Mitochondria and the development of sea urchin embryos

After artificial activation or fertilization of non-nucleate fragments or eggs of the sea urchin, the mitochondria actively synthesize RNA. The RNA made in non-nucleate fragments is shown to be mostly single stranded and to be associated primarily with the low speed pellet of centrifuged cellular homogenates.

Protein synthesis is observed in non-nucleate fragments in the presence or absence of the mitochondrial RNA synthesis: it is found to be qualitatively similar but quantitatively less in the absence of the RNA synthesis. The continued syntheses of proteins in the non-nucleate fragments in the absence of mitochondrial RNA synthesis provides additional evidence for the presence of a stable messenger RNA component in the unfertilized sea urchin egg.

Since the uptake or actinomycin D was found to be inhibited by the presence of a fertilization membrane, ethidium bromide, at 10 μgs/ml, is used as an effective inhibitor of RNA synthesis in non-nucleate fragments and in early cleavage stage embryos. However, this same concentration of ethidium bromide is found to be only partially effective in blocking RNA synthesis at the mesenchyme blastula stage of development.

Low concentrations of ethidium bromide (2 and 5 μgs/ml) are found not to be lethal but to be capable of producing moderate developmental defects. In the presence of concentrations of ethidium bromide adequate to inhibit all the mitochondrial RNA synthesis (10 μgs/ml of ethidium bromide), from fertilization on, the embryos do not cleave beyond the 4-8 cell stages. When similar concentrations of ethidium bromide are added at an early mesenchyme blastula stage, the embryos do not gastrulate but continue to swim for more than 24 additional hours (adequate for control embryos to develop to a late prism stage). These results lead to the conclusion that mitochondrial RNA synthesis may be very essential for normal development to occur.

DNA is synthesized in the non-nucleate fragments of sea urchin eggs. None of the newly synthesized DNA is found in the closed circular form. When phenol extracted directly from the fragments, the DNA is found to sediment at approximately 38 and 27s in sucrose gradients but neither of these size classes could be found associated with the isolated mitochondria. The template for the synthesis of DNA in non-nucleate fragments remains unknown.

Aspects of the washout of salmonid eggs. 4. Effects of a standard mechanical shock, applied at different stage of development, upon survival and development of eggs of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

It is generally accepted by fish culturists that salmonid eggs are sensitive to mechanical shock and that the sensitivity varies with the stage of development of the eggs. In general, the period of greatest sensitivity is thought to occur between fertilization and ”eyeing”. However, it is reasonable to expect that, during a period (perhaps of several hours) following fertilization, sensitivity will be low because in nature during this period the eggs may be subject to some mechanical shock caused by the parent fish covering them with gravel. In 1983-4 and 1984-5 experiments were performed on brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) eggs to examine the effect of a standard mechanical shock (c. 2,500 eggs in 1983-4 and c. 8,400 eggs in 1984-5) at various stages of development upon survival to hatching and time of hatching.The results of these experiments are reported in this study.

Part I. Regulation of development in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Part II. Polysomes and RNA synthesis during early development of the surf clam Spisula solidissima

Part I. The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is a simple eukaryote which undergoes a multi-cellular developmental process. Single cell myxamoebae divide vegetatively in the presence of a food source. When the food is depleted or removed, the cells aggregate, forming a migrating pseudoplasmodium which differentiates into a fruiting body containing stalk and spore cells. I have shown that during the developmental cycle glycogen phosphorylase, aminopeptidase, and alanine transaminase are developmentally regulated, that is their specific activities increased at a specific time in the developmental cycle. Phosphorylase activity is undetectable in developing cells until mid-aggregation whereupon it increases and reaches a maximum at mid-culmination. Thereafter the enzyme disappears. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide studies as well as studies with morphologically aberrant and temporally deranged mutants indicate that prior RNA and concomitant protein synthesis are necessary for the rise and decrease in activity and support the view that the appearance of the enzyme is regulated at the transcriptional level. Aminopeptidase and alanine transaminase increase 3 fold starting at starvation and reach maximum activity at 18 and 5 hours respectively.

