A microbiology study of the surgical site infection, at a hospital in northern Portugal

Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a major clinical problem in terms of morbidity, mortality, time spent in hospital and overall direct and indirect costs. Objectives: To measure the prevalence of the SSI, by type of surgery and microbiologically characterization, in adult patients undergoing surgery during 2015 at a public hospital in northern Portugal. Methods: A prospective study, attended by 609 adult patients, undergoing surgery. The sociodemographic and clinical data of the population, as well as the surgical procedure and microbiological study were analyzed using Microsoft Access 2013. Results: In the sample of 609 adults undergoing surgery, it was found that 62.89% of surgical wound were cleaned, 15.8% were clean-contaminated, 8.70% were contaminated and 9.36% infected. About 62.52% of the intervened patients had antibiotic prophylaxis prior to surgery. Out of all surgeries, 33.3% were laparoscopic. The percentage of SSI was 5.74%; In these positive cases, only 3.61% was identiied the responsible bacteria. The urgent surgeries have more infections when compared to the programmed ones. In colon surgery the number of infections was 60% after cholecystectomy (22.86%). In hernioplasty, infection occurred in only 2.86% of the patients. The most isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli with 59%, in which 30% are -producing-lactamases of extended spectrum, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.6%) and Serratia marcescens (13.6%). The mortality rate was 14.8%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 3 of 4 patients who died. Conclusions: The most microorganisms belong to the group of Gram-negative and are usually linked to infections associated with health care.

Surgical site infection in colorectal surgery

Surgical Site Infection is one of the most common infection associated with health care, but can also be the most preventable situation. Surgical site infection in patients undergoing colorectal surgery varies according to the literature, from 3.5 to 21.3%, being identiied as the highest rate of infection among elective procedures and emergency. Objectives: To identify and characterize the occurrence of surgical site infection in patients undergoing colorectal surgery at a hospital in northern Portugal. Methods: A prospective study in a hospital in the north of Portugal in 2015, patients admitted to the surgical service who underwent colorectal surgery. Patients were selected more than 24 hours of admission, obtaining a sample of 102 participants. The characterization of the patient and the surgery was done using a search in the irst 24 hours after surgery and the registration of the infection at the time of occurrence and 30 days after the intervention. Results: 102 participants, 67 (65.7%) were male with a mean age of 71.92 years (37-93 years) and 40.2% underwent emergency surgery. There was a prevalence of surgical site infection in 21 patients (20.6%). Among these 15 were male (71.4%) with mean age of 72.24 years. They were hospitalized on average 22 days, with an average of 19 days of hospitalization after surgery. Escherichia-coli was the microorganism most frequently isolated in culture studies with 13 (60.0%) cases of surgical site infection and organ/space was the main site identiied with infection - 38.1%. Conclusions: The prevalence of surgical site infection was 5.1% and Escherichia coli most common etiologic agent. It is suggested that other studies can analyze the associated factors with this type of infection.

Errors in preparation and medication management in nursing professionals

The preparation and administration of medications is one of the most common and relevant functions of nurses, demanding great responsibility. Incorrect administration of medication, currently constitutes a serious problem in health services, and is considered one of the main adverse effects suffered by hospitalized patients. Objectives: Identify the major errors in the preparation and administration of medication by nurses in hospitals and know what factors lead to the error occurred in the preparation and administration of medication. Methods: A systematic review of the literature. Deined as inclusion criteria: original scientiic papers, complete, published in the period 2011 to May 2016, the SciELO and LILACS databases, performed in a hospital environment, addressing errors in preparation and administration of medication by nurses and in Portuguese language. After application of the inclusion criteria obtained a sample of 7 articles. Results: The main errors identiied in the pr eparation and administration of medication were wrong dose 71.4%, wrong time 71.4%, 57.2% dilution inadequate, incorrect selection of the patient 42.8% and 42.8% via inadequate. The factors that were most commonly reported by the nursing staff, as the cause of the error was the lack of human appeal 57.2%, inappropriate locations for the preparation of medication 57.2%, the presence of noise and low brightness in preparation location 57, 2%, professionals untrained 42.8%, fatigue and stress 42.8% and inattention 42.8%. Conclusions: The literature shows a high error rate in the preparation and administration of medication for various reasons, making it important that preventive measures of this occurrence are implemented.

