Adaptation of Root Function by Nutrient-Induced Plasticity of Endodermal Differentiation.

Plant roots forage the soil for minerals whose concentrations can be orders of magnitude away from those required for plant cell function. Selective uptake in multicellular organisms critically requires epithelia with extracellular diffusion barriers. In plants, such a barrier is provided by the endodermis and its Casparian strips-cell wall impregnations analogous to animal tight and adherens junctions. Interestingly, the endodermis undergoes secondary differentiation, becoming coated with hydrophobic suberin, presumably switching from an actively absorbing to a protective epithelium. Here, we show that suberization responds to a wide range of nutrient stresses, mediated by the stress hormones abscisic acid and ethylene. We reveal a striking ability of the root to not only regulate synthesis of suberin, but also selectively degrade it in response to ethylene. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in suberization constitute physiologically relevant, adaptive responses, pointing to a pivotal role of the endodermal membrane in nutrient homeostasis.

Le sentiment de gratitude en soins palliatifs : un facteur contribuant au bien-être et à la qualité de vie ? [Gratitude in palliative care: is it a psychological factor contributing to well-being and quality of life?]

En s'appuyant sur la littérature scientifique et l'état de la recherche, cet article a pour objectif de montrer pourquoi la prise en compte du sentiment de gratitude peut s'avérer utile dans le contexte palliatif en mettant en évidence dans quelle mesure cette émotion ou disposition individuelle: 1) entre en résonance avec le concept de croissance posttraumatique et certains enjeux relationnels chez les patients en fin de vie; 2) représente un facteur favorisant le bien-être et la qualité de vie; 3) peut être considérée comme un facteur protecteur contre les troubles psychopathologiques. Based on the scientific literature and the state of research, this article aims to show why the feeling of gratitude may represent a point of interest for palliative care. We will highlight the following in this article: 1) why this feeling of gratitude resonates with the concept of post-traumatic growth and relational challenges in end-of-life patients; 2) in which measure this feeling represents a factor contributing to well-being and quality of life; 3) in which measure this feeling may be considered as a protective factor against psychopathological troubles.

Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult Humans.

Current obesity prevention strategies recommend increasing daily physical activity, assuming that increased activity will lead to corresponding increases in total energy expenditure and prevent or reverse energy imbalance and weight gain [1-3]. Such Additive total energy expenditure models are supported by exercise intervention and accelerometry studies reporting positive correlations between physical activity and total energy expenditure [4] but are challenged by ecological studies in humans and other species showing that more active populations do not have higher total energy expenditure [5-8]. Here we tested a Constrained total energy expenditure model, in which total energy expenditure increases with physical activity at low activity levels but plateaus at higher activity levels as the body adapts to maintain total energy expenditure within a narrow range. We compared total energy expenditure, measured using doubly labeled water, against physical activity, measured using accelerometry, for a large (n = 332) sample of adults living in five populations [9]. After adjusting for body size and composition, total energy expenditure was positively correlated with physical activity, but the relationship was markedly stronger over the lower range of physical activity. For subjects in the upper range of physical activity, total energy expenditure plateaued, supporting a Constrained total energy expenditure model. Body fat percentage and activity intensity appear to modulate the metabolic response to physical activity. Models of energy balance employed in public health [1-3] should be revised to better reflect the constrained nature of total energy expenditure and the complex effects of physical activity on metabolic physiology.

Adaptation and validation of the Spanish Version of the 'Survey Work-Home Interaction-NijmeGen' (SWING) to Spanish speaking countries

The purpose of this study is the adaptation and validation of the"Survey Work-Home Interaction NijmeGen" (SWING) developed by Geurts and colleagues to Spanish speaking countries (SWING-SSC). In order to analyze the questionnaire"s psychometric properties, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out with a sample of 203 employees from various Spanish-speaking countries. Criterion related validity was tested by examining correlations between the SWING-SSC, and the theoretically relevant variables: health, role conflict, role clarity and supervisor support. Finally, reliability was tested analyzing the internal consistency of the scales. The analyses carried out indicate that SWING-SSC has good psychometric properties. In addition, the present results support the relation of the construct with health, role conflict, role clarity, and supervisor support. This study offers evidence for a sound work-life balance measure that contributes to the encouragement adequate conditions in the workplace, to reduce the conflict between the two spheres of professional and personal life, and to enhance positive relationships.