The cellular DNA s of D. discoideum were characterized by CsC1 buoyant density gradient centrifugation and by renaturation kinetics. Whole cell DNA exhibits three bands in CsCl: ρ = 1.676 g/cc (nuclear main band), 1.687 (nuclear satellite), and 1.682 (mitochondrial). Reassociation kinetics at a criterion of Tm -23°C indicates that the nuclear reiterated sequences make up 30% of the genome (Cot_1/2 (pure) 0.28) and the single-copy DNA 70% (Cot_1/2(pure) 70). The complexity of the nuclear genome is 30 x 10⁹ daltons and that of the mitochondrial DNA is 35-40 x 10⁶ daltons (Cot_1/2 0.15). rRNA cistrons constitute 2.2% of nuclear DNA and have a ρ = 1.682.

RNA extracted from 4 stages during developmental cycle of Dictyostelium was hybridized with purified single-copy nuclear DNA. The hybrids had properties indicative of single-copy DNA-RNA hybrids. These studies indicate that there are, during development, qualitative and quantitative changes in the portion of the single-copy of the genome transcribed. Overall, 56% of the genome is represented by transcripts between the amoeba and mid-culmination stages. Some 19% are sequences which are represented at all stages while 37% of the genome consists of stage specific sequences.

Part II. RNA and protein synthesis and polysome formation were studied during early development of the surf clam Spisula solidissima embryos. The oocyte has a small number of polysomes and a low but measurable rate of protein synthesis (leucine-³H incorporation). After fertilization, there is a continual increase in the percentage of ribosomes sedimenting in the polysome region. Newly synthesized RNA (uridine-5-³H incorporation) was found in polysomes as early as the 2-cell stage. During cleavage, the newly formed RNA is associated mainly with the light polysomes.

RNA extracted from polysomes labeled at the 4-cell stage is polydisperse, nonribosomal, and non-4 S. Actinomycin D causes a reduction of about 30% of the polysomes formed between fertilization and the 16-cell stage.

In the early cleavage stages the light polysomes are mostly affected by actinomycin.

Huevos y larvas de tres especies de peces marinos, Anchoa marinii, Brevoortia aurea y Prionotus nudigula

The description of the embryonic and early larval stages of three species of marine fishes: the anhovy, Anchoa marinii, the menhaden Brevoortia aurea and the gurnard, Prionotus nudigula is given. The time required from the fertilization to the hatching for each species was calculated. The eggs of these three species are found in the plankton collected in the zone situated in the vicinity of Mar del Plata. The eggs are only found in the plancton which was close to the shore. The anchoa marinii eggs are found in the sea from the middle of December at a water temperature of approximately 16,0°C to the end of April. Their greatest concentration takes place in January at 20,0-21,0°C. The eggs of Brevoortia aurea are found in the plakton from the beginning of October at a water temperature of approximately 10,0°C to the middle of December. Their greatest concentration takes place in November at 13,0-15,0°C. Only once were the menhaden's eggs can be found in the sea from the middle of November at the water temperature of aproximately 13,0° to the end of April. Their greatest concentration takes place in January and February at 20,0-21,0°C.

Trajetórias de reformas e mudanças institucionais na semiperiferia : abertura financeira e capacidades estatais no Brasil e India

A presente tese se empenha na análise comparada de corte polanyiano da trajetória de liberalização econômica do Brasil e Índia. O objetivo é compreender os padrões de mudança institucional que organizam as reformas orientadas para o mercado. Para isso empregou uma análise que combina modelos de coalizão de interesse, dependência de trajetória e comunidades epistêmicas empregados de forma interdependente para entender as adaptações ao cenário de globalização financeira. Os mecanismos de fertilização mútua dessas variáveis causais desempenham um papel analítico crucial porque permitiu escapar de modelos monocausais que tendem a ficar presos a explicações que sobredeterminam exclusivamente restrições externas, padrões institucionais domésticos ou legados institucionais estatais. Ao empregar esse instrumento, a tese procura mostrar as diferenças no grau de liberdade das capacidades estatais entre Brasil e Índia no contexto das reformas e as semelhanças em termos da estratégia incremental das reformas.

