Viral etiology among the elderly presenting acute respiratory infection during the influenza season

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common illness in all individuals. Rhinoviruses have been reported as the etiology of more than 50% of respiratory tract infections worldwide. The study prospectively evaluated 47 elderly individuals from a group of 384 randomly assigned for acute respiratory viral infections (cold or flu) and assessed the occurrence of human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus (hMPV) in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Forty-nine nasal swabs collected from 47 elderly individuals following inclusion visits from 2002 to 2003 were tested by GenScan RT-PCR. HRV-positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: No sample was positive for influenza A/B or RSV. HRV was detected in 28.6% (14/47) and hMPV in 2% (1/47). Of 14 positive samples, 9 isolates were successfully sequenced, showing the follow group distribution: 6 group A, 1 group B and 2 group C HRVs. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of HRV during the months of the influenza season requires further study regarding HRV infection impact on respiratory complications among this population. Infection caused by HRV is very frequent and may contribute to increasing the already high demand for healthcare during the influenza season.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of blood donors with positive serology for viral hepatitis in southern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Positive serological tests for hepatitis viruses B and C at blood banks are an important reason for blood deferral. Additionally, high residual risk for transfusing hepatitis-contaminated blood has been estimated in southern Brazil. This study aimed to identify risk factors for positive serological tests for viral hepatitis (VH) in blood donors (BD). METHODS: A case-control study included consecutive BD with positive serology for VH, between 2008 and 2009. Cases and controls (BD with negative serology for VH) were paired 1:1 by sex and donation date. Assessment of clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to viral hepatitis was conducted. RESULTS: Among 1,282 blood donors (641 cases and 641 controls), those with positive serology for viral hepatitis had higher mean age (p<0.001); higher proportion of replacement donation (p<0.001); first donation (p<0.001); and interviewer deferment (p=0.037), compared to controls. Furthermore, donors with positive tests were less regular donors (p<0.001), had less previous history of rejection (p=0.003) and showed lower hematocrit median before donation (p=0.019). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age (OR=1.056, 95%CI 1.042-1.069, p<0.001), replacement donation (OR=1.545, 95%CI 1.171-2.038, p=0.002) and first donation (OR=9.931, 95%CI 7.486-13.173, p<0.001) were independently associated with positivity of serological tests for viral hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Specific characteristics of blood donors were associated with positive serology for viral hepatitis. These peculiarities should be taken into account when assessing candidates for blood donation.

Improving downstream processing for viral vectors and viral vaccines

Viral vectors are playing an increasingly important role in the vaccine and gene therapy elds. The broad spectrum of potential applications, together with expanding medical markets, drives the e orts to improve the production processes for viral vaccines and viral vectors. Developing countries, in particular, are becoming the main vaccine market. It is thus critical to decrease the cost per dose, which is only achievable by improving the production process. In particular advances in the upstream processing have substantially increased bioreactor yields, shifting the bioprocess bottlenecks towards the downstream processing. The work presented in this thesis aimed to develop new processes for adenoviruses puri cation. The use of state-of-the-art technology combined with innovative continuous processes contributed to build robust and cost-e ective strategies for puri cation of complex biopharmaceuticals.(...)

Quantification of HIV-1 viral RNA in the blood in needles used for venous puncture in HIV-infected individuals

INTRODUCTION: Occupational HIV infection among healthcare workers is an important issue in exposures involving blood and body fluids. There are few data in the literature regarding the potential and the duration of infectivity of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in contaminated material under adverse conditions. METHODS: We quantified HIV-1 viral RNA in 25×8mm calibre hollow-bore needles, after punctures, in 25 HIV-1-infected patients selected during the sample collection. All of the patients selected were between the ages of 18 and 55. Five samples were collected from 16 patients: one sample for the immediate quantification of HIV-1 RNA in the plasma and blood samples from the interior of 4 needles to be analyzed at 0h, 6h, 24h, and 72h after collection. In nine patients, another test was carried out in the blood from one additional needle, in which HIV-1 RNA was assessed 168h after blood collection. The method used to assess HIV-1 RNA was nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. RESULTS: Up to 7 days after collection, HIV-1 RNA was detected in all of the needles. The viral RNA remained stable up to 168h, and there were no statistically significant differences among the needle samples. CONCLUSIONS: Although the infectivity of the viral material in the needles is unknown, the data indicate the need to re-evaluate the practices in cases of occupational accidents in which the source is not identified.