Quality of life in institutionalized elderly undergoing an active aging program

Living with quality is a growing concern of the old population. There is an increasing institutionalization of the elderly, and it is in this context that active aging programs assume relevance, allowing the elderly the contact with experiences that allow them to age with quality of life, by maintaining their autonomy and promoting their physical, mental and emotional well-being. This study aims to assess the quality of life of institutionalized elderly undergoing to an active aging program. Methods: We have developed a semi-experimental study that considers the quantitative methodology in which the following instruments were used to measure the quality of life: Eurohis-Qol-8 (Pereira, Melo, Gameiro, & Canavarro, 2011) and Whoqol-Old (Vilar et al., 2010), to which sociodemographic and clinical questions were added. Assessments were made in two different moments, before and after the intervention program, in a sample of 37 institutionalized elderly. Results: Concerning the assessment of quality of life related to health (Eurohis-Qol-8), significant higher scores were obtained in the second moment (p = 0.004). Regarding the quality of life related to the elderly significant better scores were also obtained in the second assessment (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that using either of the measuring scales of Eurohis-Qol-8 or Whoqol-old, there is a perceived improvement in quality of life in those using the active aging program. Thus, institutionalized elderly must be the main target in the design and implementation of active aging programs.

Sleep quality and stress levels among higher education students

A good night sleep enables to achieve physical and mental wellbeing (Paiva, 2015). The preservation of sleep quality is paramount as who sleeps well has a high adaptation capacity to adverse circumstances such as stress and anxiety, amongst others. There is an impacting relationship between reduced sleeping hours and high levels of anxiety, depression and stress (Pinto et al., 2012). Measure the sleep quality and stress levels amongst higher education students.Quantitative study with a descriptive-correlational and transversal design. A socio-demographic record, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) from Ramalho (2008) and the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale (EADS-21) from Ribeiro, Honrado and Leal (2004) were applied. The sample included 358 students. 54% of the students present a bad sleep quality, go to bed on average at 1am, take about 19 minutes to fall asleep and sleep on average 7 hours effectively. Female students have a 48% higher probability of having bad sleep quality. Stress, anxiety and depression levels were considered disperse with stress presenting the higher average. The majority of the students that refer having a bad sleep quality present an average score of 6.57 on the stress scale being approximately double of the students that refer having a good sleep quality (3.35). Stress, anxiety and depression are positively and with statistic signiicance correlated to the sleep quality index where a higher score means worse sleep quality.

Knowledge about the rncci: an exploratory study about the perception of nursing students

The National Network of Continuing Care (RNCCI) was created in 2006 by Decree Law nr. 101/2006. Its mission is to supply adequate health and social care to all people who, independent of their age, are in a situation of dependence, and its action is articulated with the already existing health and social services, being a multidisciplinary team needed composed out of medical doctors, nurses, social workers and psychologists. Given the aforementioned it’s pertinent to perform research, with nurses and nursing students, about this new valence of care.

Engagement and labour stress in nursing

Engagement is a useful concept in the profession of nursing as it focuses on the positive dimension of human behaviour and visualizes the work context as a positive situation. Evaluate the stress and engagement levels on Portuguese and Spanish nurses and analyse the factors related to the stress and engagement levels in the two sample groups. Comparative exploratory study in a quantitative paradigm. Sample of 867 nurses (504 Portuguese, 363 Spanish), female 83.6% (78.6% Portugal, 90.6% Spain) and average age of 37. Portuguese (77.2%) and Spanish nurses (39.4%), work on average 40 hours per week. 60.6% and 57.7% of the Spanish and Portuguese respectively exercise their profession for 10 years. Sociodemographic questionnaire, the Pamela Gray-Toft’s Nursing Stress Scale (1981) and Schaufeli & Bakker’s Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (2003) were used. In what concerns Engagement there are statistically signiicant differences in the three dimensions, the p-value of the t-Student test were under 5%, highlighting the Spanish nurses for being more vigorous, dedicated and absorbed by their work: vigour, dedication and absorption. The sample of Portuguese nurses experience higher stress levels although the difference with Spanish nurses isn’t statistically signiicant. There are statistically signiicant differences between Portugal and Spain in “Lack of help from colleagues” and also in the psychological domain in general. The Spanish nurses feel more vigorous, dedicated and absorbed by their work. The Portuguese nurses perceive more psychological stress and mention having less help from colleagues.