A influência da deposição atmosférica da poeira mineral da Patagônia na biomassa fitoplanctônica do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral

O Oceano Austral é a região oceânica de maior extensão em que os macronutrientes necessários à produção primária permanecem em níveis elevados por todo ano. Essa condição é conhecida como High Nutrient Low Clorophyll (HNLC) e é determinada, em grande parte, pela relativa escassez de micronutrientes, particularmente o ferro. Diversos experimentos comprovaram que a entrada de ferro neste sistema intensifica a produção biológica, aumentando a fixação do carbono e, eventualmente, sua exportação para águas profundas. Este fenômeno recebeu muita atenção nos últimos 20 anos devido a sua possível influencia no clima, via ciclo do carbono. A relação inversa entre concentração de CO2 na atmosfera e o fluxo de poeira mineral observados em registros glaciais da Antártica Central sugere que a deposição atmosférica pode ser uma importante via para o aporte de micronutrientes. Porém, a contribuição da deposição de poeira mineral para a produção primária nesta região permanece para ser demonstrada e seu possível papel no sistema climático ainda não é conclusivo. No caso do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral, que recebe influência da Patagônia, os baixos fluxos modernos de poeira mineral e a baixa solubilidade do ferro associado à estrutura dos alumíniossilicato levam muitos autores a postular que fontes oceânicas de micronutrientes sejam mais determinantes. Faltam, no entanto, evidências experimentais. Neste trabalho, abordamos o estudo da fertilização do setor Atlântico do Oceano Austral pela poeira da Patagônia utilizando duas ferramentas: (1) o sensoriamento remoto orbital de aerossóis minerais e clorofila-a em escala interanual; e (2) um experimento de fertilização, com poeira da Patagônia, realizado na Passagem de Drake, considerando fluxos estimados para a era moderna e para o último glacial. Após doze dias de bioensaio, os tratamentos de adição de poeira mostraram a elevação da clorofila-a e da abundância de células em níveis acima dos controles. Níveis intermediários e maiores de adição não diferiram entre si na intensidade de resposta biológica, separando-se apenas da menor adição. Esses resultados indicam que a poeira da Patagônia, mesmo nos fluxos atuais, é capaz de prover os micronutrientes escassos na coluna dágua, com potencial para deflagrar aumentos significativos de biomassa. Através da análise por sensoriamento remoto, identificamos uma região de alta correlação entre poeira e clorofila-a, que está localizada entre a Frente Subtropical e a Frente Polar, se estendendo da Argentina ao sul da África. Esta região difere das águas ao sul da Frente Polar pela menor profundidade da camada de mistura, menor concentração de silicatos, baixa biomassa de diatomáceas e, estima-se, maior estresse fisiológico devido à escassez de ferro e menor aporte oceânico deste nutriente. Em conjunto, essas características parecem criar condições que tornam a resposta biológica mais sensível à deposição de poeira mineral. Estes resultados lançam nova luz sobre o controle atual da produção primária na região e sobre a hipótese da regulação climática pelo fitoplâncton no Oceano Austral, mediado pela deposição de poeira da Patagônia.

Perspectives from agriculture: advances in livestock breeding - implications for aquaculture genetics