Epidemiology of the viral hepatitis B and C in female prisoners of Metropolitan Regional Prison Complex in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Little information regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among Brazilian female prisoners exists. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with HBV and HCV infections and identified viral genotypes among female prisoners in Goiás, Central Brazil. METHODS: Women incarcerated in the largest prison in the State of Goiás were invited to participate in the study. All female prisoners were interviewed and tested for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and antibody against HCV (anti-HCV) by ELISA. HBsAg and anti-HCV positive samples were tested for HBV DNA and HCV RNA and genotyped, respectively. RESULTS: Participants (n=148; 98.6%) completed the study with an overall HBV prevalence of 18.9%. Age >30 years, a low education level, sex with a sexually transmitted diseases carrier, and a male sexual partner serving in the same penitentiary were associated with HBV infections. Only 24% of the women were anti-HBs positive suggesting previous HBV vaccination. Nine female prisoners (6.1%) were anti-HCV positive. Age >40 years, injecting drug use and length of incarceration were statistically associated with anti-HCV antibodies. Five samples were HCV RNA positive and classified as genotypes 1 (subtypes 1a; n=3 and 1b; n=1) and 3 (subtype 3a; n=1). The HBsAg-reactive sample was HBV DNA positive and genotype A. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the necessity of public policies to control hepatitis B and C infections and emphasize the importance of hepatitis B vaccination in prison environments.

Deteção e diagnóstico de falhas em sistemas de acionamento com máquinas de indução hexafásicas

A automatização dos processos industriais, onde os acionamentos eletromecânicos representam a sua principal componente, levou à necessidade destes equipamentos funcionarem de forma ininterrupta. No entanto, nenhum acionamento está isento da ocorrência de uma falha, ou de uma combinação de falhas simultâneas, resultando num deficiente funcionamento ou mesmo na sua paragem. Neste contexto, a máquina de indução hexafásica apresenta-se especialmente indicada, pelas vantagens que o aumento do número de fases possibilita, para sistemas que requerem uma elevada disponibilidade. O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação tem como objetivo principal o estudo da deteção e diagnóstico de falhas num acionamento baseado em máquina de indução hexafásica. A metodologia adotada no trabalho baseia-se no desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático adequado à simulação e análise do funcionamento da máquina hexafásica, em modo normal e com falha, e no desenvolvimento de estratégias/métodos de deteção e diagnóstico de falhas, quer para a máquina de indução hexafásica quer para o respetivo inversor. Os métodos propostos são baseados na análise de padrões das correntes de fases. Deste trabalho resultou ainda a implementação de um protótipo laboratorial de acionamento hexafásico. Os resultados obtidos por simulação e provenientes dos ensaios experimentais permitem validar o modelo proposto para a máquina de indução hexafásica, em modo normal e com falha, assim como os métodos de deteção e diagnóstico de falhas propostos. É ainda analisada a capacidade de funcionamento do acionamento desenvolvido em modo de falha

Positive serology for viral hepatitis and donor self-exclusion in Southern Brazil

Introduction Despite the great advances in serological testing for transfusion-transmitted infections, the selection of blood donors by blood bank operators remains the only way to avoid transmission within the testing window period. Part of this selection is the self-exclusion form, on which the donors can exclude their blood from donation without any explanation. This study assessed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to positivity for viral hepatitis and to the use of the confidential self-exclusion (CSE) form. Methods This transversal study analyzed the data collected from blood donors' files in a hospital in Southern Brazil. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the clinical and epidemiological variables related to positive serologies of viral hepatitis and to whether the donor was self-excluded. Results Of the 3,180 donors included in this study, 0.1% tested positive for HBsAg, 2.1% for anti-HBc, and 0.9% for anti-HCV. When the 93 donors with positive serologies for viral hepatitis were compared with those who were negative, a greater proportion of the positive serology group was found to have had a history of blood transfusions (OR=4.908; 95%CI=1.628 - 14.799; p<0.01), had repeatedly donated (OR=2.147; 95%CI=1.236 - 3.729; p<0.01), and used the CSE form for self-exclusion (OR=7.139; 95%CI=2.045 - 24.923; p<0.01). No variables were independently associated with self-exclusion. Conclusions A history of blood transfusion, repeated donations, and self-exclusion are factors that should be considered during viral hepatitis screenings in blood banks.

