Diagnósticos de enfermagem em vítimas de trauma nas primeiras seis horas após o evento

OBJETIVO: Identificar a frequência dos diagnósticos de enfermagem em vítimas de trauma nas primeiras 6 horas, após o evento traumático e verificar a relação desses diagnósticos com a mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo transversal com análise quantitativa, realizado em hospital terciário, centro de referência ao trauma no Município de São Paulo. Durante seis meses, foram avaliados 407 pacientes maiores de 18 anos atendidos no Pronto -Socorro desse hospital. RESULTADOS: Os diagnósticos de enfermagem mais frequentes foram: Risco de Infecção (84,5%), Integridade da pele prejudicada (77,9%), Dor aguda (71,5%), Conforto prejudicado (68,3%) e Integridade tissular prejudicada (54,1%). A associação entre diagnósticos de enfermagem e mortalidade foi observada em 28 (66,7%) dos diagnósticos identificados. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados acrescentaram informações que poderão auxiliar na formação e atuação do enfermeiro no cenário das emergências em trauma e evidenciaram o potencial dos diagnósticos de enfermagem para avaliar os resultados e a qualidade da assistência.

Reações adversas a medicamentos levando crianças a atendimento na emergência hospitalar

Determinou-se incidência de reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) que levaram crianças a atendimento de emergência em um hospital universitário de São Paulo, SP. Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, 23.286 fichas de atendimento (FA) em emergência pediátrica, a partir de código CID que indicasse possível RAM. Observaram-se 83 (0,36%) RAMs. A maioria ocorreu na faixa etária entre 1 a 5 anos com leve predominância no sexo masculino (51,8%). Os medicamentos mais implicados foram antibacterianos para uso sistêmico (53,0%), vacinas (9,6%) e analgésicos (7,2%). A maior parte das RAMs foram manifestações dérmicas (54,2%) ou gastrointestinais (22,9%). Duas RAMs foram consideradas graves (2,4%) e levaram a internação; enquanto 61,4% foram leves e 36,1% foram moderadas. A incidência foi inferior à literatura, provavelmente por ser estudo retrospectivo, utilizando-se o CID para seleção das FA. Observou-se que, no Brasil, as RAMs levam crianças a atendimento de emergência, com características semelhantes às de outros países. Intervenções são necessárias para melhorar o diagnóstico e a utilização de antimicrobianos, uma vez que foram os medicamentos mais implicados nas RAMs observadas. A pesquisa no setor de emergência hospitalar é importante para se conhecer as RAMs que ocorrem fora do contexto hospitalar, podendo contribuir para identificar aquelas de maior gravidade. A metodologia utilizada, apesar das limitações, requer poucos recursos humanos e materiais, sendo uma boa alternativa para um diagnóstico inicial, que deve ser sucedido por estudos mais elaborados e de maior sensibilidade para detectar essas reações e propor medidas dirigidas à sua prevenção.

O processo comunicativo no serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência (SAMU-192)

Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar o processo comunicativo entre os auxiliares de enfermagem das viaturas de Suporte Básico de Vida do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, a coordenação deste serviço e a Central Única de Regulação Médica de um município do Estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritivo-qualitativa que utilizou a análise temática de conteúdo para a análise dos dados. Usou-se entrevista semi-estruturada para a coleta de dados que foi realizada em janeiro de 2010. Os resultados obtidos mostram dificuldades de comunicação tanto com a Central de Regulação Médica quanto com a coordenação. Os aspectos que mais se destacaram foram as falhas durante a transmissão via rádio, falta de capacitação dos operadores de rádio, acesso à coordenação dificultado e ausência da supervisão dos enfermeiros. No entanto, foi possível detectar soluções que visam à melhoria da comunicação e, consequentemente, do atendimento ofertado pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência.