In this paper we present livestock breeding developments that could be taken into consideration in the genetic improvement of farmed aquaculture species, especially in freshwater fish. Firstly, the current breeding objective in aquatic species has focused almost exclusively on the improvement of body weight at harvest or on growth related traits. This is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the future needs of the aquaculture industry. To meet future demands breeding programs will most likely have to include additional traits, such as fitness related ones (survival, disease resistance), feed efficiency, or flesh quality, rather than only growth performance. In order to select for a multi-trait breeding objective, genetic variation in traits of interest and the genetic relationships among them need to be estimated. In addition, economic values for these traits will be required. Generally, there is a paucity of data on variable and fixed production costs in aquaculture, and this could be a major constraint in the further expansion of the breeding objectives. Secondly, genetic evaluation systems using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in a framework of mixed model methodology could be widely adopted to replace the more commonly used method of mass selection based on phenotypic performance. The BLUP method increases the accuracy of selection and also allows the management of inbreeding and estimation of genetic trends. BLUP is an improvement over the classic selection index approach, which was used in the success story of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in the Philippines, with genetic gains from 10 to 20 per cent per generation of selection. In parallel with BLUP, optimal genetic contribution theory can be applied to maximize genetic gain while constraining inbreeding in the long run in selection programs. Thirdly, by using advanced statistical methods, genetic selection can be carried out not only at the nucleus level but also in lower tiers of the pyramid breeding structure. Large scale across population genetic evaluation through genetic connectedness using cryopreserved sperm enables the comparison and ranking of genetic merit of all animals across populations, countries or years, and thus the genetically superior brood stock can be identified and widely used and exchanged to increase the rate of genetic progress in the population as a whole. It is concluded that sound genetic programs need to be established for aquaculture species. In addition to being very effective, fully pedigreed breeding programs would also enable the exploration of possibilities of integrating molecular markers (e.g., genetic tagging using DNA fingerprinting, marker (gene) assisted selection) and reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization using cryopreserved spermatozoa.

Territorialidade e ecologia reprodutiva de Formicivora littoralis (Thamnophilidae) na Restinga da Massambaba, RJ

A distribuição espacial dos indivíduos é decorrente da presença e ausência de microhábitats adequados, sendo aqueles que se estabelecem nas melhores manchas favorecidos pela seleção natural. A aquisição de um território permite a manutenção do indivíduo e o sucesso reprodutivo. A reprodução é considerada de alto custo energético, pois há deslocamento dos recursos para a manutenção de uma prole em vez de serem incorporados no crescimento individual. Investir em uma prole não significa alcançar o sucesso reprodutivo. O sucesso reprodutivo pode ser afetado, por exemplo, por eventos de predação, disponibilidade de alimento e cuidado parental. Este último pode ser realizado por ambos os membros do par reprodutor ou por apenas um deles. A deserção do cuidado parental por um dos sexos pode ser uma resposta à cópulas extra-par. Formicivora littoralis tem distribuição muito restrita. É a única espécie de ave considerada endêmica de restinga e se encontra ameaçada de extinção, embora seja localmente abundante. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: 1) estimar os tamanhos de territórios e compara-los entre estação reprodutiva e não reprodutiva; 2) testar a influência do tamanho dos indivíduos e quantidade de vizinhos no tamanho do território; 3) descrever ninhos, ovos, filhotes e determinar o sucesso reprodutivo; 4) quantificar o cuidado parental; 5) desenvolver marcadores moleculares de microssatélites para determinar paternidade. Para os indivíduos capturados e marcados individualmente, foram obtidas amostras de sangue e medidas morfométricas (tarso, asa, cauda, comprimento total), além do peso. Os tamanhos dos territórios foram estimados pelo método do mínimo polígono convexo (unindo pontos onde machos foram registrados vocalizando). A densidade foi estimada com base no tamanho dos territórios. Aspectos da reprodução foram acessados por meio de busca mensal por ninhos e acompanhamento destes por dois dias consecutivos. Foram obtidas as taxas de predação e a quantificação do cuidado parental. Para a paternidade foram utilizados sete marcadores de microssatélites, desenvolvidos para este fim. Formicivora littoralis possui território pequeno (0,008 a 0,32ha), que varia de acordo com a estação (menor na estação reprodutiva). O tamanho do território não foi relacionado com o tamanho do indivíduo, mas apresentou resultado significativo quando comparado com a quantidade de territórios vizinhos, mostrando ser menor quanto maior o número de vizinhos. A espécie apresentou elevada densidade (0,53 a 1,15 indivíduos/km2). Com relação à reprodução, ninhos tem o formato de cesto aberto onde foram postos no máximo dois ovos. Os filhotes nasceram sem penas. A razão sexual no ninho foi igual em ambos os sexos. A taxa de predação foi elevada na fase de incubação quando comparada à fase no ninho após a eclosão. O cuidado parental (durante a incubação e com os filhotes) foi realizado pelos dois sexos, sem diferenças na proporção do investimento realizado. Dos nove ninhos analisados, todos contiveram pelo menos um ninhego proveniente de fertilização extra-par. Um total de 81,2% dos ninhegos (13 em 16) não foram prole biológica do macho do par reprodutor que realizava o cuidado parental e que se encontrava pareado socialmente com a fêmea. Essa taxa foi a mais elevada entre os estudos já realizados nos neotrópicos