Association between histological findings, aminotransferase levels and viral genotype in chronic hepatitis C infection

Introduction: The genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) influences liver disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes and to investigate the influence of these genotypes on disease progression. Methods: Blood samples and liver biopsies were collected from HCV-seropositive patients for serological analysis, biochemical marker measurements, HCV genotyping and histopathological evaluation. Results: Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was detected in 107 patients (90.6% with genotype 1 and 9.4% with genotype 3). Patients infected with genotype 1 exhibited higher mean necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis. Conclusions: HCV genotype 1 was the most prevalent and was associated with greater liver dysfunction.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de diagnóstico de falhas em motores elétricos de indução

Os motores trifásicos de indução são os mais utilizados na indústria a nível mundial essencialmente devido à sua versatilidade, fiabilidade e baixo custo. Apesar da alta fiabilidade destes motores, o decorrer do tempo acaba por inevitavelmente levar a um desgaste que se poderá tornar excessivo quando negligenciado, levando assim o motor à situação de avaria. De forma a contornar este problema que resulta em gastos energéticos e prejuízos financeiros para as empresas, consequentes da paragem dos seus sistemas produtivos, as empresas recorrem à prática da manutenção preditiva. Através de uma monitorização contínua dos parâmetros de funcionamento, são realizados sucessivos diagnósticos não invasivos aos sistemas produtivos, nomeadamente motores, prevenindo deste modo o surgimento de falhas e avarias, identificando a origem do problema. A presente dissertação foi elaborada no âmbito da realização de um estágio numa empresa do setor eletromecânico. A referida empresa comercializa equipamentos industriais, dentro dos quais motores elétricos, entre outros componentes de acionamentos eletromecânicos, prestando serviços de manutenção dos mesmos. Este trabalho visou uma reformulação de um projeto de uma bancada para realização de testes de capacidade dos motores. A bancada de ensaio, além de reformulada, ganhou novas funcionalidades. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de análise e diagnóstico de falhas mecânicas em motores elétricos, através da inclusão de sensores adaptados para monitorização dos parâmetros de funcionamento. A escolha das técnicas utilizadas teve por base uma análise dos modos de falha dos elementos do motor. Para facilitar o trabalho do operador, foi incluída uma consola com botões de navegação e um mostrador em LCD para visualização do menu. Foram também comparados dois sistemas diferentes para simulação de carga, ou seja, de teste à capacidade dos motores. No âmbito desta dissertação está a ser preparado um artigo e uma apresentação para o 13º CNM (Congresso Nacional de Manutenção da APMI).

