Plan af Helsingfors 1893

Mittakaava laskettu janamittakaavasta

Pohjan pimeillä perillä: norjalainen napaseuturetki 1893-1896 - 1

118 kuvaa ja 2 karttaa. - Ilmestyi 30 vihossa

Pohjan pimeillä perillä: norjalainen napaseuturetki 1893-1896 - 2

111 kuvaa ja kartta. - Ilmestyi 30 vihossa

Health in early adulthood: the contribution of the 1978/79 Ribeirão Preto birth cohort

The increase in non-communicable chronic diseases of adults is due to demographic changes and changes in the risk factors related to physical activity, smoking habits and nutrition. We describe the methodology for the evaluation of persons at 23/25 years of age of a cohort of individuals born in Ribeirão Preto in 1978/79. We present their socioeconomic characteristics and the profile of some risk factors for chronic diseases. A total of 2063 participants were evaluated by means of blood collection, standardized questionnaires, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and methacholine bronchoprovocation tests. The sexes were compared by the chi-square test, with alpha = 0.05. Obesity was similar among men and women (12.8 and 11.1%); overweight was almost double in men (30.3 vs 17.7%). Weight deficit was higher among women than among men (8.6 and 2.6%). Women were more sedentary and consumed less alcohol and tobacco. Dietary fat consumption was similar between sexes, with 63% consuming large amounts (30 to 39.9 g/day). Metabolic syndrome was twice more frequent among men than women (10.7 vs 4.8%), hypertension was six times more frequent (40.9 vs 6.4%); altered triglyceride (16.1 vs 9.8%) and LDL proportions (5.4 vs 2.7%) were also higher in men, while women had a higher percentage of low HDL (44.7 vs 39.5%). Asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness were 1.7 and 1.5 times more frequent, respectively, among women. The high prevalence of some risk factors for chronic diseases among young adults supports the need for investments in their prevention.

Early life, current socioeconomic position and serum lipids in young adulthood of participants in a cohort study initiated in 1978/1979

The association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and serum lipids has been little studied and the results have been controversial. A total of 2063 young adults born in 1978/79 were evaluated at 23-25 years of age in the fourth follow-up of a cohort study carried out in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, corresponding to 31.8% of the original sample. Total serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) and low-density cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) were analyzed according to SEP at birth and during young adulthood. SEP was classified into tertiles of family income and a cumulative score of socioeconomic disadvantage was created. TC was 11.85 mg/100 mL lower among men of lower SEP in childhood (P < 0.01) but no difference was found in women, whereas it was 8.46 lower among men (P < 0.01) and 8.21 lower among women of lower SEP in adulthood (P < 0.05). Individuals of lower SEP had lower LDL and HDL cholesterol, with small differences between sexes and between the two times in life. There was no association between SEP and triglyceride levels. After adjustment of income at one time point in relation to the other, some associations lost significance. The greater the socioeconomic disadvantage accumulated along life, the lower the levels of TC, LDL and HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05). The socioeconomic gradient of TC and LDL cholesterol was inverse, representing a lower cardiovascular risk for individuals of lower SEP, while the socioeconomic gradient of HDL cholesterol indicated a lower cardiovascular risk for individuals of higher SEP.

Man and the Milieu: Ecocritical analysis of Ernest Hemingway’s “Big Two-Hearted River” and “Indian Camp

Pro Gradu -tutkielmassani tarkastelen Ernest Hemingwayn alun perin vuonna 1925 julkaistuja kahta novellia ”Big Two-Hearted River” ja ”Indian Camp”. Molemmat teokset kuuluvat Nick Adams -tarinoihin, jotka ovat kokoelma novelleja, joissa Hemingway kuvaa Nick Adamsin elämää pojasta mieheksi. Nick Adams on usein tulkittu Hemingwayn alter egoksi ja monet tapahtumat ovatkin suoraa heijastusta Hemingwayn elämästä. Päähenkilön lisäksi monia Nick Adams -tarinoita yhdistää luonnon vahva läsnäolo ja Hemingwayn kuuluisan maalauksellinen miljöön deskriptiivisyys. Käyttämäni ekokriittisen teorian avulla pyrin osoittamaan tutkielmassani, että Nick Adamsin hahmo peilautuu miljöökuvauksessa syventyen dynaamiseksi hahmoksi ja että Hemingwayn luonto- ja ympäristökuvaus peilaa hahmon sisäistä maailmaa hyvinkin läheisesti. Tutkimukseni teoreettinen viitekehys, ekokritiikki, on kirjallisuudentutkimuksen suuntaus, joka tutkii ihmisen ja fyysisen ympäristön suhdetta toisiinsa. Lisäksi hyödynnän tutkielmassani dikotomioita, joiden avulla tarkastelen ja analysoin novelleista nousevia aiheita. Esimerkiksi seuraavat dikotomiat ovat keskeisiä molemmissa novelleissa: kulttuuri vs. luonto, pastoraali vs. erämaa, matka vs. oleskelu, keho vs. mieli, vesi vs. maa, tuli tai valo vs. vesi ja elämä vs. kuolema.

Salários, produtividade e lucros na indústria brasileira, 1945-1978

Wages, productivity and profits in the Brazilian manufacturing industry, 1945-1978. This article investigates the distribution between profits and wages in Brazil's manufacturing industry from 1945 to 1978. First, the article provides yearly series of average real wages and labour productivity, from which labour unit costs and the distribution between profits and wages in the manufacturing industry are estimated. Second, the article addresses the behaviour of wages, labour productivity and industrial income distribution in the context of variable economic, political and institutional conditions which prevailed in post-war Brazil. The results of the quantitative analysis allow us to assess both the trends and the yearly behaviour of the manufacturing income distribution during a key period of the Brazilian economic history.

Recueil périodique de législation, de doctrine et de jurisprudence en matière de procédure civile, commerciale, criminelle et administrative / publié par MM. Rodolphe Rousseau,... Laisney,...

1893 (A14).