Poéticas del mal-decir: sentidos, poder y supervivencia en los discursos urbanos de Machala

Este trabajo pretende rescatar los sentidos que producen los enunciados orales contenidos en géneros discursivos familiares o informales, (que van desde los pregones hasta las narraciones de anécdotas en tono coloquial) los que pueden localizarse en el contexto espacial de la calle y la plaza pública, donde fluyen formas de comunicación situadas en los márgenes del lenguaje oficial, ilustrado, solemne y propio de las instancias canónicas donde el poder político ejerce su hegemónica. Asimismo, queremos hacer énfasis en la coexistencia de dos frecuencias comunicativas y lingüísticas superpuestas : la escritura y la oralidad, cuya convivencia problemática revela las relaciones entre lengua y poder: el predominio de aquella sobre el habla -en términos formales de institución y legitimidad -, no oculta la existencia de un sistema de intercambio lingüístico de matriz oral, en cantidad y difusión genérico-discursiva suficiente como para conformar un sistema cultural, cuyos rasgos - revalorizados en la audición y lectura del corpus de enunciados que conforman nuestra tesis- arrojan un conjunto de atributos representativos de tradición oral, con su prosodia, retórica, fonética, poder dialógico y mnemotécnico, capaces de aportar a la construcción de una literatura local y regional que incorpore dichos rasgos, como una contribución cultural contestataria, cuyos referentes serían narradores como Juan Rulfo, Augusto Roa Bastos, Gabriel García Márquez, José María Arguedas y otros.

De región decimonónica a región nacional: la configuración institucional del departamento del Valle, 1910-1948.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar desde una perspectiva neo institucional la configuración del departamento del Valle en calidad de región político administrativa en el período 1910-1948. Para alcanzar este propósito, nos concentramos en el estudio de las instituciones o reglas de juego impulsadas, defendidas y promulgadas por la figura del gobernador en calidad de funcionario público y primera autoridad de los vallunos o valle-caucanos. Las fuentes centrales son los Informes anuales del Gobernador antes los miembros de la Asamblea departamental, libros de viajeros y algunos de los periódicos de circulación local y regional en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Para desarrollar este objetico hemos divido el trabajo en dos partes; en la primera, −integrada por tres capítulos− nos distanciamos de las explicaciones actuales referentes a la creación del departamento del Valle y proponemos una nueva interpretación, centrada en el descontento de las municipalidades ubicadas en el valle geográfico del río Cauca ―Cali, Buga, Palmira, entre otras− por las reglas de juego promulgadas desde Popayán para reinvertir los recaudos fiscales provenientes de sus rentas. De igual forma, con base en la noción de path dependence estudiamos las herencias coloniales y decimonónicas que tuvieron que enfrentar los gobernadores vallunos para poder configurar la nueva región política administrativa. Nos referimos a la inestabilidad del orden político, a la ausencia de vías y sistemas de comunicación y a los métodos tradicionales en la producción agropecuaria. En la segunda parte ―integrada por tres capítulos y las conclusiones− analizamos las instituciones impulsadas por el gobernador del departamento del Valle para consolidar la nueva región político administrativa, propósito que únicamente era posible si superaban los path dependence o herencias coloniales y decimonónicas. El estudio se focaliza en las reglas de juego impulsadas por la primera autoridad de los vallunos para: 1). Alcanzar paz política o paz pública, en calidad de factor determinante en el mantenimiento del orden social; 2). Estimular la apertura y construcción de vías de comunicación y obras de infraestructura; 3). Modernizar los métodos de producción agropecuaria. Finalmente, en las conclusiones señalamos algunas problemáticas que se deben abordar en las futuras investigaciones y de esta manera darle continuidad a la propuesta analítica desarrollada en este trabajo.

La importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de los servicios ambientales para la toma de decisiones en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático: estudio de caso; valoración económica de servicios ambientales de fijación de carbono en los bosques de la parroquia San Francisco de Borja, Napo-Ecuador

Los ecosistemas forestales cumplen un importante rol en la supervivencia de la especie humana, en la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas y en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, pese a sus grandes bondades, estos están siendo amenazados. Debido a ello, la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, ha establecido tomar medidas urgentes para prevenir interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas, con énfasis en el cuidado de los bosques. Es así que se ha llevado a cabo una serie de programas y proyectos para su conservación. Sin embargo, se ha establecido también la necesidad de contar con herramientas apropiadas que permitan generar información sobre el verdadero estado de los recursos forestales y las necesidades de financiamiento para su protección. En ese sentido, la valoración económica ha logrado un gran avance conceptual, metodológico y político en el Marco de esta Convención. Es así que este trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad demostrar la importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de bienes y servicios ambientales en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático; constituyendo un elemento clave a ser incorporado en las propuestas que el país fomenta ante dicha Convención. Esta investigación contempla un estudio de caso práctico: Valoración Económica de Servicios Ambientales de Fijación de Carbono en los Bosques de la Parroquia San Francisco de Borja, siendo esta parroquia, uno de los sitios que mayor deterioro ambiental presenta dentro de la zona de amortiguamiento norte de la Reserva de Biósfera Sumaco; el mismo que pudiese ser solucionado de cierta forma, si se lograse un desarrollo económico bien planificado. Dicho estudio pretende demostrar que la valoración económica es una herramienta útil para optimizar el manejo de información, que permita tomar decisiones en los procesos de negociaciones de cambio climático. Asimismo, se demuestra que la valoración económica coadyuvaría al fortalecimiento de la planificación local y regional; sirviendo como una guía que permita a los planificadores y decisores la toma de decisiones.

La «política exterior» de Bogotá en el siglo xxi. Agenda política e institucionalidad para la internacionalización (2001-2013)

Convencionalmente, los fenómenos internacionales han sido tratados como un problema casi exclusivo de los Estados nacionales. Las múltiples transformaciones (económicas, políticas, sociales, culturales), profundizadas a finales del siglo XX, implicaron cambios para la disciplina de las relaciones internacionales. Entre otros aspectos, se amplió el abanico de actores relevantes para la disciplina, en virtud de la capacidad de influir en los asuntos internacionales que adquirieron actores públicos de orden subnacional, local o regional, pero también de actores privados y, en general, de la sociedad civil. Este libro discute la condición de actores internacionales de los gobiernos no centrales (GNC) y la posibilidad de que estos desarrollen una especie de «política exterior de Estado local» que no desafíe las prerrogativas exclusivas del gobierno central, pero que se dis tancie de la simple participación internacional ad hoc. Desarrolla un análisis del caso de Bogotá DC (2001-2013), a partir de dos variables: agenda política e institucionalización para la internacionalización, y aplica un modelo de cuantificación discreta sobre el nivel de participación internacional que ha alcanzado la ciudad. Los resultados señalan la importancia creciente de las actividades paradiplomáticas de los GNC, y la necesidad de innovación institucional para una internacionalización estratégica.

Boundary-layer ventilation by baroclinic lifecycles

Ventilation of the boundary layer has an important effect on local and regional air quality and is a prerequisite for long-range pollution transport. Once in the free troposphere, pollutants can alter the chemical composition of the troposphere and impact on the Earth's radiative forcing. Idealised baroclinic life cycles, LC1 and LC2, have been simulated in a three-dimensional dry hemispheric model in the presence of boundary-layer turbulent fluxes. A passive tracer is added to the simulations to represent pollution emitted at, or near, the surface. A simple conveyor-belt diagnostic is developed to objectively identify regions of the boundary layer that can be ventilated by either warm or cold conveyor belts. Transport of pollutants within and above the boundary layer is examined on synoptic scales. Three different physical mechanisms are found to interact with each other to ventilate pollutants out of the boundary layer. These mechanisms are turbulent mixing within the boundary layer, horizontal advection due to Ekman convergence and divergence within the boundary layer, and advection by the warm conveyor belt. The mass of tracer ventilated by the two life cycles is remarkably similar given the differences in frontal structure, suggesting that the large-scale baroclinicity is an effective constraint on ventilation.

