by ICP-OES
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Lo scopo del presente lavoro è la realizzazione e l'ottimizzazione di un software che, tramite l'utilizzo di un controllo automatico Proporzionale-Integrativo-Derivativo: PID, gestisca la temperatura di un fornetto in camera a vuoto. È necessario che il sistema sia in grado di eseguire rampe regolari di temperatura di diversa pendenza scelta dall'utente, in modo che possa essere utilizzato in futuro per esperimenti di Desorbimento Termico da parte di vari materiali. La tesi è così suddivisa, nel primo capitolo sono illustrati i concetti teorici di base utilizzati nello sviluppo dei controlli automatici. Nel secondo capitolo è descritta la parte hardware: sono mostrate le diverse sezioni che compongono il fornetto e la camera a vuoto, è inoltre illustrato il cablaggio che permette l'interfaccia del forno alla scheda Arduino ed al software LabVIEW. La terza sezione è dedicata agli studi svolti per la realizzazione del sistema di controllo PID e per la sua ottimizzazione. Il quarto capitolo è invece dedicato alla descrizione del software creato per la gestione del fornetto. Nel quinto capitolo sono infine mostrati i metodi utilizzati per il calcolo delle costanti operative del PID ed i risultati sperimentali ottenuti.
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A indústria cimenteira é uma indústria com grandes gastos energéticos, sendo por Isso de extrema importância, do ponto de vista económico, desenvolver estratégias e procedimentos que conduzam à sua minimização. O intuito da realização do presente trabalho foi estudar a reactividade do clínquer da Cimpor Centro de Produção de Loulé, ao introduzir alterações ao processo de fabrico de cimento. O estudo engloba três objectivos: C. Melhorar a qualidade do clínquer; C. Reduzir o consumo térmico do forno; C. Reduzir o consumo energético dos moinhos de cimento. Na paragem de Maio de 2008 foi instalado um novo redutor para o motor do forno que permitiu alterar a velocidade máxima de 2 para 3,5 rpm, o que consequentemente diminuiu a taxa de enchimento de ≈20% para ≈14%. Os resultados mostraram que com a alteração ao processo atingiram-se dois dos três objectivos pretendidos. Isto é, obteve-se um clínquer de melhor qualidade e houve uma diminuição do consumo térmico do forno. Contudo, não se conseguiram tirar conclusões acerca do consumo energético dos moinhos de cimento, sendo para tal, necessário prolongar o tempo do estudo. ABSTRACT: The cement industry is an industry with high energy costs and is therefore of extreme importance, in economic terms, to develop strategies and procedures that lead to its minimization. The purpose of this work was to study the reactivity of the clinker produced at Loulé Cimpor Production Center by introducing changes in the manufacture process of cement. The study comprised three main objectives: C. Improving the quality of the clinker; C. Reducing the heat consumption of the furnace; C. Reducing energy consumption of the cement mills. During the stop of May 2008 a new reducer was installed in the furnace motor which allowed changing the maximum speed of 2 to 3.5 rpm, which consequently decreased the rate of filling from ≈20% to ≈14%. The results showed that with the process modification, two of the three objectives were reached up. That is, a better quality of clinker was obtained and there was a decrease in the heat consumption of the furnace. However, during the period of this study it was not possible to draw a final conclusion about the energy consumption of the cement mills, and therefore, it is necessary to study the process for a longer period of time.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the processing conditions of soybean tempeh on the contents of ??glycoside isoflavones and on their bioconversion into aglycones. Different times of soaking (6, 12, and 18 hours), cooking (15, 30, and 45 minutes), and fermentation (18, 24, and 30 hours) with Rhizopus oligosporus at 37°C were evaluated for tempeh preparation. Grains from the cultivar 'BRS 267' were used, and the experiment was carried out according to a central composite design (23). The response functions comprised the contents of genistin, malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, daidzein, and genistein, quantified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Soaking, cooking, and fermentation times change the content, profile, and distribution of the different forms of isoflavones in tempeh. The highest bioconversion of glycoside isoflavones into aglycones occurred in 6?hour soaked soybean grains, whose cotyledons were cooked for 15 minutes and subjected to 18?hour fermentation. RESUMO:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das condições de processamento do tempeh de soja sobre o conteúdo de isoflavonas ??glicosídeos e sobre sua bioconversão em agliconas. Diferentes tempos de maceração (6, 12 e 18 horas), cozimento (15, 30 e 45 minutos) e fermentação (18, 24 e 30 horas) com Rhizopus oligosporus a 37°C foram avaliados na preparação do tempeh. Foram utilizados grãos da cultivar 'BRS 267', e o experimento foi realizado de acordo com um delineamento composto central (23). As funções?respostas compreenderam o teor de genistina, malonildaidzina, malonilgenistina, daidzeína e genisteína, quantificadas por cromatografia líquida de ultraeficiência (CLUE). Os tempos de maceração, cozimento e fermentação alteraram o conteúdo, o perfil e a distribuição das diferentes formas de isoflavonas no tempeh. A maior bioconversão de ??glicosídeos em agliconas ocorreu em grãos de soja macerados por 6 horas, cujos cotilédones foram cozidos por 15 minutos e submetidos à fermentação por 18 horas.