Género en el marco de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres privadas de libertad

Introducción: La Política Nacional de Atención Integral a Salud de la Mujer, ejecutada por el Ministerio de Salud en 2005, se ocupa de la atención integral en diferentes contextos, como la situación de mujeres en prisión. Objetivo: Describir el perfil de las mujeres privadas de libertad de una prisión y discutir la situación salud sexual y reproductiva de estas mujeres. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, un enfoque cualitativo-cuantitativo, que trabajó con 34 mujeres en el sistema penitenciario y Montes Claros, Minas Gerais Pirapora, Brasil. Resultados: Entre las 34 mujeres se encontró que 27 (79,4%) tenían algún tipo de profesión antes de la detención. Las principales actividades fueron la "limpieza" y "vendedor", que configuran los trabajos que requieren el desarrollo de baja habilidad y prercibir bajos salarios. Entre los 22 participantes (64,7%) dijeron que eran marrones, 5 (14,7%) negro y 7 (20,6%) de color blanco. En un rango de edad de 30-35 años, lo que sugiere es que las mujeres están en edad productiva y reproductiva, con bajos niveles de educación y tener empleos/profesiones de bajos salarios. Los relatos recogidos en el grupo focal estas mujeres mantienen representaciones estereotipadas de la mujer definida por la emotividad, pasividad y dedicación a la familia. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que las diferencias de género en el ejercicio de la sexualidad y el hecho de que las mujeres quedan embarazadas, ponen barreras tanto a la realización de las visitas íntimas, como para el cuidado de los niños en los primeros seis meses después del parto.

Indicadores de asistencia en un clínica quirúrgica

Se objetivó caracterizar las hospitalizaciones ocurridas en la Clínica Quirúrgica de un hospital universitario del Centro Oeste de Brasil. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal, realizado a través de los registros en un total de 750 admisiones. La colecta fue de enero a mayo de 2011, con instrumento estructurado y validado. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Se encontró que la mayoría de los ingresos fue electiva (82,1%), con duración de la estancia hospitalaria entre dos y ocho días para el 82,2% de los ingresos. Al menos una intervención quirúrgica se registró en 85,9% de las hospitalizaciones y los médicos fueron los profesionales con una mayor participación en la evolución del paciente, mientras que la enfermera presentó registro de evaluación en 19,2% de las hospitalizaciones. Destaca la necesidad de los profesionales de repensar sus acciones a través de la atención de la salud y que las instituciones realicen la sistematización del proceso de evaluación de los indicadores clínicos en busca de la calidad y seguridad del paciente en la práctica clínica.

Significado de la anemia en las diferentes etapas de la vida

Resumen: La anemia presenta una elevada prevalência en las consultas de atención primaria y pediatría, y la ADH representa el 50% de todos los casos de anemia. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica y análisis descriptivo documental sobre etiopatogenia de la anemia ferropénica, las pruebas diagnósticas básicas para el estudio de la ADH y su significado, utilizando una temporalidad determinada en la búsqueda documental y criterios de inclusión atendiendo a las dimensiones que se analizan en el estudio: Nociones acerca del metabolismo del hierro. Nociones acerca de la hematopoyesis. Diagnóstico por el laboratorio y clasificación de las anemias. Clínica de la anemia ferropénica. Causas de la deficiencia de hierro. Resultados y conclusión: EL estudio documental efectuado nos presenta la existencia de publicaciones con contenidos sobre etiopatogenia de la anemia ferropénica, las pruebas diagnósticas básicas para el estudio de la ADH y su significado, evidenciando la importancia de este contenido para el profesional de enfermería en el área de la atención primaria y pediatría.

Objeção da consciência e aborto previsto em lei : vivências em um serviço público de saúde

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, 2015.