Fluxo de carbono orgânico particulado e dissolvido no estuário do rio Barra Grande em Vila Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, RJ.

Os estuários são ambientes costeiros semifechados, que atuam como um sítio de troca de água e de matéria. De acordo com suas características, estuários podem exportar ou importar matéria orgânica (MO). A MO é um complexo bioquímico formado por diversos compostos orgânicos, e sua quantificação é normalmente traduzida pela quantidade de carbono orgânico total (COT), seu elemento mais abundante, tanto na forma de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), quanto carbono orgânico particulado (COP). Determinar a origem do carbono orgânico pode auxiliar na compreensão da dinâmica da MO, podendo ser feita com auxílio de isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C) e de nitrogênio (15N). Vila Dois Rios, é um vilarejo localizado ao sul da Ilha Grande, onde se localiza o rio Barra Grande, que possui pouca intervenção antrópica. Esse é um rio de porte pequeno, com uma mata ciliar bem preservada, representada por espécies de Mata Atlântica, com presença de manguezal, ao lado está localizado o Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (CEADS). Foram realizadas amostragens sazonais, todas em maré de sizígia, ao longo do ano de 2012, totalizando quatro coletas trimestrais. Todas as campanhas ocorreram em uma estação fixa, na foz do rio Barra Grande. A amostragem de água foi realizada em duas profundidades, superfície e fundo, coletadas em intervalos de 30 minutos, ao longo de 25 horas, para as seguintes determinações: carbono orgânico particulado (COP), carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C) e de nitrogênio (15N). Concomitantemente, foram medidos in situ: pH, salinidade, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), profundidade do Disco de Secchi e medidas de fluxo. Ao fim da amostragem na Ilha Grande, o material coletado foi transportado para o Laboratório de Geoquímica Orgânica Marinha (LaGOM), na UERJ, onde foi analisado posteriormente. Durante todas as campanhas, foi observada uma maré mista, predominantemente semidiurna com desigualdade. Os resultados de temperatura e salinidade evidenciaram uma estratificação vertical em todas as campanhas. Os valores medianos de MPS foram sempre maiores no fundo em relação às amostras coletadas na superfície. O carbono orgânico apresentou maiores concentrações sob a forma dissolvida do que na particulada, variando entre as profundidades e as campanhas, sendo observadas maiores concentrações medianas, tanto de COD quanto de COP, em superfície e no fundo, na campanha de verão. As concentrações medianas de Nt observadas ao longo das três campanhas foram baixas, estando relacionadas às baixas concentrações de COP. A razão molar C/N e as isotópicas indicaram que o manguezal demonstrou ser a fonte mais abundante de COP nesse estuário. Os cálculos de fluxo indicaram que o estuário tanto importou, quanto exportou material, e apenas o COD foi importado em todas as campanhas.

Annual report 2006 - North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Fifteenth meeting, Yokohama, Japan, October 13-22, 2006