O impacto do diagnóstico de demência no casal

RESUMO: A experiência de viver com demência ocorre, frequentemente, num contexto de uma relação conjugal duradoura. A qualidade da relação e o sentido de coerência (conjunto de características pessoais que permite compreender, gerir e integrar os factores de stress de forma construtiva) apresentam-se como factores promotores e protectores da saúde, no contexto de experiências adversas, nomeadamente de doença. Provavelmente, o mesmo poderá acontecer nos quadros demenciais. O presente estudo teve como objectivo principal analisar o impacto do diagnóstico, no contexto das fases iniciais de demência, em casais de pessoas idosas, explorando o papel da qualidade da relação conjugal e do sentido de coerência na confrontação com o diagnóstico e na experiência de viver com a doença. Realizámos um estudo observacional de seis casais de pessoas idosas (pessoas com demência e respectivos cônjuges prestadores de cuidados), com recurso a entrevistas individuais e conjuntas como suplemento metodológico central, suportado pela utilização dos instrumentos: Orientation to Life Questionnaire - SOC (Antonovsky, 1987) e Quality of Carer-Patient Relationships – QCPR (Spruytte et al. 2000). Os resultados sugerem que a qualidade da relação e um sentido de coerência mais elevado podem facilitar uma adaptação bem-sucedida aos desafios, promover a adopção de estratégias para reforçar os aspectos positivos da experiência de cuidar e atenuar os negativos (sobrecarga e sofrimento psíquico do cuidador), encorajar padrões positivos no acesso e na utilização dos cuidados formais e adiar a institucionalização precoce da pessoa com demência.----------------------- ABSTRACT: In couples, caregiving experiences in dementia usually occur within long-standing relationships preceding the onset of the illness and evolving as it progresses. The quality of relationship (QR) and Antonovsky’s salutogenic construct of sense of coherence (SOC) are assumed to promote and protect health in stressful situations, such as dementia. SOC refers to the extent to which a person considers his/her life as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. We aim to uncover the role of QR and SOC as moderator or mediator in the ability of patients and their partners to cope with the impact of dementia We studied six couples in which one spouse had been diagnosed with dementia. We used a qualitative research approach (combining in-depth individual and joint interviews), triangulated with the measures Orientation to Life Questionnaire - SOC scale (Antonovsky, 1987) and the Quality of Carer-Patient Relationships – QCPR (Spruytte et al. 2000). The method was informed by a literature review on the role of RQ and SOC within dementia. Results highlight the importance of listening to both spouses, in a dyadic perspective, while acknowledging the voice of PwD themselves despite methodological challenges. Aspects of prior relationship impact on caregiving dynamics and on how the care-giver and care-recipient roles are experienced. At the same time, the experience of living with dementia impacts on the relationship, often causing change or loss which is difficult to accept or adjust to. Diagnosis played an important role on the SOC’s comprehensibility component (life makes sense). Good pre-caregiving and current relationship was associated with carers’ ability to cope, namely on SOC’s manageability (problems will be bearable) and meaningfulness (life is viewed as a challenge). Our findings suggest that an understanding of QR and SOC prior to diagnosis may encourage positive patterns of care, foster successful adaptation to changing needs, and support in-home arrangements as long as possible.

Viral epidemiology of respiratory infections among children at a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil

Introduction This study reports the pediatric epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza (IF), parainfluenza (PIV), and adenovirus (ADV) at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Methods Cases of infection, hospitalizations in intensive care units (ICUs), nosocomial infections, and lethality rates were collected from 2007 to 2010. Results RSV accounted for most nosocomial infections. Intensive care units admission rates for ADV and RSV infections were highest in 2007 and 2010. During 2008-2009, H1N1 and ADV had the highest ICU admission rates. ADV had the highest fatality rate during 2007-2009. Conclusions Each virus exhibited distinct behavior, causing hospitalization, outbreaks, or lethality.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of female blood donors with positive serology for viral hepatitis B

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Since women are frequently the minority among blood donors worldwide, studies evaluating this population usually reflect male features. We assessed the features of female blood donors with positive serology for HBV and compared them with those of men.METHODS The study comprised consecutive blood donors referred to a specialized liver disease center to be evaluated due to HBsAg- and/or anti-HBc-positive tests.RESULTS: The study encompassed 1,273 individuals, 219 (17.2%) of whom were referred due to positive HBsAg test and 1,054 (82.8%) due to reactive anti-HBc test. Subjects' mean age was 36.8±10.9 years, and 28.7% were women. Female blood donors referred for positive HBsAg screening tests demonstrated higher prevalence of healthcare workers (9.3% vs 2.5%) and lower prevalence of sexual risk behaviors (15.1% vs 41.1%) and alcohol abuse (1.9% vs 19.8%) compared to men. Women had lower ALT (0.6 vs 0.8×ULN), AST (0.6 vs 0.8×ULN), direct bilirubin (0.2 vs 0.3mg/dL), and alkaline phosphatase (0.5 vs 0.6×ULN) levels and higher platelet count (223,380±50,293 vs 195,020±53,060/mm3). Women also had a higher prevalence of false-positive results (29.6% vs 17.0%). No differences were observed with respect to liver biopsies. Female blood donors referenced for reactive anti-HBc screening tests presented similar clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical characteristics to those reported for positive HBsAg screening tests and similarly had a higher prevalence of false-reactive results.CONCLUSIONS: Compared to men, female blood donors with positive HBsAg and/or anti-HBc screening tests demonstrated higher prevalence of professional risk and false-positive results and reduced alteration of liver chemistry.