Seasonality of modern pollen and sediment deposition in an estuarine context: the Severn Estuary Levels, southwest England

Recent sedimentological and palynological research on subfossil Holocene banded sediments from the Severn Estuary Levels suggested seasonality of deposition, registered by variations in mineral grain-size and pollen assemblages between different parts of the bands. Here we provide data that strengthen this interpretation from sampling of modern sediments and pollen deposition on an active mudflat and saltmarsh on the margin of the Severn Estuary, and comparison with a vegetation survey and contemporary records of climate, river and tidal regimes. The results of grain-size analysis indicate deposition of comparatively coarse-grained silts during the relatively cool and windy conditions of winter and comparatively fine-grained sediments during relatively warm and calm summer months. Pollen analysis demonstrates the significance of long-term storage of pollen grains and fern spores in the estuarine waterbody, superimposed on which seasonal variations in pollen inputs from local and regional vegetation remain detectable. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Water management in Minoan Crete, Greece: the two cisterns of one Middle Bronze Age settlement

The two earliest structures of Minoan Crete that may be considered as large cisterns were both built in the first half of the second millennium BC (the time of the first Minoan palaces) at Myrtos-Pyrgos (lerapetra). A considerable feat of engineering and social management, they remain a most unusual attribute of a Minoan settlement, all the more so since the Myrtos river is/was available to supply water at the foot of the hill of Pyrgos. This paper presents these cisterns, briefly, in terms of geology and technology, the history of their use and re-use, and their relevance to understanding the culture and society (at local and regional levels) of Crete in the time of the Old Palaces, as well as their possible contribution to the political and military history of the period. I then review possible precursors of, and architectural parallels to, the Pyrgos cisterns at Knossos, Malia and Phaistos (none of which has been proved to be a cistern), and the later history of cisterns in Bronze Age Crete. Since only three others are known (at Archanes, Zakro and Tylissos, of Late Bronze Age date), the two cisterns of Myrtos-Pyrgos are an important addition to our still rudimentary knowledge of how the Bronze Age Cretans managed their water supplies.

Evaluation of two soil carbon models using two Kenyan long term experimental datasets

RothC and Century are two of the most widely used soil organic matter (SOM) models. However there are few examples of specific parameterisation of these models for environmental conditions in East Africa. The aim of this study was therefore, to evaluate the ability of RothC and the Century to estimate changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) resulting from varying land use/management practices for the climate and soil conditions found in Kenya. The study used climate, soils and crop data from a long term experiment (1976-2001) carried out at The Kabete site at The Kenya National Agricultural Research Laboratories (NARL, located in a semi-humid region) and data from a 13 year experiment carried out in Machang'a (Embu District, located in a semi-arid region). The NARL experiment included various fertiliser (0, 60 and 120 kg of N and P2O5 ha(-1)), farmyard manure (FYM - 5 and 10 t ha(-1)) and plant residue treatments, in a variety of combinations. The Machang'a experiment involved a fertiliser (51 kg N ha(-1)) and a FYM (0, 5 and 10 t ha(-1)) treatment with both monocropping and intercropping. At Kabete both models showed a fair to good fit to measured data, although Century simulations for treatments with high levels of FYM were better than those without. At the Machang'a site with monocrops, both models showed a fair to good fit to measured data for all treatments. However, the fit of both models (especially RothC) to measured data for intercropping treatments at Machang'a was much poorer. Further model development for intercrop systems is recommended. Both models can be useful tools in soil C Predictions, provided time series of measured soil C and crop production data are available for validating model performance against local or regional agricultural crops. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Economic commodity or environmental crisis? An interdisciplinary approach to analysing the bushmeat trade in central and west Africa

Bushmeat is a large but largely invisible contributor to the economies of west and central African countries. Yet the trade is currently unsustainable. Hunting is reducing wildlife populations, driving more vulnerable species to local and regional extinction, and threatening biodiversity. This paper uses a commodity chain approach to explore the bushmeat trade and to demonstrate why an interdisciplinary approach is required if the trade is to be sustainable in the future.

Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing

Temperature and precipitation are major forcing factors influencing grapevine phenology and yield, as well as wine quality. Bioclimatic indices describing the suitability of a particular region for wine production are a commonly used tool for viticultural zoning. For this research these indices were computed for Europe by using the E-OBS gridded daily temperature and precipitation data set for the period from 1950 to 2009. Results showed strong regional contrasts based on the different index patterns and reproduced the wide diversity of local conditions that largely explain the quality and diversity of grapevines being grown across Europe. Owing to the strong inter-annual variability in the indices, a trend analysis and a principal component analysis were applied together with an assessment of their mean patterns. Significant trends were identified in the Winkler and Huglin indices, particularly for southwestern Europe. Four statistically significant orthogonal modes of variability were isolated for the Huglin index (HI), jointly representing 82% of the total variance in Europe. The leading mode was largely dominant (48% of variance) and mainly reflected the observed historical long-term changes. The other 3 modes corresponded to regional dipoles within Europe. Despite the relevance of local and regional climatic characteristics to grapevines, it was demonstrated via canonical correlation analysis that the observed inter-annual variability of the HI was strongly controlled by the large-scale atmospheric circulation during the growing season (April to September).

Late Quaternary hydrological dynamics in the Middle Kalahari: forcing and feedbacks

The Kalahari region has become a major source of Quaternary palaeoenvironmental data derived primarily from the analysis of geomorphological proxies of environmental change. One suite of data, from palaeolacustrine landforms, has recently provided a new record of major hydrological changes in the last 150 ka [Burrough, S. L., Thomas, D. S. G., Bailey, R. M., 2009. Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: A Late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press.]. Here we present an improved analysis of the drivers and feedbacks of lake level change, utilising information from three main sources: data from the lake system itself, from analyses of other late Quaternary records within the region and from climate modelling. Simulations using the Hadley Centre coupled climate model, HadCM3, suggest that once triggered, the lake body was large enough to potentially affect both local and regional climates. Surface waters and their interactions with the climate are therefore an important component of environmental dynamics during the late Quaternary. Through its capacity to couple Middle Kalahari environments to distant forcing mechanisms and to itself force environmental change, we demonstrate that the existence or absence of megalake Makgadikgadi adds a new level of complexity to the interpretations of environmental proxy records in southern Africa's summer rainfall zone.

Environmental impact of geometric earthwork construction in pre-Columbian Amazonia

There is considerable controversy over whether pre-Columbian (pre-A.D. 1492) Amazonia was largely “pristine” and sparsely populated by slash-and-burn agriculturists, or instead a densely populated, domesticated landscape, heavily altered by extensive deforestation and anthropogenic burning. The discovery of hundreds of large geometric earthworks beneath intact rainforest across southern Amazonia challenges its status as a pristine landscape, and has been assumed to indicate extensive pre-Columbian deforestation by large populations. We tested these assumptions using coupled local- and regional-scale paleoecological records to reconstruct land use on an earthwork site in northeast Bolivia within the context of regional, climate-driven biome changes. This approach revealed evidence for an alternative scenario of Amazonian land use, which did not necessitate labor-intensive rainforest clearance for earthwork construction. Instead, we show that the inhabitants exploited a naturally open savanna landscape that they maintained around their settlement despite the climatically driven rainforest expansion that began ∼2,000 y ago across the region. Earthwork construction and agriculture on terra firme landscapes currently occupied by the seasonal rainforests of southern Amazonia may therefore not have necessitated large-scale deforestation using stone tools. This finding implies far less labor—and potentially lower population density—than previously supposed. Our findings demonstrate that current debates over the magnitude and nature of pre-Columbian Amazonian land use, and its impact on global biogeochemical cycling, are potentially flawed because they do not consider this land use in the context of climate-driven forest–savanna biome shifts through the mid-to-late Holocene.