◾ Report of Opening Session (p. 1) ◾ Report of Governing Council (p. 15) ◾ Report of the Finance and Administration Committee (p. 47) ◾ Reports of Science Board and Committees: Science Board Inter-sessional Meeting (p. 63); Science Board (p. 73); Biological Oceanography Committee (p. 87); Fishery Science Committee (p. 95); Marine Environmental Quality Committee (p. 105); MONITOR Technical Committee (p. 115); Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee (p. 125); Technical Committee on Data Exchange (p. 133) ◾ Reports of Sections, Working and Study Groups: Section on Carbon and Climate (p. 139); Section on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (p. 143); Working Group 18 on Mariculture in the 21st Century - The Intersection Between Ecology, Socio-economics and Production (p. 147); Working Group 19 on Ecosystem-Based Management Science and its Application to the North Pacific (p. 151); Working Group 20 on Evaluations of Climate Change Projections (p. 157); Working Group 21 on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species (p. 159); Study Group to Develop a Strategy for GOOS (p. 165) ◾ Reports of the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Scientific Program: Implementation Panel on the CCCC Program (p. 169); CFAME Task Team (p. 175); MODEL Task Team (p. 181) ◾ Reports of Advisory Panels: Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas (p. 187); Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North Pacific (p. 193); Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean (p. 197); Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and Mammals (p. 201); Advisory Panel on Micronekton Sampling Inter-calibration Experiment (p. 205) ◾ Summary of Scientific Sessions and Workshops (p. 209) ◾ Membership List (p. 259) ◾ List of Participants (p. 277) ◾ List of PICES Acronyms (p. 301) ◾ List of Acronyms (p. 303)

Annual report 2007 - North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Sixteenth meeting, Victoria, Canada, October 26-November 5, 2007

Report of Opening Session (p. 1). Report of Governing Council (p. 15). Report of the Finance and Administration Committee (p. 65). Reports of Science Board and Committees: Science Board Inter-Sessional Meeting (p. 83); Science Board (p. 93); Biological Oceanography Committee (p. 105); Fishery Science Committee (p. 117); Marine Environmental Quality Committee (p. 129); Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee (p. 139); Technical Committee on Data Exchange (p. 145); Technical Committee on Monitoring (p. 153). Reports of Sections, Working and Study Groups: Section on Carbon and Climate (p. 161); Section on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (p. 167); Working Group 19 on Ecosystem-based Management Science and its Application to the North Pacific (p. 173); Working Group 20 on Evaluations of Climate Change Projections (p. 179); Working Group 21 on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species (p. 183); Study Group to Develop a Strategy for GOOS (p. 193); Study Group on Ecosystem Status Reporting (p. 203); Study Group on Marine Aquaculture and Ranching in the PICES Region (p. 213); Study Group on Scientific Cooperation between PICES and Non-member Countries (p. 225). Reports of the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Program: Implementation Panel on the CCCC Program (p. 229); CFAME Task Team (p. 235); MODEL Task Team (p. 241). Reports of Advisory Panels: Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas (p. 249); Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North Pacific (p. 253); Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean (p. 255); Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and Mammals (p. 261); Advisory Panel on Micronekton Sampling Inter-calibration Experiment (p. 265). 2007 Review of PICES Publication Program (p. 269). Guidelines for PICES Temporary Expert Groups (p. 297). Summary of Scientific Sessions and Workshops (p. 313). Report of the ICES/PICES Conference for Early Career Scientists (p. 355). Membership (p. 367). Participants (p. 387). PICES Acronyms (p. 413). Acronyms (p. 415).

Quantifying intrapopulation variability in stable isotope data for Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)

Stable isotope (SI) values of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) are useful for determining the trophic connectivity between species within an ecosystem, but interpretation of these data involves important assumptions about sources of intrapopulation variability. We compared intrapopulation variability in δ13C and δ15N for an estuarine omnivore, Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), to test assumptions and assess the utility of SI analysis for delineation of the connectivity of this species with other species in estuarine food webs. Both δ13C and δ15N values showed patterns of enrichment in fish caught from coastal to offshore sites and as a function of fish size. Results for δ13C were consistent in liver and muscle tissue, but liver δ15N showed a negative bias when compared with muscle that increased with absolute δ15N value. Natural variability in both isotopes was 5–10 times higher than that observed in laboratory populations, indicating that environmentally driven intrapopulation variability is detectable particularly after individual bias is removed through sample pooling. These results corroborate the utility of SI analysis for examination of the position of Spotted Seatrout in an estuarine food web. On the basis of these results, we conclude that interpretation of SI data in fishes should account for measurable and ecologically relevant intrapopulation variability for each species and system on a case by case basis.

