Contraexemplos e raciocínio dedutivo

Tese de Doutoramento apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário

Promoção e difusão da língua portuguesa na República da Guiné-Bissau: o PASEG e as OfLP

A conjuntura de fragilidade que caracteriza a República da Guiné-Bissau aliada à pobreza do povo deste pequeno território da África Ocidental tem tido consequências catastróficas tanto na educação como no desenvolvimento do país. Cientes de que a educação constitui uma das chaves para a superação do subdesenvolvimento, o Governo guineense e a comunidade internacional têm reunido esforços, procurando inverter o cenário registado. O Estado português, sensível à situação do sistema educativo guineense, tem concentrado cerca de 50% do orçamento da ajuda destinada ao país, no âmbito da cooperação bilateral, à educação. Com este trabalho pretende-se analisar e compreender o impacto do projeto da cooperação portuguesa Programa de Apoio ao Sistema Educativo da Guiné-Bissau (PASEG), particularmente das Oficinas em Língua Portuguesa (OfLP), na promoção e difusão do português no país. Procura-se não só compreender se estes contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do sistema educativo guineense e para o uso do português nas escolas, como para a formação contínua de professores, a dinamização e requalificação das escolas, a implementação de uma abordagem do português como língua segunda e para uma aproximação dos jovens à língua oficial. A persecução dos objetivos da investigação resultará da aplicação de questionários e da recolha de testemunhos.

Myocarditis associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria: a case report

Malaria remains a major public health problem in Brazil where Plasmodium vivax is the predominant species, responsible for 82% of registered cases in 2013. Though benign, P. vivax infection may sometimes evolve with complications and a fatal outcome. Here, we report a severe case of P. vivax malaria in a 35-year-old Brazilian man from a malaria endemic area, who presented with reversible myocarditis.

Essays on bounded rationality: Individual decision and strategic interaction

Economics is a social science which, therefore, focuses on people and on the decisions they make, be it in an individual context, or in group situations. It studies human choices, in face of needs to be fulfilled, and a limited amount of resources to fulfill them. For a long time, there was a convergence between the normative and positive views of human behavior, in that the ideal and predicted decisions of agents in economic models were entangled in one single concept. That is, it was assumed that the best that could be done in each situation was exactly the choice that would prevail. Or, at least, that the facts that economics needed to explain could be understood in the light of models in which individual agents act as if they are able to make ideal decisions. However, in the last decades, the complexity of the environment in which economic decisions are made and the limits on the ability of agents to deal with it have been recognized, and incorporated into models of decision making in what came to be known as the bounded rationality paradigm. This was triggered by the incapacity of the unboundedly rationality paradigm to explain observed phenomena and behavior. This thesis contributes to the literature in three different ways. Chapter 1 is a survey on bounded rationality, which gathers and organizes the contributions to the field since Simon (1955) first recognized the necessity to account for the limits on human rationality. The focus of the survey is on theoretical work rather than the experimental literature which presents evidence of actual behavior that differs from what classic rationality predicts. The general framework is as follows. Given a set of exogenous variables, the economic agent needs to choose an element from the choice set that is avail- able to him, in order to optimize the expected value of an objective function (assuming his preferences are representable by such a function). If this problem is too complex for the agent to deal with, one or more of its elements is simplified. Each bounded rationality theory is categorized according to the most relevant element it simplifes. Chapter 2 proposes a novel theory of bounded rationality. Much in the same fashion as Conlisk (1980) and Gabaix (2014), we assume that thinking is costly in the sense that agents have to pay a cost for performing mental operations. In our model, if they choose not to think, such cost is avoided, but they are left with a single alternative, labeled the default choice. We exemplify the idea with a very simple model of consumer choice and identify the concept of isofin curves, i.e., sets of default choices which generate the same utility net of thinking cost. Then, we apply the idea to a linear symmetric Cournot duopoly, in which the default choice can be interpreted as the most natural quantity to be produced in the market. We find that, as the thinking cost increases, the number of firms thinking in equilibrium decreases. More interestingly, for intermediate levels of thinking cost, an equilibrium in which one of the firms chooses the default quantity and the other best responds to it exists, generating asymmetric choices in a symmetric model. Our model is able to explain well-known regularities identified in the Cournot experimental literature, such as the adoption of different strategies by players (Huck et al. , 1999), the inter temporal rigidity of choices (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003) and the dispersion of quantities in the context of di cult decision making (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003). Chapter 3 applies a model of bounded rationality in a game-theoretic set- ting to the well-known turnout paradox in large elections, pivotal probabilities vanish very quickly and no one should vote, in sharp contrast with the ob- served high levels of turnout. Inspired by the concept of rhizomatic thinking, introduced by Bravo-Furtado & Côrte-Real (2009a), we assume that each per- son is self-delusional in the sense that, when making a decision, she believes that a fraction of the people who support the same party decides alike, even if no communication is established between them. This kind of belief simplifies the decision of the agent, as it reduces the number of players he believes to be playing against { it is thus a bounded rationality approach. Studying a two-party first-past-the-post election with a continuum of self-delusional agents, we show that the turnout rate is positive in all the possible equilibria, and that it can be as high as 100%. The game displays multiple equilibria, at least one of which entails a victory of the bigger party. The smaller one may also win, provided its relative size is not too small; more self-delusional voters in the minority party decreases this threshold size. Our model is able to explain some empirical facts, such as the possibility that a close election leads to low turnout (Geys, 2006), a lower margin of victory when turnout is higher (Geys, 2006) and high turnout rates favoring the minority (Bernhagen & Marsh, 1997).

Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and risk factors in pregnant women followed up by the Family Health Strategy

INTRODUCTION : Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. It is transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated water and foods, by soil contaminated with cat feces, especially while handling it, and congenitally via the placenta. The diagnosis of maternal infection is made by serological detection of either IgM or IgG antibodies. This study assessed the seropositivity in pregnant women followed up by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS: The study was performed in 19 FHS units and included 148 childbearing women. The outcomes evaluated were IgM and IgG seropositivity and behavioral variables. RESULTS: IgG yielded positive results in 16% of the pregnant women, whereas IgM was positive in only 1%. CONCLUSIONS: The 1% IgM positivity rate for T. gondii indicates congenital toxoplasmosis is not common in Lages.

Basic sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, and degree of risk for the presence and maintenance of malaria in a low-transmission area in the Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:This study aimed to evaluate basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators, reported cases of malaria, and risk of contracting malaria in the Ananindeua municipality, State of Pará.METHODS:Data on basic sanitation and socioeconomic dimensions were taken from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics [ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)] 2010 census. Epidemiological malaria information was taken from the Epidemiological Malaria Surveillance Information System [ Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Malária (SIVEP/Malaria)], between 2003 and 2013 of the Ministry of Health and from the SIVEP/Malaria forms of the municipality's Endemic Diseases Unit for 2,013 cases.RESULTS:Our data do not confirm the correlation among indicators of basic sanitation, socioeconomic conditions, and water supply with malaria cases. Of the 1,557 cases evaluated, most were caused by Plasmodium vivax , with rare cases of Plasmodium falciparum and mixed infections. There were 756 notifications in 2003. The number of reported cases was sharply reduced between 2006 and 2012, but a 142-case outbreak occurred in 2013. Ananindeua municipality's Annual Parasite Index indicated low risk in 2003 and no risk in other years, and the 2,013 cases were predominantly male individuals aged ≥40 years.CONCLUSIONS:Our data confirm the non-endemicity of malaria in the Ananindeua municipality, as the Annual Parasite Indices described for the years 2004-2013 classify it as a risk-free area. However, the 2013 outbreak indicates the need to strengthen prevention, surveillance, and control activities to reduce the risk of new outbreaks and consequent economic and social impacts on the population.

