Pressao Arterial na Adolescencia, Adipocinas e Inflamacao no Adulto Jovem. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro

Fundamento: O impacto pressão arterial (PA) na adolescência sobre outros fatores de risco cardiovascular em adultos jovens é importante para a prevenção primária. Objetivo: Avaliar a PA, índices antropométricos, perfil metabólico e inflamatório de jovens estratificados pelo comportamento da sua PA obtida há 18 anos. Métodos: Avaliaram-se 116 indivíduos, sendo 63 homes, pertencentes ao estudo do Rio de Janeiro (seguimento 17,76 ± 1,63 anos) em dois momentos: A1 (12,40 ± 1,49 anos) e A2 (30,09 ± 2,01 anos). Os 116 indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: GN (n = 71), PA normal em A1; e GH (n = 45): PA anormal em A1. A PA, o peso, a altura e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) foram obtidos em A1 e A2. Em A2, acrescentaram-se a circunferência abdominal (CA) e variáveis laboratoriais, metabólicas e inflamatórias. Resultados: 1) Os grupos não diferiram quanto à idade e sexo; 2) Em A2, GH apresentou maiores médias de peso, IMC, PA, insulina, HOMA-IR (p < 0,001), leptina (p < 0,02), Apolipoproteína B100 e A1 (p < 0,02), relação Apolipoproteína B100 / Apolipoproteína A1 (p < 0,010), maiores prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade (p < 0,001), da CA aumentada (p < 0,001) e de hipertensão arterial (p < 0,02); 3) Não houve diferença entre os grupos para as variáveis inflamatórias; 4) Houve correlação positiva da PA em A1 com a PA, o IMC, e com a insulina, a leptina e o HOMA-IR em A2 (p < 0,05). Conclusões: A PA na adolescência se associou a maiores valores de PA, variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas na fase adulta jovem, mas não a variáveis inflamatórias.

Evolution of Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality in the Counties of the State of Rio de Janeiro from 1979 to 2010

Background: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Brazil. Objective: To estimate total CVD, cerebrovascular disease (CBVD), and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality rates in adults in the counties of the state of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), from 1979 to 2010. Methods: The counties of the SRJ were analysed according to their denominations stablished by the geopolitical structure of 1950, Each new county that have since been created, splitting from their original county, was grouped according to their former origin. Population Data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and data on deaths were obtained from DataSus/MS. Mean CVD, CBVD, and IHD mortality rates were estimated, compensated for deaths from ill-defined causes, and adjusted for age and sex using the direct method for three periods: 1979–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2010, Such results were spatially represented in maps. Tables were also constructed showing the mortality rates for each disease and year period. Results: There was a significant reduction in mortality rates across the three disease groups over the the three defined periods in all the county clusters analysed, Despite an initial mortality rate variation among the counties, it was observed a homogenization of such rates at the final period (2000–2010). The drop in CBVD mortality was greater than that in IHD mortality. Conclusion: Mortality due to CVD has steadily decreased in the SRJ in the last three decades. This reduction cannot be explained by greater access to high technology procedures or better control of cardiovascular risk factors as these facts have not occurred or happened in low proportion of cases with the exception of smoking which has decreased significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to seek explanations for this decrease, which may be related to improvements in the socioeconomic conditions of the population.