Desenvolvimento de um teste de diagnóstico rápido para a deteção de malária em amostras clínicas

A malária é uma doença infeciosa transmitida através da picada de um mosquito fêmea Anopheles infetado com o parasita protozoário do género Plasmodium (P.), sendo o P. falciparum a espécie mais mortal. É responsável pela morte de milhares de pessoas por ano, nomeadamente nos países em vias desenvolvimento, países esses que não detêm as condições necessárias para a prática da microscopia ótica em larga escala, que continua nos dias de hoje a ser a técnica de eleição para o diagnóstico da doença. A conceção de testes de baixo custo e de fácil utilização tais como os testes de diagnóstico rápido (TDR) são uma mais-valia no diagnóstico deste tipo de doenças. A presente dissertação centra-se no desenvolvimento de um TDR num formato competitivo, baseado em nanopartículas de ouro (AuNP) funcionalizadas com ácido mercaptoundecanoico (MUA) ou com o pentapétido Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asn (CALNN) e conjugadas com um anticorpo monoclonal anti-PfHRP2 que reconhece especificamente a proteína rica em histidina 2 produzida pelo P. falciparum (PfHRP2). Para isso, utilizou-se uma tecnologia inovadora na conceção do TDR, a tecnologia lab on paper, que utiliza o papel Whatman nº1. Os estudos de estabilidade de AuNP funcionalizadas com citrato de sódio, MUA ou CALNN por variação da força iónica e pH do meio mostraram que o pentapéptido CALNN é o agente de revestimento mais resistente a oscilações de força iónica, comparativamente com o citrato de sódio e o MUA e que apenas as AuNP revestidas com citrato de sódio atingiram o ponto de agregação ao pKa da molécula de revestimento. Os principais resultados obtidos aquando do desenvolvimento do TDR revelaram que o valor de diluição ótima de anticorpo anti-IgG (solução mãe a 11 mg.mL-1) imobilizado na linha de controlo é de 1:40 e 1:90, utilizando para deteção os bionanoconjugados AuNP-MUA-Anticorpo e AuNP-CALNN-Anticorpo, respetivamente. Com a aplicação da solução AuNP-CALNN-Anticorpo visualizou-se o aparecimento de cor vermelha na linha de teste, o que demonstra a deteção do antigénio pelos bionanoconjugados. A deteção ocorreu com a aplicação de 2,5 μL de PfHRP2 a 1,5 mg.mL-1. Numa análise global após a aplicação de culturas de sangue não infetadas ou infetadas com o parasita da malária, obteve-se cor na linha de controlo com uma diluição de 1:20 do anticorpo anti-IgG imobilizado. Em relação à linha de teste, na presença de culturas não infetadas, obteve-se sinal na mesma aplicando bionanoconjugados AuNP-MUA-Anticorpo e 2,5 μL de PfHRP2 a 2,6 mg.ml-1.

Diagnóstico de danos sobre grandes áreas de mosaicos conservados in situ

Os trabalhos de conservação e restauro sobre grandes áreas de mosaico conservados in situ levantam diversos problemas logísticos inerentes ao registo, nomeadamente da forma e conteúdos dos painéis, do diagnóstico de patologias e do relatório de intervenção. A necessidade de registar dados que têm expressão ao nível de uma tessela – área frequentemente inferior a 1cm2 – sobre áreas totais da ordem das dezenas ou centenas de metros quadrados, limitada pelas condições do local – meteorologia, ciclo diário e sazonal, etc. – obriga a que se instituam metodologias que permitam abreviar o tempo necessário para resolver todas as operações de registo com a acuidade essencial. Os métodos e as ferramentas fundamentais para agilizar o processo de registo são os assuntos deste artigo.