Procesos oncológicos y afectación de la imagen corporal

El cáncer es una enfermedad de elevada incidencia que puede desencadenar diferentes modificaciones que afectan a la autopercepción de la imagen corporal y comprometer la calidad de vida del individuo. Objetivos: Analizar los cambios corporales que se derivan del proceso oncológico y de los tratamientos aplicables. Por otro lado, se pretende averiguar cómo repercuten dichos cambios en la calidad de vida del paciente, identificar las consecuencias psicológicas y analizar las posibles intervenciones enfermeras. Material y métodos: Revisión de la literatura a través de la consulta de diferentes bases de datos. Resultados: La localización del tumor es un factor atribuible a la afectación de la imagen corporal, siendo los tumores más visibles los que comportan un mayor impacto en el individuo. Por otro lado, los diferentes tratamientos antineoplásicos así como la propia progresión del proceso tumoral conllevan, en muchos casos, cambios importantes en la apariencia física del paciente que afectan a su bienestar psicológico. La enfermera tiene un papel primordial en la identificación y manejo de problemas relacionados con la imagen corporal de los pacientes oncológicos. Establecer una relación terapéutica basada en la confianza, ofrecer apoyo emocional, así como orientar sobre posibles recursos para disminuir el impacto de los cambios físicos, son algunas de las intervenciones que este colectivo puede realizar para mejorar la autoestima y facilitar la aceptación de la nueva imagen corporal. Conclusiones: Los cambios corporales derivados del proceso neoplásico o sus tratamientos provocan un fuerte impacto emocional en el paciente y alteran su calidad de vida. Por este motivo, es aconsejable la aplicación de medidas dirigidas a favorecer la adaptación del paciente a su nueva apariencia física, a través de una atención integral y personalizada. Palabras clave: imagen corporal, cáncer, cirugía, quimioterapia, calidad de vida, anorexia-caquexia.

« En fonction de la prise de Méthadone® maternelle peut-on prévoir l'outcome et l'adaptation néonatale, ainsi que la survenue d'un sevrage néonatal, sa durée et le développement à court terme de l'enfant ? »

Objectif : Abstract Le but de cette étude consiste à étudier un éventuel lien entre le dosage du traitement de substitution par la Méthadone® pendant la grossesse et les issues obstétricales (rupture prématurée des membranes, menace d'accouchement prématuré), ainsi que néonatales (telles que le retard de croissance intrautérin, l'adaptation néonatale, le sevrage néonatal aux opiacés et l'hypoglycémie néonatale). Nous évaluerons également le développement psychomoteur de l'enfant à court terme (jusqu'à 18 mois de vie) via l'échelle de Griffiths. Méthode : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective sur 50 femmes enceintes sous Méthadone® suivies au CHUV et ayant accouché entre les années 2000 et 2010, ainsi que sur leurs enfants suivis par l'Unité du Développement du CHUV et évalués moyennant l'échelle du développement psychomoteur appelée Griffiths (il s'agit de 26 enfants entre 6-9 mois et 20 entre 18-19 mois). Pour ce faire, nous avons parcouru les différentes archives du CHUV (informatiques et papiers) dans un premier temps. Ces données ont été ensuite saisies dans un tableau Excel avant d'être analysées via STATA. Résumé des résultats : En fonction du dosage de la Méthadone®, 27% (dose plus faible) à 47 % (dose plus élevée) des femmes de notre collectif accouchent prématurément (p = 0.139). 48 % de leurs nouveau-nés présentent un retard de croissance intra-utérin (RCIU). Ce risque est d'autant plus élevé que la Méthadone est faiblement dosée (p = 0.073). Inversement au RCIU, le risque d'hypoglycémie néonatale croît avec la dose maternelle de Méthadone® (p = 0.148). La survenue du syndrome de sevrage néonatal aux opiacés ainsi que sa durée sont significativement plus importantes lorsque le dosage maternel de Méthadone est élevé (p = 0.022 ; p = 0.0118) ou lors de la prise concomitante de benzodiazépines (p = 0.004 ; p = 0.0129). La prise d'autres substances illicites a elle aussi tendance à prolonger le sevrage (p = 0.065). Entre 6-9 mois de vie, il y a plus de microcéphalie (périmètre crânien inférieur au P10) lorsque les enfants reçoivent une dose plus faible in utéro (p = 0.005). Le développement psychomoteur est quant à lui plus favorable lorsque le traitement de substitution est fortement dosé (p = 0.039) et que l'enfant vit chez sa mère biologique (p = 0.050) ou bénéficie d'un contact maternel régulier (p = 0.008). L'effet du dosage de la Méthadone® (p = 0.683) et du lieu de vie (p = 0.211) sur le développement psychomoteur ont néanmoins tendance à s'estomper entre 18-19 mois de vie. Conclusions : Bien qu'un traitement de substitution par la Méthadone hautement dosé augmente la survenue et la durée du syndrome de sevrage néonatal aux opiacés, il y a maintenant des indices pour un meilleur outcome de l'enfant lorsque la substitution est importante (moins de RCIU, de microcéphalie et un développement psychomoteur plus favorable). A propos de l'issue néonatale, tous les enfants nés de mères toxicodépendantes semblent être à risque d'hypoglycémie néonatale. Implications pratiques : Il serait désormais préférable d'augmenter les doses de substitution des futures mères toxicomanes d'autant plus lorsque celles-ci le réclament et tous leurs enfants devraient bénéficier d'une alimentation précoce et de contrôles glycémiques, même s'ils sont eutrophiques.