APOE and LDLR Gene Polymorphisms and Dyslipidemia Tracking. Rio de Janeiro Study

Background:Studies show an association between changes in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and LDLR receptor with the occurrence of dyslipidemia.Objectives:To investigate the association between polymorphisms of the APOE (ε2, ε3, ε4) and LDLR (A370T) genes with the persistence of abnormal serum lipid levels in young individuals followed up for 17 years in the Rio de Janeiro Study.Methods:The study included 56 individuals (35 males) who underwent three assessments at different ages: A1 (mean age 13.30 ± 1.53 years), A2 (22.09 ± 1.91 years) and A3 (31.23 ± 1.99 years). Clinical evaluation with measurement of blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI) was conducted at all three assessments. Measurement of waist circumference (WC) and serum lipids, and analysis of genetic polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP were performed at A2 and A3. Based on dyslipidemia tracking, three groups were established: 0 (no abnormal lipid value at A2 and A3), 1 (up to one abnormal lipid value at A2 or A3) and 2 (one or more abnormal lipid values at A2 and A3).Results:Compared with groups 0 and 1, group 2 presented higher mean values of BP, BMI, WC, LDL-c and TG (p < 0.01) and lower mean values of HDL-c (p = 0.001). Across the assessments, all individuals with APOE genotypes ε2/ε4 and ε4/ε4 maintained at least one abnormal lipid variable, whereas those with genotype ε2/ε3 did not show abnormal values (χ2 = 16.848, p = 0.032). For the LDLR genotypes, there was no significant difference among the groups.Conclusions:APOE gene polymorphisms were associated with dyslipidemia in young individuals followed up longitudinally from childhood.

Mortality from Circulatory System Diseases and Malformations in Children in the State of Rio de Janeiro

Abstract Background: The epidemiological profile of mortality in a population is important for the institution of measures to improve health care and reduce mortality Objective: To estimate mortality rates and the proportional mortality from cardiovascular diseases and malformations of the circulatory system in children and adolescents. Methods: This is a descriptive study of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, malformations of the circulatory system, from all causes, ill-defined causes and external causes in children and adolescents in the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1996 to 2012. Populations were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) and deaths obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS)/Ministry of Health. Results: There were 115,728 deaths from all causes, 69,757 in males. The annual mortality from cardiovascular diseases was 2.7/100,000 in men and 2.6/100,000 in women. The annual mortality from malformations of the circulatory system was 7.5/100,000 in men and 6.6/100,000 in women. Among the specific causes of circulatory diseases, cardiomyopathies had the highest rates of annual proportional mortality, and from malformations of the circulatory system, it occurred due to unspecified malformations of the circulatory system, at all ages and in both genders. Conclusion: Mortality from malformations of the circulatory system was most striking in the first years of life, while cardiovascular diseases were more relevant in adolescents. Low access to prenatal diagnosis or at birth probably prevented the proper treatment of malformations of the circulatory system.

Constatação da moléstia do «anel vermelho» do coqueiro no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Redescrição do agente causador - Aphelenchoides cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1933 (Nematoda, aphelenchidae)

As it is generally said, the red ring disease of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is caused by a nematode which is regularly found in the diseased tissues. Such a nematode was described by COBB in 1919 as Aphelenchus cocophilus, having been placed by GOODEY, in 1933, in the genus Aphelenchoides. The species has been found occurring in three States of this country (Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia). However, the Authors received from the Instituto de Ecologia e Experimentação Agrícolas, in Rio de Janeiro, a few samples of coconut tissues badly infested. So, its area of distribution is considerably enlarged. A. cocophilus is so slender and delicate a form that descriptions based on preserved material are frequentely inadequate. Thus, the Authors took this opportunity to re-examine and redescribe the species, as it was suggested by GOODEY (1923), what had not previously been made by those brazilian workers who have dealt with the disease. The population studied generally agreed with those examined by COBB (1919) and GOODEY (1923) in the details given, except in the dimensions mainly of the tail, as it is shown in table 1, where the measurements of 5 females and 5 males are presented.

Polinização de Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (Passiflorales, Passifloraceae), por abelhas (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) em Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro

The yellow passion Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg. is allogamous, self incompatible, and it depends of insects pollinators to disseminate the pollen grains. The field work was conducted at Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from October 17 to November 9 and December 12 to 21, 1995. It was analyzed 1565 flower buds, from which 423 showed well developed ovaries, five days after opening, this represents 27% of fruit set by natural pollination. It was observed 76,86 % of completely curved flowers, 21,22 % of partially curved flowers, and 1,92 % flowers without curvature. Five species of bees where observed on the flowers, from which two were the effective pollinator of yellow passion flower: Xylocopa (Megaxylocopa) frontalis (Olivier, 1789) and X. (Neoxylocopa) ordinaria Smith, 1874.