Community-acquired urinary tract infection: age and gender-dependent etiology

LO, Denise Swei et al. Community-acquired urinary tract infection: age and gender-dependent etiology. J. Bras. Nefrol. [online]. 2013, vol.35, n.2, pp. 93-98. ISSN 0101-2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0101-2800.20130016. INTRODUCTION: Choosing the antimicrobial agent for initial therapy of urinary tract infection (UTI) is usually empirical and should consider the prevalence of uropathogens in different age groups and gender. OBJECTIVE: To establish prevalence rates of uropathogens in community-acquired UTI in relation to age and gender. METHODS: Crosssectional study conducted in the emergency department (ED) of a general hospital, from January to December, 2010, in patients younger than 15 years old who had clinical suspicion of UTI and collected quantitative urine culture. UTI was defined as urine culture with growth of a single agent > 100.000 colony forming units (cfu)/mL in a midstream collection or > 50.000 cfu/mL in urethral catheterization. RESULTS: There were 63.464 visits to ED. 2577 urine cultures were obtained, of whom 291 were positive for UTI (prevalence = 11.3% of clinical suspicion and 0.46% of visits), 212 cases (72.8%) in females, median age = 2.6 years. The predominant uropathogen was E. coli (76.6%), followed by Proteus mirabilis (10.3%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.1%). Among infants < 3 months, prevalence rates of E. coli were significantly lower (50% vs 78.4%; OR = 0.276; p = 0.006). Higher prevalences of Staphylococcus saprophyticus occurred among patients > 10 years (24.4% vs 0.4%; OR = 79.265; p < 0.0001). Proteus mirabilis was significantly more prevalent in boys than girls (24.0% vs 5.2%; OR = 5.786; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli was the most prevalent community-acquired uropathogen. Nevertheless, initial empiric antimicrobial treatment of UTI should consider the significant prevalence of other agents different from E. coli in infants < 3 months, the high prevalence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in patients > 10 years and Proteus mirabilis in males.

Gestión de pacientes de un Servicio de Urgencias Hospitalarias

[ES] Un servicio de urgencias de una zona ofrece asistencia sanitaria y tiene como principal objetivo atender la patología urgente que acude al hospital y el nivel de compromiso que se asume consiste en diagnosticar, tratar y estabilizar, en la medida posible, dicha patología urgente. Otro objetivo es gestionar la demanda de atención urgente por parte del ciudadano a través de un sistema de selección prioritaria inicial (Triaje) que selecciona, prioriza, organiza y gestiona la demanda de atención. Para poder controlar y realizar el trabajo de la forma más eficaz se utilizan herramientas de gestión necesarias para el control de los pacientes, desde que se realiza su ingreso en el servicio de urgencias hasta el alta del mismo. Las aplicaciones desarrolladas son las siguientes: Gestión de Pacientes en Urgencias: Esta aplicación asignará un estado inicial al paciente y permitirá ir cambiando el estado del mismo usando el método del Triaje (valoración), el más difundido en la medicina de urgencias. Además, se podrán solicitar pruebas diagnósticas y la visualización de marcadores de analíticas para comprobar su evolución. Finalmente, se podrá desarrollar un informe de alta para el paciente. Informadores de Urgencias: La aplicación gestiona la localización física del paciente dentro del servicio de urgencias, permitiendo asimismo el cambio entre las distintas localizaciones y el control para la información a los familiares de los mismos, pudiendo almacenar los familiares y teléfonos de contactos para que estos puedan ser informados. El desarrollo se ha realizado utilizando el MVC (modelo - vista - controlador) que es patrón de arquitectura que separa los datos de una aplicación, la interfaz gráfica de usuario y la lógica de control de componentes. El software utilizado para el desarrollo de las aplicaciones es CACHÉ de Intersystems que permite la creación de una base de datos multidimensional. El modelo de objetos de Caché se basa en el estándar ODMG (Object Database Management Group, Grupo de gestión de bases de datos de objetos) y soporta muchas características avanzadas. CACHÉ dispone de Zen, una biblioteca completa de componentes de objetos preconstruidos y herramientas de desarrollo basadas en la tecnología CSP (Caché Server Pages) y de objetos de InterSystems. ZEN es especialmente apropiado para desarrollar una versión Web de las aplicaciones cliente/servidor creadas originalmente con herramientas como Visual Basic o PowerBuilder.

