Global civil aviation black carbon emissions.

Aircraft black carbon (BC) emissions contribute to climate forcing, but few estimates of BC emitted by aircraft at cruise exist. For the majority of aircraft engines the only BC-related measurement available is smoke number (SN)-a filter based optical method designed to measure near-ground plume visibility, not mass. While the first order approximation (FOA3) technique has been developed to estimate BC mass emissions normalized by fuel burn [EI(BC)] from SN, it is shown that it underestimates EI(BC) by >90% in 35% of directly measured cases (R(2) = -0.10). As there are no plans to measure BC emissions from all existing certified engines-which will be in service for several decades-it is necessary to estimate EI(BC) for existing aircraft on the ground and at cruise. An alternative method, called FOX, that is independent of the SN is developed to estimate BC emissions. Estimates of EI(BC) at ground level are significantly improved (R(2) = 0.68), whereas estimates at cruise are within 30% of measurements. Implementing this approach for global civil aviation estimated aircraft BC emissions are revised upward by a factor of ~3. Direct radiative forcing (RF) due to aviation BC emissions is estimated to be ~9.5 mW/m(2), equivalent to ~1/3 of the current RF due to aviation CO2 emissions.

A numerical study into the effects of Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine blends with Jet-A fuel for civil aircraft engine

Growing concerns regarding fluctuating fuel costs and pollution targets for gas emissions, have led the aviation industry to seek alternative technologies to reduce its dependency on crude oil, and its net emissions. Recently blends of bio-fuel with kerosine, have become an alternative solution as they offer "greener" aircraft and reduce demand on crude oil. Interestingly, this technique is able to be implemented in current aircraft as it does not require any modification to the engine. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of blends of bio-synthetic paraffinic kerosine with Jet-A in a civil aircraft engine, focusing on its performance and exhaust emissions. Two bio-fuels are considered: Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (JSPK) and Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosine (CSPK); there are evaluated as pure fuels, and as 10% and 50% blend with Jet-A. Results obtained show improvement in thrust, fuel flow and SFC as composition of bio-fuel in the blend increases. At design point condition, results on engine emissions show reduction in NO x, and CO, but increases of CO is observed at fixed fuel condition, as the composition of bio-fuel in the mixture increases. Copyright © 2012 by ASME.

Risk-based approaches to sustainability in civil engineering

Infrastructure project sustainability assessment typically entails the use of specialised assessment tools to measure and rate project performance against a set of criteria. This paper looks beyond the prevailing approaches to sustainability assessments and explores sustainability principles in terms of project risks and opportunities. Taking a risk management approach to applying sustainability concepts to projects has the potential to reconceptualise decision structures for sustainability from bespoke assessments to becoming a standard part of the project decisionmaking process. By integrating issues of sustainability into project risk management for project planning, design and construction, sustainability is considered within a more traditional business and engineering language. Currently, there is no widely practised approach for objectively considering the environmental and social context of projects alongside the more traditional project risk assessments of time, cost and quality. A risk-based approach would not solve all the issues associated with existing sustainability assessments but it would place sustainability concerns alongside other key risks and opportunities, integrating sustainability with other project decisions.

Instalação e Configuração do PostgreSQL no Linux via código-fonte.

Apesar de exigir maior grau de dificuldade do que a instalação via pacotes, a instalação via código-fonte oferece uma infinidade de recursos em relação à primeira, tais como: definir a estrutura de diretórios para binários, bibliotecas, módulos, manuais e demais arquivos do SGBD conforme o desejado, o que facilita a organização, localização e manutenção do PostgreSQL; ativar suporte a um determinado idioma, para tradução de mensagens; construir suporte a determinadas linguagens ou módulos; definir alguns parâmetros padrões; além de conceber maior controle e segurança nas atualizações de versões do SGBD, evitando assim, atualizações automáticas indesejáveis por meio do sistema operacional e a conseqüente perda de bases de dados; entre outros. Para este trabalho, foi utilizado o sistema operacional Ubuntu Server 8.04.1, contudo, este tutorial é totalmente aplicável e compatível a outras versões Ubuntu, bem como a outras distribuições Linux, respeitando, é claro, as particularidades de algumas distribuições, como a estrutura de diretórios destes. Quanto ao SGBD PostgreSQL, foi adotado a versão 8.3.4, lançada em Setembro/2008, contudo, este tutorial se aplica também à versões inferiores 8.x.x deste SGBD.

Código de ética.

O mel e o código de ética. A ética na Embrapa. Código de ética da Embrapa. Princípios e valores fundamentais. Do relacionamento da Embrapa com seus empregados. Do relacionamento dos empregados com a Embrapa. Ética na pesquisa. Comissão de ética. Disposições gerais.

Who has the Right to Govern Online Activity? A Criminal and Civil Point of View

Kohl, U. (2004). Who has the right to govern online activity? A criminal and civil point of view. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 18 (3), 387-410 RAE2008