Cerâmicas Medievais e Modernas de Azamor (Marrocos) – Análise textural, mineralógica e química

Entre 2008 e 2011 foi recuperado, por uma missão arqueológica portuguesa na cidade de Azamor (Marrocos), um vasto conjunto de artefactos cerâmicos. Estes foram divididos em dois grupos cronológicos distintos: o medieval (séculos XIV-XV), constituído principalmente por despejos de uma unidade de produção oleira, e o moderno (séculos XVII-XVIII), constituído por fragmentos recuperados em vários contextos domésticos. O presente trabalho é um estudo arqueométrico de 17 fragmentos cerâmicos representativos de todo o espólio. Consiste na caracterização textural, mineralógica e química das pastas e vidrados, tendo por fim determinar se a fonte de matérias-primas e as técnicas de produção se mantiveram as mesmas em ambos os períodos cronológicos. Foi feita a observação à lupa binocular e uma análise petrográfica (lâminas delgadas) dos fragmentos cerâmicos com o objetivo de caracterizar a textura da matriz cerâmica e de identificar os componentes mineralógicos e a sua distribuição espacial. Estas análises foram complementadas por análises de difração de raios X (difração de pós) e microscopia Raman. Para a caracterização química das pastas e vidrados utilizou-se a micro-fluorescência de raios X dispersiva de energias. Os resultados indiciam que, a nível textural, designadamente no que se refere à coesão e porosidade da pasta e à quantidade de elementos não-plásticos, os dois grupos cerâmicos se assemelham bastante. Também são muitas as semelhanças quer a nível mineralógico, tendo sido identificados predominantemente quartzo, calcite, feldspato, gehlenite e piroxena, quer a nível químico, revelando a composição comum de pastas calcíticas. Foi ainda possível estimar uma temperatura de cozedura acima dos 800-950ºC para as cerâmicas dos dois grupos. Os vidrados analisados apresentam as características de vidrados plúmbicos verdes, coloridos com Cu e Fe. Assim, existe uma forte probabilidade de que as fontes de matérias-primas e técnicas de produção empregues em Azamor sejam as mesmas, em ambos os períodos cronológicos.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer: a distinct molecular subtype of the disease?

Abstract: Approximately 90% of the world population is infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Usually, it infects B lymphocytes, predisposing them to malignant transformation. Infection of epithelial cells occurs rarely, and it is estimated that about to 10% of gastric cancer patients harbor EBV in their malignant cells. Given that gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a global annual incidence of over 950,000 cases, EBV-positive gastric cancer is the largest group of EBV-associated malignancies. Based on gene expression profile studies, gastric cancer was recently categorized into four subtypes; EBV-positive, microsatellite unstable, genomically stable and chromosomal instability. Together with previous studies, this report provided a more detailed molecular characterization of gastric cancer, demonstrating that EBV-positive gastric cancer is a distinct molecular subtype of the disease, with unique genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, reflected in a specific phenotype. The recognition of characteristic molecular alterations in gastric cancer allows the identification of molecular pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, with the potential to identify therapeutic targets. These findings highlight the enormous heterogeneity of gastric cancer, and the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic alterations in the disease, and provide a roadmap to implementation of genome-guided personalized therapy in gastric cancer. The present review discusses the initial studies describing EBV-positive gastric cancer as a distinct clinical entity, presents recently described genetic and epigenetic alterations, and considers potential therapeutic insights derived from the recognition of this new molecular subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Modelação numérica da reflexão e do espraiamento em praias e em estruturas marítimas