The cardio-renal axis. Non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction risk stratification according to renal dysfunction

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the strongest risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the association between renal dysfunction severity, short-term outcomes and the use of in-hospital evidence-based therapies among patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods: We examined data on 320 patients presenting with NSTEMI to Maggiore’s Emergency Department from 1st Jan 2010 to 31st December 2011. The study patients were classified into two groups according to their baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR): renal dysfunction (RD) (GFR<60) and non-RD (GFR≥60 ml/min). Patients were then classified into four groups according to their CKD stage (GFR≥60, GFR 59-30, GFR 29-15, GFR <15). Results: Of the 320 patients, 155 (48,4%) had a GFR<60 ml/min at baseline. Compared with patients with a GFR≥60 ml/min, this group was, more likely to be female, to have hypertension, a previous myocardial infarction, stroke or TIA, had higher levels of uric acid and C-reactive protein. They were less likely to receive immediate (first 24 hours) evidence-based therapies. The GFR of RD patients treated appropriately increases on average by 5.5 ml/min/1.73 m2. The length of stay (mean, SD) increased with increasing CKD stage, respectively 5,3 (4,1), 7.0 (6.1), 7.8 (7.0), 9.2 (5.8) (global p <.0001). Females had on average a longer hospitalization than males, regardless of RD. In hospital mortality was higher in RD group (3,25%). Conclusions: The in-hospital mortality not was statically difference among the patients with a GFR value ≥60 ml/min, and patients with a GFR value <60 ml/min. The length of stay increased with increasing CKD stages. Despite patients with RD have more comorbidities then without RD less frequently receive guideline –recommended therapy. The GFR of RD patients treated appropriately improves during hospitalization, but not a level as we expected.

Inserimento eterofamigliare supportato di adulti sofferenti di disturbi psichici: Valutazione degli esiti

L’Inserimento Eterofamigliare Supportato di Adulti (IESA) sofferenti di disturbi psichici consiste nell’accogliere persone in cura presso i servizi psichiatrici territoriali, nel proprio domicilio, integrandole nelle proprie relazioni famigliari. Obiettivo è migliorare la qualità di vita dell’utente e favorirne l’integrazione nella comunità. Obiettivo. Valutare gli esiti dello IESA, con un disegno di ricerca longitudinale, considerando: psicopatologia, benessere psicologico, funzionamento sociale e familiare. Metodologia. 40 soggetti: 20 pazienti e 20 ospitanti. La valutazione clinica è stata effettuata all’inizio della convivenza e al follow-up di 1, 3, 6 e 12 mesi. Strumenti utilizzati: BPRS, VGF, PWB, SQ, FAD. Analisi statistica: Modello Lineare Generale (GLM) con l’Analisi della Varianza per prove ripetute e calcolo dell’effect-size. Risultati. 15 pazienti maschi e 5 femmine, 17 italiani. 11 soddisfano i criteri diagnostici (DSM-IV-TR) per schizofrenia e disturbi psicotici, 5 per i disturbi dell’umore e 4 per i disturbi di personalità. Dopo l’inserimento 3 sono stati i ricoveri e 4 le visite psichiatriche urgenti. 8 pazienti modificano/diminuiscono la terapia e 3 la sospendono. Aumenta il benessere psicologico (PWB); diminuiscono i sintomi psicopatologici (BPRS ed SQ) e migliora il funzionamento globale (VFG). Il gruppo dei famigliari composto da 11 uomini e 9 donne, 19 di nazionalità italiana; con età media di 55 anni. 8 sono coniugati, 6 celibi/nubili, 4 divorziati e 2 vedovi. 9 hanno figli, 11 lavorano e 8 sono pensionati. Nei famigliari aumenta il benessere psicologico (PWB), migliora il funzionamento famigliare (FAD) e la valutazione del funzionamento globale (VGF) rimane costante nel tempo. Discussioni e conclusioni. Il progetto IESA sembra migliorare la psicopatologia, con una diminuzione dei comportamenti maladattativi e un aumento delle capacità relazionali dell’ospite favorendone l’integrazione. Inoltre, lo IESA sembra diminuire i costi della cronicità psichiatrica: diminuzione degli accessi al Pronto Soccorso, delle visite psichiatriche urgenti e delle giornate di ricovero.