Relación entre el uso del antígeno prostático específico y tratamiento de bloqueo androgénico: un estudio ecológico

Objetivo: Determinar si un mayor número de determinaciones de antígeno prostático específico (nPSA) se asocia a un mayor número de tratamientos de bloqueo androgénico (nTBA). Diseño del estudio: Estudio transversal de tipo ecológico. Emplazamiento: Atención Primaria de ámbito provincial. Participantes: Facultativos titulares con al menos 1 año de permanencia en su plaza. Mediciones principales: Se determinó, para cada cupo de medicina de familia de la provincia de Ourense, el número de varones mayores de 50 años (V50) y su edad, nPSA y nTBA en 2012. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 113 médicos. La asociación entre nTBA y nPSA se analizó mediante correlación de Spearman. El nTBA se consideró variable dependiente en un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, incluyendo como covariables sexo del facultativo, ámbito de ejercicio, V50, edad de los pacientes y nPSA. Se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Se estudiaron 265 facultativos, 54,1 % varones. La media de V50 era 272,6 (DE: 68,6) y el nTBA era 8,5 (4,0) por cupo, siendo nPSA 90,9 (52,4)/año. Existía relación entre número de V50 y nPSA (Rho de Spearman=0,4; IC95 %: 0,3-0,7; p=0,01), así como entre nTBA y edad de V50 (Rho de Spearman=0,2; IC95 %: 0,04-0,31; p<0,001). Se demostró asociación entre nTBA y nPSA (Rho de Spearman=0,2; IC95 %: 0,04-0,31; p=0,01) y entre número de V50 y nTBA (Rho de Spearman 0,5; IC95 %: 0,75-0,84; p<0,001). La regresión lineal mostró relación entre nTBA y edad de los varones (p<0,001) y número de V50 (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Una mayor frecuencia de PSA no se sigue de un mayor diagnóstico de CP medido por el número de TBA instaurados, estando asociados a la edad y número de varones mayores de 50 años.

Incorporation of the Health Care System in the West

A reflection is made, from an interpretative perspective, on the historical evolution of health care in the West. It starts from the moment that this became a way to intervene the sick and an instrument for healing diseases, focusing on original documents and written sources which account for results of historical research, which range from XV century until today. To do this, it tries to understand the health care as an ideographic body of knowledge consisting of five pieces of a puzzle composed by: the state policy of hospitals accumulation implemented in Spain, the accumulation of medical practices in what is currently Germany, the hospital wards in England, the nosological rationality in France, and the US sanitizing machine; all these movements as producers of closely linked health care developments, that are nothing more than collective actions regulated by social norms around health.

Definición de patrones electrocardiográficos para su reconocimiento en una aplicación informática

Aprendizaje de la electrocardiografía para los alumnos de 3º y 4º de Medicina a partir de una biblioteca de electrocardiografía tutelada, creada en un proyecto de innovación y mejora de la calidad docente de 2013. Se trata de detallar los patrones electrocardiográficos reales de todas las alteraciones electrocardiográficas descritas para que puedan ser llevados a una aplicación gráfica de identificación para dispositivos móviles que diagnostique los electrocardiogramas mediante su escaneo.

Therapeutic education, the premise of adherence to the type 2 diabetes therapeutic regimen

Background: type 2 diabetes mellitus includes changes in lifestyle in its etiology of prevention, but the evidence is clear —even when people know what to do and what they want to do, they simply do not adopt adherence behaviors. Structured education will allow improving not only metabolic control, but also the adjustment process to a new situation of disease, as well as to develop the patient’s skills in order to make him the key manager of his illness. Objectives: To determine patients’ adherence to prescribed therapeutic regimens. Material and methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, non-experimental, descriptive, correlational study, with a sample of 102 people with type 2 diabetes, aged between 40 and 85 years old, mostly male (51.96%). The evaluation protocol included social-demographic and clinical questionnaire, Diabetes Self-care Scale and a questionnaire on Diabetes’ knowledge. We also used HbA1c in order to directly assess adherence. Results: It appears that there is no statistically signiicant correlation between socio-demographic variables such as gender and age and adherence. Variables, such as blood glucose monitoring, speciic diet compliance and knowledge, reveal a statistically signiicant effect on adherence (P < .05). Conclusion: The evidence is clear on the urgent need to recognize the importance of measuring patient adherence to a diabetes treatment plan for the maintenance of glycaemic control. We suggest the reinforcement of educational programs in people with type 2 diabetes so as to improve adherence to self-care.