An assessment of chemical contaminants, toxicity and benthic infauna in sediments from the St. Thomas East End Reserves (STEER)

This report contains a chemical and biological characterization of sediments from the St. Thomas East End Reserves (STEER) in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). The STEER Management Plan (published in 2011) identified chemical contaminants and habitat loss as high or very high threats and called for a characterization of chemical contaminants as well as an assessment of their effects on natural resources. The baseline information contained in this report on chemical contaminants, toxicity and benthic infaunal community composition can be used to assess current conditions, as well as the efficacy of future restoration activities. In this phase of the project, 185 chemical contaminants, including a number of organic (e.g., hydrocarbons and pesticides) and inorganic (e.g., metals) compounds, were analyzed from 24 sites in the STEER. Sediments were also analyzed using a series of toxicity bioassays, including amphipod mortality, sea urchin fertilization impairment, and the cytochrome P450 Human Reporter Gene System (HRGS), along with a characterization of the benthic infaunal community. Higher levels of chemical contaminants were found in Mangrove Lagoon and Benner Bay in the western portion of the study area than in the eastern area. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), chlordane, zinc, copper, lead and mercury were above a NOAA sediment quality guideline at one or more sites, indicating impacts may be present in more sensitive species or life stages in the benthic environment. Copper at one site in Benner Bay, however, was above a NOAA guideline indicating that effects on benthic organisms were likely. The antifoulant boat hull ingredient tributyltin, or TBT, was found at the third highest concentration in the history of NOAA’s National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program, which monitors the Nation’s coastal and estuarine waters for chemical contaminants and bioeffects. Unfortunately, there do not appear to be any established sediment quality guidelines for TBT. Results of the bioassays indicated significant sediment toxicity in Mangrove Lagoon and Benner Bay using multiple tests. The benthic infaunal communities in Mangrove Lagoon and Benner Bay appeared severely diminished.

白皮松的颈卵器发育、受精作用和愿胚游离核时期发育过程中的超微结构研究

本文主要探讨白皮松颈卵器发育、受精作用及原胚游离核时期发育中的超微结构变化。主要研究结果如下： 一、颈卵器发育 颈细胞 中央细胞早期的颈细胞细胞基质较为电子透明，但其中悬浮有非常丰富的细胞器，表现出活跃的代谢状态。随着发育，颈细胞细胞质变浓稠，细胞器比以前分布密集。当雄性物质进入颈卵器时，颈细胞解体。 套层细胞 中央细胞时期的套层细胞细胞质非常浓厚，其中含有丰富的细胞器，表现出活跃的状态，并且通过丰富的胞间连丝与中央细胞相通。受精前，套层细胞与中央细胞间的胞间连丝关闭。随之，套层细胞细胞质变稀薄，细胞器减少．在2游离核原胚后，套层细胞的质体中开始出现并积累淀粉． 中央细胞 中央细胞顶端育1个大核。随着发育，中央细胞中的液泡迅速减少，细胞质变浓，与此同时，核糖体群、高尔基体等大量出现并增多，小内含物增多。质体全部退化并形成越来越复杂的大内含物，大内含物即蛋白泡。中央细胞的线粒体也随着发育而进一步退化。成熟的中央细胞分裂形成小的腹沟细胞和大的卵细胞． 腹沟细胞 腹沟细胞的细胞核大，细胞质和细胞壁结构比较简单．随着雄性物质进入颈卵器，腹沟细胞解体。 卵细胞 成熟的卵细胞细胞质浓稠，中央有1个大核．与中央细胞相比，卵细胞中的高尔基体大大减少，线粒体更为退化，大内含物结构更为复杂，小内含物由于细胞质结增大而呈现为双层膜包围的细胞质小岛，有的由于内质网包被而成为多层膜小内含物． 二、受精作用 受精时，花粉管将其内含物释放入卵细胞顶端。不久，雄性物质周围出现大量平行于雄性物质向下移动方向的内质网，为下移的功能精子等提供轨道。功能精子从卵细胞顶端移动到中上部与卵核结合是1个迅速的过程，是否有内质网或微管参与还不清楚．到少有雄性质体伴随功能精子一起下移．当精子靠近卵核时，卵核向精子的一侧形成1个凹陷，精子进入此凹陷中．随后，两性核开始融合。雌雄核在融合的同时，同步进行有丝分裂．在有丝分裂中期，两性核融合完成．融合核周围虽有少量父本质体，但无明显新细胞质形成．随着受精，细胞质中的大内含物开始减少，小内含物（尤其是多层膜小内含物）表现增多，有的小内含物中出现电子致密的核心．线粒体为退化不规则状态． 三、原胚游离核时期的发育 合子核完成有丝分裂的结果是形成2个原胚游离核。2个原胚游离核悬浮于合子核分裂时释放的核质——新细胞质中。此时的新细胞质结构简单，含有丰富的核糖体和核膜碎片．当4个原胚游离核向下移动时，大量父本线粒体和少量父本质体向原胚游离核周围聚集并参与到新细胞质中．当4个原胚游离核完全移到颈卵器底部时，新细胞质形成结束．此时的新细胞质中含有少量父本质体和大量退化不规则状态的线粒体等．白皮松的质体为父本遗传，但线粒体为父本遗传还是双亲遗传还有待进一步研究， 随着原胚游离核时期的发育，受精卵细胞质中的大内含物迅速减少，小内含物迅速增多的同时，越来越多的解体．以后，除了周边的薄层细胞质外，其它部位的受精卵细胞质都逐渐解体．与受精颈卵器并存于同一雌配子体的未受精颈卵器的卵细胞质能较长时间保持浓稠的状态而不发生解体．