An investigation of the required skills for the delivery of low and zero carbon buildings within a region

The United Kingdom is committed to a raft of requirements to create a low-carbon economy. Buildings consume approximately 40% of UK energy demand. Any improvement on the energy performance of buildings therefore can significantly contribute to the delivery of a low-carbon economy. The challenge for the construction sector and its clients is how to meet the policy requirements to deliver low and zero carbon (LZC) buildings, which spans broader than the individual building level, to requirements at the local and regional levels, and wider sustainability pressures. Further, the construction sector is reporting skills shortages coupled with the need for ‘new skills’ for the delivery of LZC buildings. The aim of this paper is to identify, and better understand, the skills required by the construction sector and its clients for the delivery of LZC buildings within a region. The theoretical framing for this research is regional innovation system (RIS) using a socio-technical network analysis (STNA) methodology. A case study of a local authority region is presented. Data is drawn from a review of relevant local authority documentation, observations and semi-structured interviews from one (project 1) of five school retrofit projects within the region. The initial findings highlight the complexity surrounding the form and operation of the LZC network for project 1. The skills required by the construction sector and its clients are connected to different actor roles surrounding the delivery of the project. The key actors involved and their required skills are: project management and energy management skills required by local authority; project management skills (in particular project planning), communication and research skills required by school end-users; and a ‘technical skill’ relating to knowledge of a particular energy efficient measure (EEM) and use of equipment to implement the EEM is required by the EEM contractors.

Kerb and urban increment of highly time-resolved trace elements in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 winter aerosol in London during ClearfLo 2012

Ambient concentrations of trace elements with 2 h time resolution were measured in PM10–2.5, PM2.5–1.0 and PM1.0–0.3 size ranges at kerbside, urban background and rural sites in London during winter 2012. Samples were collected using rotating drum impactors (RDIs) and subsequently analysed with synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SR-XRF). Quantification of kerb and urban increments (defined as kerb-to-urban and urban-to-rural concentration ratios, respectively), and assessment of diurnal and weekly variability provided insight into sources governing urban air quality and the effects of urban micro-environments on human exposure. Traffic-related elements yielded the highest kerb increments, with values in the range of 10.4 to 16.6 for SW winds (3.3–6.9 for NE) observed for elements influenced by brake wear (e.g. Cu, Sb, Ba) and 5.7 to 8.2 for SW (2.6–3.0 for NE) for other traffic-related processes (e.g. Cr, Fe, Zn). Kerb increments for these elements were highest in the PM10–2.5 mass fraction, roughly twice that of the PM1.0–0.3 fraction. These elements also showed the highest urban increments (~ 3.0), although no difference was observed between brake wear and other traffic-related elements. All elements influenced by traffic exhibited higher concentrations during morning and evening rush hours, and on weekdays compared to weekends, with the strongest trends observed at the kerbside site, and additionally enhanced by winds coming directly from the road, consistent with street canyon effects. Elements related to mineral dust (e.g. Al, Si, Ca, Sr) showed significant influences from traffic-induced resuspension, as evidenced by moderate kerb (3.4–5.4 for SW, 1.7–2.3 for NE) and urban (~ 2) increments and increased concentrations during peak traffic flow. Elements related to regional transport showed no significant enhancement at kerb or urban sites, with the exception of PM10–2.5 sea salt (factor of up to 2), which may be influenced by traffic-induced resuspension of sea and/or road salt. Heavy-duty vehicles appeared to have a larger effect than passenger vehicles on the concentrations of all elements influenced by resuspension (including sea salt) and wearing processes. Trace element concentrations in London were influenced by both local and regional sources, with coarse and intermediate fractions dominated by traffic-induced resuspension and wearing processes and fine particles influenced by regional transport.

Talent on the move: creative human capital migration patterns in UK

The last decade has seen an increasing number of contributions, from both academics and policy makers, focusing on the role of higher education in developing human capital (Charles, 2003; Cramphorn & Woodlhouse, 1999; Preston & Hammond, 2006) and hence contributing to local and regional growth (Faggian & McCann, 2006; Mathur, 1999; Moretti, 2004). Within this broader literature, the role played by more ‘scientific’ types of human capital, such as STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) graduates and science parks (Bozeman, Dietz, & Gaughan, 2001; Linderlöf & Löfsten, 2004; Löfsten & Lindelöf, 2005), has also been explored. Little attention has been paid so far, to the role played by more ‘creative’ types of human capital. This chapter aims at filling this gap, in light of the central role that the term ‘creative’ took in policy and academic discourses in the UK (Comunian & Faggian, 2011; Comunian & Gilmore, 2015; DCMS, 2006; Powell, 2007; Universities UK, 2010).