Review of Lodox Statscan in the detection of peripheral skeletal fractures in multiple injury patients

As part of the primary survey, polytrauma patients in our emergency department are examined using the new 'Lodox Statscan' (LS) digital low-radiation imaging device. The LS provides full-body anterior and lateral views based on enhanced linear slot-scanning technology, in accordance with the recommended Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Guidelines. This study's objectives were to establish whether LS appropriately rules out peripheral bone injuries and to examine whether LS imaging provides adequate information for the preoperative planning of such lesions.

A 5-year follow-up of patients discharged with non-specific abdominal pain: out of sight, out of mind?

Acute non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP) is prevalent in 6-25% of the general population and is a common cause of admission to the emergency department (ED). Despite involvement of substantial financial and human resources, there are few data on long-term outcome after initial diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term outcome of patients initially admitted with NSAP to an ED.

The inter-rater reliability of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index

The Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) is a validated clinical prognostic model for patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Our goal was to assess the PESI's inter-rater reliability in patients diagnosed with PE. We prospectively identified consecutive patients diagnosed with PE in the emergency department of a Swiss teaching hospital. For all patients, resident and attending physician raters independently collected the 11 PESI variables. The raters then calculated the PESI total point score and classified patients into one of five PESI risk classes (I-V) and as low (risk classes I/II) versus higher-risk (risk classes III-V). We examined the inter-rater reliability for each of the 11 PESI variables, the PESI total point score, assignment to each of the five PESI risk classes, and classification of patients as low versus higher-risk using kappa ( ) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Among 48 consecutive patients with an objective diagnosis of PE, reliability coefficients between resident and attending physician raters were > 0.60 for 10 of the 11 variables comprising the PESI. The inter-rater reliability for the PESI total point score (ICC: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81-0.94), PESI risk class assignment ( : 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66-0.94), and the classification of patients as low versus higher-risk ( : 0.92, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98) was near perfect. Our results demonstrate the high reproducibility of the PESI, supporting the use of the PESI for risk stratification of patients with PE.

Lunar tractive forces and renal stone incidence

Background. Several factors are implicated in renal stone formation and peak incidence of renal colic admissions to emergency departments (ED). Little is known about the influence of potential environmental triggers such as lunar gravitational forces. We conducted a retrospective study to test the hypothesis that the incidence of symptomatic renal colics increases at the time of the full and new moon because of increased lunar gravitational forces. Methods. We analysed 1500 patients who attended our ED between 2000 and 2010 because of nephrolithiasis-induced renal colic. The lunar phases were defined as full moon ± 1 day, new moon ± 1 day, and the days in-between as "normal" days. Results. During this 11-year period, 156 cases of acute nephrolithiasis were diagnosed at the time of a full moon and 146 at the time of a new moon (mean of 0.4 per day for both). 1198 cases were diagnosed on "normal" days (mean 0.4 per day). The incidence of nephrolithiasis in peak and other lunar gravitational phases, the circannual variation and the gender-specific analysis showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion. In this adequate powered longitudinal study, changes in tractive force during the different lunar phases did not influence the incidence of renal colic admissions in emergency department.