As preocupações de projetistas na conceção de estruturas marítimas utilizando modelos numéricos como ferramentas de dimensionamento, prendem-se com a sua fiabilidade, tempo de processamento e precisão. Assim, a calibração e validação de modelos numéricos é essencial para os tornar ferramentas úteis para o projeto de obras marítimas. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo a calibração e validação do modelo numérico AMAZON, baseado na teoria da onda em condições de águas pouco profundas, para dois casos de estudo distintos com base em dados de ensaios realizados anteriormente. O primeiro caso consiste no estudo do espraiamento numa praia barra-fossa cujas condições de batimetria, nível da água e condições de agitação marítima inseridas no AMAZON correspondem às de ensaios em modelo físico realizados à escala 1:5 na Universidade Politécnica da Catalunha, Barcelona. Como o modelo utiliza parâmetros que devem ser calibrados, na sua aplicação e exploração realizou-se um estudo de sensibilidade a esses parâmetros. Com base nos resultados do AMAZON, utilizaram-se programas desenvolvidos em MatLab para o cálculo do espraiamento e do coeficiente de reflexão e compararam-se os resultados com os obtidos nos ensaios em modelo físico. Verificou-se que os resultados do AMAZON são bastante próximos dos valores obtidos pelos ensaios. O segundo caso consiste no estudo de uma estrutura conversora de energia das ondas do tipo coluna de água oscilante - OWC-WEC (Oscillating Water Column - Wave Energy Converter), para a qual o modelo AMAZON nunca tinha sido utilizado. Os dados introduzidos no modelo relativos ao perfil da estrutura, nível da água e condições de agitação correspondem aos dos ensaios realizados à escala 1:35 no LNEC (Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil). Realizou-se um estudo de sensibilidade dos parâmetros do modelo no que respeita à elevação da superfície livre junto e no interior da câmara de água, ao fator de amplificação e ao desfasamento, e compararam-se os resultados com os obtidos nos ensaios em modelo físico. Os resultados do AMAZON constituem um incentivo para a realização e/ou análise de ensaios para diferentes profundidades, aberturas da parede vertical da câmara de água e períodos de onda incidente, que permitam calibração e validação adicionais dos parâmetros do modelo.

Cost of drugs manufactured by the University Hospital - role of the Central Pharmacy

The hospital pharmacy in large and advanced institutions has evolved from a simple storage and distribution unit into a highly specialized manipulation and dispensation center, responsible for the handling of hundreds of clinical requests, many of them unique and not obtainable from commercial companies. It was therefore quite natural that in many environments, a manufacturing service was gradually established, to cater to both conventional and extraordinary demands of the medical staff. That was the case of Hospital das Clinicas, where multiple categories of drugs are routinely produced inside the pharmacy. However, cost-containment imperatives dictate that such activities be reassessed in the light of their efficiency and essentiality. METHODS: In a prospective study, the output of the Manufacturing Service of the Central Pharmacy during a 12-month period was documented and classified into three types. Group I comprised drugs similar to commercially distributed products, Group II included exclusive formulations for routine consumption, and Group III dealt with special demands related to clinical investigations. RESULTS: Findings for the three categories indicated that these groups represented 34.4%, 45.3%, and 20.3% of total manufacture orders, respectively. Costs of production were assessed and compared with market prices for Group 1 preparations, indicating savings of 63.5%. When applied to the other groups, for which direct equivalent in market value did not exist, these results would suggest total yearly savings of over 5 100 000 US dollars. Even considering that these calculations leave out many components of cost, notably those concerning marketing and distribution, it might still be concluded that at least part of the savings achieved were real. CONCLUSIONS: The observed savings, allied with the convenience and reliability with which the Central Pharmacy performed its obligations, support the contention that internal manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations was a cost-effective alternative in the described setting.

Decentralization and privatization in Portuguese health reforms

ABSTRACT - The Portuguese National Health Service (SNS), a universal, centralized and public owned health care system, exhibits an extraordinary record of equalization in the access to health care and health gains in the late thirty years. However, the most recent history of the Portuguese health reform is pervaded by the influence of decentralization and privatization. Decentralization has been present in the system design since the 1976 Constitution, at least in theory. Private ownership of health care suppliers and out-ofpocket expenditures, on the financing side, both have a long tradition of relevance in the NHS mix of services. The initial aim of this study was to demonstrate expected parallelism between health reforms and public administration reforms, where a common pattern of joint decentralization and privatization was observed in many countries. Observers would be tempted to consider these two movements as common signs of new public management (NPM) developments. They have common objectives, are established around the core concepts of gains in effectiveness, efficiency, equity and quality of public services, through improved accountability. However, in practice, in Portugal, each movement was developed in a totally separated way. Besides those rooted in the NPM theory, there are few visible signs of association between decentralization and privatization. Decentralization, in the Portuguese SNS, was never intended to be followed by a privatization movement; it was seen merely as a public administration tool. Private management of health services, as stated in the most recent SNS legislation, was never intended to have decentralization as a condition or as a consequence. Paradoxically, in the Portuguese context, it has led invariably to centralized control. While presented as separate instruments for a common purpose, the association between decentralization and privatization still lacks a convincing demonstration. Many common health care management stereotypes remain to be checked out if we want to look for eventual associations between these two organizational tools.