中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia)胚胎发育及双受精作用在进化上的意义

本文对中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia)的双受精作用进行了较为详细的研究。其主要结果如下： 1．中麻黄约5月中旬传粉，5月下旬受精。中央细胞分裂形成卵核及腹沟核。卵核沿合点端方向移至卵细胞质富含细胞器区，被富含细胞器的细胞质所包围。卵核的受精发生在浓厚卵细胞质区内。精子向卵核靠近，穿过浓厚细胞质区，与卵核建立联系，二核逐渐靠拢。卵核核膜出现凹陷，并逐渐包围精子，最后完成受精。刚受精后的精核卵核的核质并不立即融合，各自保持独立。之后不久，二核完成融合，形成合子。 2．腹沟核刚形成后， 并不退化而是继续发育，并象卵核一样沿合点端方向从其顶端位置向卵细胞基部移动至卵细胞质富含细胞器区。第二个精子向腹沟核移动，靠近，并建立联系，最后完成融合，形成第二个合子。 3．双受精是中麻黄的正常生殖特征。中麻黄的双受精及第二次受精产物的命运具有重要的进化上的意义。 4．两个合子连续二次分裂形成八个游离核，或者叫次生合子。八个游离核进一步发育并细胞化形成具胚性功能的单细胞原胚．或者次生合子进一步分裂增殖形成多余游离核后再进一步发育并细胞化形成具胚性功能的单细原胚或在胚的发育中解体退化，以提供营养．一个胚珠可观察到一至七个发育时期不同的胚成熟胚珠中只有一个成熟胚，双子叶。 5．由游离核发育而来的单细胞原胚在进一步的发育中沿合点端方向向配子体内上移并形成单细胞球形胚。单细胞球形胚分裂形成二细胞胚，即胚原始细胞及胚柄细胞。胚原始细胞先进行一次平周分裂而后进行一次垂周分裂形成四细胞胚。之后胚体进一步分裂发育形成多细胞球形胚。发育至一定时期后，胚柄细胞及次生胚柄分裂、膨大、伸长形成胚柄，胚柄细胞逐渐增多、增长、弯曲疏松，成熟的胚中胚柄系统消失。胚体发育至圆柱状后，中央一层弧行排列的细胞形成根冠原始细胞，之后这些根冠原始细胞不断分裂、发育分化形成成熟胚的各种组织包括胚皮层、髓、原形成层及根冠等等。