The Bernese Hypothermia Algorithm: a consensus paper on in-hospital decision-making and treatment of patients in hypothermic cardiac arrest at an alpine level 1 trauma centre

INTRODUCTION: Guidelines for the treatment of patients in severe hypothermia and mainly in hypothermic cardiac arrest recommend the rewarming using the extracorporeal circulation (ECC). However,guidelines for the further in-hospital diagnostic and therapeutic approach of these patients, who often suffer from additional injuries—especially in avalanche casualties, are lacking. Lack of such algorithms may relevantly delay treatment and put patients at further risk. Together with a multidisciplinary team, the Emergency Department at the University Hospital in Bern, a level I trauma centre, created an algorithm for the in-hospital treatment of patients with hypothermic cardiac arrest. This algorithm primarily focuses on the decision-making process for the administration of ECC. THE BERNESE HYPOTHERMIA ALGORITHM: The major difference between the traditional approach, where all hypothermic patients are primarily admitted to the emergency centre, and our new algorithm is that hypothermic cardiac arrest patients without obvious signs of severe trauma are taken to the operating theatre without delay. Subsequently, the interdisciplinary team decides whether to rewarm the patient using ECC based on a standard clinical trauma assessment, serum potassium levels, core body temperature, sonographic examinations of the abdomen, pleural space, and pericardium, as well as a pelvic X-ray, if needed. During ECC, sonography is repeated and haemodynamic function as well as haemoglobin levels are regularly monitored. Standard radiological investigations according to the local multiple trauma protocol are performed only after ECC. Transfer to the intensive care unit, where mild therapeutic hypothermia is maintained for another 12 h, should not be delayed by additional X-rays for minor injuries. DISCUSSION: The presented algorithm is intended to facilitate in-hospital decision-making and shorten the door-to-reperfusion time for patients with hypothermic cardiac arrest. It was the result of intensive collaboration between different specialties and highlights the importance of high-quality teamwork for rare cases of severe accidental hypothermia. Information derived from the new International Hypothermia Registry will help to answer open questions and further optimize the algorithm.

Hypercalcemia in the ED: prevalence, etiology, and outcome

The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence, demographic, and clinical characteristics and etiologies of hypercalcemia in emergency department patients.

Cranio-maxillofacial injuries in victims of interpersonal violence

Recent research has indicated an increase in the severity of head injuries in Switzerland. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiological features of cranio-maxillofacial (CMF) injuries due to interpersonal violence in patients at the Bern University Hospital Emergency Department (ED), based on injury patterns.

Acute cardiac disorder or pneumonia and concomitant presence of pulmonary embolism

Purpose To determine the frequency of apparent acute pulmonary embolism (PE) and of concomitant disease in computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA); to compare the frequency of PE in patients with pneumonia or acute cardiac disorder (acute coronary syndrome, tachyarrhythmia, acute left ventricular heart failure or cardiogenic shock), with the frequency of PE in patients with none of these alternative chest pathologies (comparison group). Methods Retrospective analysis of all patients who received a CTPA at the emergency department (ED) within a period of four years and 5 months. Results Of 1275 patients with CTPA, 28 (2.2%) had PE and concomitant radiologic evidence of another chest disease; 3 more (0.2%) had PE and an acute cardiac disorder without radiological evidence of heart failure. PE was found in 11 of 113 patients (10%) with pneumonia, in 5 of 154 patients (3.3%) with an acute cardiac disorder and in 186 of 1008 patients (18%) in the comparison group. After adjustment for risk factors for thromboembolism and for other relevant patient’s characteristics, the proportion of CTPAs with evidence of PE in patients with an acute cardiac disorder or pneumonia was significantly lower than in the comparison group (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.05–0.33, p<0.001 for patients with an acute cardiac disorder, and OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23–0.89, p = 0.021 for patients with pneumonia). Conclusion The frequency of PE and a concomitant disease that can mimic PE was low. The presence of an acute cardiac disorder or pneumonia was associated with decreased odds of PE.