Étude du régulateur transcriptionnel AtWhy1 chez Arabidopsis thaliana

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Cell Fate Specification and the Regulation of RNA-dependent DNA Methylation in the Arabidopsis Root Meristem

<p>The Arabidopsis root apical meristem (RAM) is a complex tissue capable of generating all the cell types that ultimately make up the root. The work presented in this thesis takes advantage of the versatility of high-throughput sequencing to address two independent questions about the root meristem. Although a lot of information is known regarding the cell fate decisions that occur at the RAM, cortex specification and differentiation remain poorly understood. In the first part of this thesis, I used an ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized marker line to perform a forward genetics screen. The goal of this screen was to identify novel genes involved in the specification and differentiation of the cortex tissue. Mapping analysis from the results obtained in this screen revealed a new allele of BRASSINOSTEROID4 with abnormal marker expression in the cortex tissue. Although this allele proved to be non-cortex specific, this project highlights new technology that allows mapping of EMS-generated mutations without the need to map-cross or back-cross. In the second part of this thesis, using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) coupled with high throughput sequencing, my collaborators and I generated single-base resolution whole genome DNA methylomes, mRNA transcriptomes, and smallRNA transcriptomes for six different populations of cell types in the Arabidopsis root meristem. We were able to discover that the columella is hypermethylated in the CHH context within transposable elements. This hypermethylation is accompanied by upregulation of the RNA-dependent DNA methylation pathway (RdDM), including higher levels of 24-nt silencing RNAs (siRNAs). In summary, our studies demonstrate the versatility of high-throughput sequencing as a method for identifying single mutations or to perform complex comparative genomic analyses.</p>

Étude du régulateur transcriptionnel AtWhy1 chez Arabidopsis thaliana

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Arabidopsis MYC transcription factors are the target of hormonal salicylic acid/jasmonic acid cross talk in response to Pieris brassicae egg extract.

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants recognize insect eggs and activate the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. As a consequence, expression of defense genes regulated by the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway is suppressed and larval performance is enhanced. Cross talk between defense signaling pathways is common in plant-pathogen interactions, but the molecular mechanism mediating this phenomenon is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that egg-induced SA/JA antagonism works independently of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor ORA59, which controls the ERF branch of the JA pathway. In addition, treatment with egg extract did not enhance expression or stability of JASMONATE ZIM-domain transcriptional repressors, and SA/JA cross talk did not involve JASMONATE ASSOCIATED MYC2-LIKEs, which are negative regulators of the JA pathway. Investigating the stability of MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4, three basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that additively control jasmonate-related defense responses, we found that egg extract treatment strongly diminished MYC protein levels in an SA-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identified WRKY75 as a novel and essential factor controlling SA/JA cross talk. These data indicate that insect eggs target the MYC branch of the JA pathway and uncover an unexpected modulation of SA/JA antagonism depending on the biological context in which the SA pathway is activated.

Control lumínico de la respuesta al ácido jasmónico (JA) en plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana

Al monitorear los cambios en el ambiente lumínico, las plantas pueden obtener información acerca de la proximidad de las plantas vecinas. Los jasmonatos (JAs) son reguladores lipídicos que juegan un papel central en el control de las respuestas de defensa frente a patógenos y plagas, así como también en la regulación de los procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo. Una disminución en la relación rojo: rojo lejano (R:RL) de la luz representa una señal de competencia para las plantas terrestres. Esta señal es detectada por el fotorreceptor fitocromo B (phyB) y, entre otras cosas, induce la aceleración del crecimiento y elongación y reprime la expresión de defensas de las plantas. Los efectos de las bajas relaciones R:RL sobre el sistema de defensas están mediados, al menos en parte, a través de una reducción en la señalización de los JAs. En esta tesis doctoral se pretende avanzar en la comprensión de los mecanismos que controlan el efecto de R:RL y phyB en las respuestas a JA en Arabidopsis thaliana. Se postulan posibles mecanismos mediante los cuales la inactivación del phyB por bajas relaciones R:RL produce la disminución en la sensibilidad de la vía de los JAs. Para este fin, he combinado un enfoque genético con el uso de herramientas fisiológicas, bioquímicas y moleculares para estudiar los efectos de la calidad de la luz sobre los componentes críticos de la vía de señalización de JA. Los resultados presentados en esta tesis demuestran que el efecto de las bajas relaciones R:RL, provocando una disminución de la sensibilidad a JA, requiere de la proteína JA-ZIM domain 10(JAZ10). También demostramos que la degradación de las proteínas DELLA (mediada por el aumento en la actividad de giberelinas (GAs) ), es necesaria para que se manifieste la represión de la vía de JA en condiciones de bajas relaciones R:RL. Por último, los resultados sugieren que, además de este efecto bien caracterizado de las GAs sobre la señalización de JA, mediado por la degradación de las proteínas DELLAs, GA reprime las respuestas de defensa por un nuevo mecanismo. En este mecanismo, GA aumenta la estabilidad de la JAZ10 y retarda la degradación de esta proteína inducida por JA.

FACS-based purification of Arabidopsis microspores, sperm cells and vegetative nuclei

Background: The male germline in flowering plants differentiates by asymmetric division of haploid uninucleated microspores, giving rise to a vegetative cell enclosing a smaller generative cell, which eventually undergoes a second mitosis to originate two sperm cells. The vegetative cell and the sperm cells activate distinct genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to control pollen tube growth and germ cell specification, respectively. Therefore, a comprehensive characterization of these processes relies on efficient methods to isolate each of the different cell types throughout male gametogenesis. Results: We developed stable transgenic Arabidopsis lines and reliable purification tools based on Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) in order to isolate highly pure and viable fractions of each cell/nuclei type before and after pollen mitosis. In the case of mature pollen, this was accomplished by expressing GFP and RFP in the sperm and vegetative nuclei, respectively, resulting in 99% pure sorted populations. Microspores were also purified by FACS taking advantage of their characteristic small size and autofluorescent properties, and were confirmed to be 98% pure. Conclusions: We provide simple and efficient FACS-based purification protocols for Arabidopsis microspores, vegetative nuclei and sperm cells. This paves the way for subsequent molecular analysis such as transcriptomics, DNA methylation analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation, in the developmental context of microgametogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Expression-based and co-localization detection of arabinogalactan protein 6 and arabinogalactan protein 11 interactors in Arabidopsis pollen and pollen tubes

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are cell wall proteoglycans that have been shown to be important for pollen development. An Arabidopsis double null mutant for two pollen-specific AGPs (agp6 agp11) showed reduced pollen tube growth and compromised response to germination cues in vivo. A microarray experiment was performed on agp6 agp11 pollen tubes to search for genetic interactions in the context of pollen tube growth. A yeast two-hybrid experiment for AGP6 and AGP11 was also designed.