Mollusks from Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Fritz Haas.

v.34:no.20(1953)

Ascidians (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Simple and colonial ascidians were collected at different depths at Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, between 2000 and 2003. The collection here presented includes representatives of the families Clavelinidae (Clavelina oblonga), Polycitoridae (Cystodytes dellechiajei), Polyclinidae (Polyclinum constellatum and Polyclinum molle sp. nov.), Holozoidae (Distaplia bermudensis), Ascidiidae (Ascidia sydneiensis and Phallusia nigra), Styelidae (Botrylloides giganteum, Botrylloides nigrum, Symplegma brakenhielmi, Symplegma rubra, Polyandrocarpa anguinea, Eusynstyela floridana, Eusynstyela tincta and Styela plicata), Pyuridae (Herdmania pallida and Microcosmus exasperatus). Didemnids were also collected in the area but were not considered here. Of the 17 species found, one (Polyclinum molle sp. nov.) is a new species in the family Polyclinidae and the others are all species with tropical distribution.

Water depth selection during foraging and efficiency in prey capture by the egrets Casmerodius albus and Egretta thula (Aves, Ardeidae) in an urban lagoon in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the water depth selection during foraging, the efficiency in prey capture, and the food items captured by Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Egretta thula (Molina, 1782). The work was conducted at an urban lagoon, Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, Rio de Janeiro. Four transects were made each month (two in the morning and two in the afternoon) for six months. When the birds were detected foraging, the water depth and the types of prey captured were recorded. There was no significant relationship between the foraging efficiencies of the two species. However, they differed in relation to the water depth when foraging, and also in the food items captured. Casmerodius albus captured mainly fishes while Egretta thula captured mainly invertebrates. The results suggest that the differences in water depth when foraging and the food items captured allow a differential use of the food resources available by C. albus and E. thula at Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas.

Nova espécie de Mischonyx do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)

Mischonyx poeta sp. nov. (Gonyleptidae, Gonyleptinae) é descrita de Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A nova espécie pode ser diagnosticada pela forma da apófise retrolateral do fêmur IV do macho, que possui faces anterior e posterior assimétricas. Mischonyx poeta sp. nov. é conhecida apenas da sua localidade tipo.

Levantamento de Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae em um fragmento de mata na Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram o estudo da diversidade dos dípteros das famílias Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica localizado na Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre julho de 2001 e julho de 2002. Foi também analisada ocorrência das espécies mais freqüentes das famílias estudadas de acordo com a variação temporal na área do fragmento. As coletas foram feitas com armadilhas, utilizando iscas de peixe em decomposição. A espécie mais freqüente e constante foi Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) que é exótica e foi introduzida há pouco mais de vinte anos no continente americano.

Reproductive biology of the sesarmid crab Armases rubripes (Decapoda, Brachyura) from an estuarine area of the Sahy River, Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The aim of this work was to gain knowledge about reproductive biology of the crab Armases rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) from an estuarine area of the Sepetiba Bay. Samples were taken monthly from February 2003 to January 2004 in the Sahy River estuary (22º56'S; 44º01'W), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The crabs were collected by hand during 15-minute catch-effort sessions conducted by two people. In the laboratory, the specimens were separated by sex, carapace width was measured and gonadal stage was checked macroscopically. A total of 830 individuals were caught - 304 males, 373 females (60 ovigerous females) and 153 juveniles. The ovigerous females were found almost year-round, except in November and April, showing a continuous reproductive period. They presented a size range from 8.2 to 15.0 mm carapace width (12.1 ± 1.7 mm). Color and macroscopical aspects determined five gonadal stages for males and females (immature, rudimentary, intermediary, developed and resting). First sexual maturity was estimated at 6.5 mm of carapace width for males and 8.1 mm for females. Individual fecundity varied from 200 to 11,460 eggs (4,458 ± 2,739 eggs). Mean egg size was 0.248 ± 0.026 mm, varying from 0.213 to 0.333 mm, while the volume ranged from 0.0051 to 0.0188 mm³ (0.0082 ± 0.0029 mm³).