Aspectos biológicos de peixes amazônicos. III. Anatomia microscópica do esôfago, estômago e cecos pilóricos de Semaprochilodus insignis (characiformes : Prochilodontidae)

Foi descrita a constituição histológica do esófago, estômago e cecos pilóricos de Semaprochilodus insignis, um Characiforma de expressiva ocorrência na Amazônia central, onde é usualmente conhecido como "jaraqui escama-grossa". As camadas epitelial e muscular mostraram-se bastante variáveis de órgão para órgão, e mesmo em diferentes segmentos de um único órgão. O epitélio do esôfago é inicialmente estratificado pavimentoso e finalmente simples mucoso. O estômago compõe-se de uma porção descendente, revestida por glândulas gástricas, e uma ascendente, não-glandular. A camada muscular nestes dois órgãos sofre substituição gradual da estriada para a lisa, bem como a orientação dos feixes. Os cecos pilóricos, pequenos e numerosos, não apresentam nem componentes glandulares, nem absortivos. Por fim, é sugerido um mecanismo geral para a digestão, considerando o hábito alimentar dessa espécie.

A influência de dois tipos de consórcios de fruteiras na incidência de broca do tronco (Cratosomus sp) na graviola (Annona muricata L.) (*)

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar a incidência e intensidade de ataque da praga "Broca do tronco" (Cratosomus sp.) na graviola (Annona muricataL.) em um sistema de dois tipos de consórcio de fruteiras. 0 estudo foi realizado na área do projeto "Sistema de Produção Comerciado de Fruteiras", instalado em /977 e se encontra localizado na E.E.S.T. do INPA, Km 41 da BR - 774 no Município de Manaus, foram utiliza das 6 espécies de fruteiras: graviola (Annona muricataL.), côco (Cocos nucíferaL.), pupunha (Bactris gasipaesH.B.K.), caju (Anacardium ocidentaleL.) birlbá (Rollinia mu cosa (Jacq.) Baill e o mapati (Pouroma cecropiazfoliaMart.). Os sistemas comerciados empregados são: Consórcio simples constituído pelas 6 espécies de fruteiras com 16 plantas cada subparcela e o Consórcio misto as 6 espécies de fruteiras foram plantadas al-ternadamente usando o mapati para separar as demais: neste consórcio contém o seguinte número de plantas: 8 graviolas, 8 biribás, 8 cajus, 14 cocos, 14 pupunhas e 98 mapati. 0 delineamento empregado é bloco casualizados com 20 repetições. Avaliaram-se o grau de infestação pelo inseto (Cratosomussp.) e número de plantas atacadas em cada tipo de consórcio, na qual uma planta foi considerada atacada apenas quando apresentou um ata -que ativo, ataques velhos não foram considerados. Os dados sobre o ataque foram coleta dos nos meses de junho/79 a julho/80. Concluiu-se que, apesar da hipótese de que plantas comerciadas sofreriam menor incidência de ataque em plantas de graviola nas parcelas heterogêneas nos primeiros anos do desenvolvimento da plantação. Entretanto, reconhece-se a necessidade de estudos mais especializados sobre o ciclo biológico desta pra ga e sobre diferentes tipos de comércios para fornecer recomendações mais seguras sobre quais são os sistemas de plantio economicamente mais viáveis.

Diplotropis Bentham (Leguminosae - Faboideae) - Estudo dos táxons infragenéricos.

No presente trabalho, são analisados e discutidos os táxons infragenéricos de Diplotropis Bentham (Leguminosae - Faboideae) - Tribo Sophoreae s. lato. Uma nova seção (Sect. Racemosae lima) é descrita e são apresentadas chaves para identificação das seções, espécies e variedades.