Estrutura populacional dos camarões simpátricos Potimirim glabra e Potimirim potimirim (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) no rio Sahy, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Este trabalho teve por objetivo obter conhecimento sobre a estrutura populacional de dois camarões de água doce simpátricos, Potimirim glabra (Kingsley, 1878) e Potimirim potimirim (Müller, 1881) no rio Sahy, Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os indivíduos foram coletados mensalmente durante o período de setembro de 1997 a fevereiro de 1999 utilizando-se peneiras, que foram passadas sob a vegetação marginal, superfície de rochas e pequenas poças d'água, num esforço de 15 minutos por coletor. Os animais foram separados quanto ao sexo e mensurados em relação ao comprimento total e do cefalotórax. Um total de 4.889 indivíduos foram coletados no rio Sahy: 3.281 P. glabra e 1.608 P. potimirim. A razão sexual observada foi de 1:1 para P. glabra e 1:2,3 para P. potimirim. Em ambas populações, cinco estágios de maturidade sexual foram determinados, sendo as populações constituídas principalmente por camarões adultos. O recrutamento de juvenis apresentou diferenças em ambas as espécies. O recrutamento de P. glabra ocorreu durante todo o período de estudo, exceto na primavera, enquanto que P. potimirim foi registrado somente no outono. A distribuição sazonal de fêmeas ovígeras de P. glabra é similar ao de P. potimirim, com reprodução na primavera e no verão.

Produtividade de peixes em um riacho costeiro da bacia do Leste, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

As taxas de produção (P) e biomassa (B) de duas espécies de peixes de riacho foram estudadas em sete localidades da bacia de drenagem do rio Ubatiba, considerando-se dois ciclos anuais com índices de pluviosidade contrastantes. Com o objetivo de testar correlações potenciais entre P, B e o Índice de Heterogeneidade Ambiental (IHA) de cada localidade foram utilizadas correlações simples, que não revelaram diferenças significativas (p<0,01). O padrão espacial de P indicou que as taxas de produção de ambas as espécies foram marcadamente homogêneas nas localidades de estudo, mas foram reduzidas quando comparadas com as espécies de peixes de riacho da região Holártica. Os valores médios de P e B de Astyanax hastatus Myers, 1928 foram: Pchuvoso = 14,0 kg.ha-1.ano-1, Pseco = 24,4 kg.ha-1.ano-1 e Bchuvoso = 7,3 kg.ha-1, Bseco = 12,2 kg.ha-1, com valores significativamente superiores durante o ano seco (t (B)= 2,41; p = 0,03 e t (P)= 2,28; p = 0,04). Apesar de ter apresentado tendência semelhante à registrada para A. hastatus, os valores de P e B de Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimardi, 1824) não se mostraram significativamente diferentes (t (B) = 1,5; p = 0,16 e t (P) = 1,75; p = 0,11) entre os anos de estudo, sendo Pchuvoso = 25,2 kg.ha-1.ano-1, Pseco = 53,2 kg.ha-1.ano-1 e Bchuvoso = 16,6 kg.ha-1, Bseco = 29,7 kg.ha-1. As reduções de P durante o ano de maior pluviosidade foram de 57% e 47% para A. hastatus e G. brasiliensis, respectivamente. Os valores médios da relação P/B mostraram tendência a redução em relação ao aumento de tamanho dos indivíduos de ambas as espécies.