Type II aromatic polyketide biosynthetic tailoring enzymes: diversity and adaptation in Streptomyces secondary metabolism.

Members of the bacterial genus Streptomyces are well known for their ability to produce an exceptionally wide selection of diverse secondary metabolites. These include natural bioactive chemical compounds which have potential applications in medicine, agriculture and other fields of commerce. The outstanding biosynthetic capacity derives from the characteristic genetic flexibility of Streptomyces secondary metabolism pathways: i) Clustering of the biosynthetic genes in chromosome regions redundant for vital primary functions, and ii) the presence of numerous genetic elements within these regions which facilitate DNA rearrangement and transfer between non-progeny species. Decades of intensive genetic research on the organization and function of the biosynthetic routes has led to a variety of molecular biology applications, which can be used to expand the diversity of compounds synthesized. These include techniques which, for example, allow modification and artificial construction of novel pathways, and enable gene-level detection of silent secondary metabolite clusters. Over the years the research has expanded to cover molecular-level analysis of the enzymes responsible for the individual catalytic reactions. In vitro studies of the enzymes provide a detailed insight into their catalytic functions, mechanisms, substrate specificities, interactions and stereochemical determinants. These are factors that are essential for the thorough understanding and rational design of novel biosynthetic routes. The current study is a part of a more extensive research project (Antibiotic Biosynthetic Enzymes; www.sci.utu.fi/projects/biokemia/abe), which focuses on the post-PKS tailoring enzymes involved in various type II aromatic polyketide biosynthetic pathways in Streptomyces bacteria. The initiative here was to investigate specific catalytic steps in anthracycline and angucycline biosynthesis through in vitro biochemical enzyme characterization and structural enzymology. The objectives were to elucidate detailed mechanisms and enzyme-level interactions which cannot be resolved by in vivo genetic studies alone. The first part of the experimental work concerns the homologous polyketide cyclases SnoaL and AknH. These catalyze the closure of the last carbon ring of the tetracyclic carbon frame common to all anthracycline-type compounds. The second part of the study primarily deals with tailoring enzymes PgaE (and its homolog CabE) and PgaM, which are responsible for a cascade of sequential modification reactions in angucycline biosynthesis. The results complemented earlier in vivo findings and confirmed the enzyme functions in vitro. Importantly, we were able to identify the amino acid -level determinants that influence AknH and SnoaL stereoselectivity and to determine the complex biosynthetic steps of the angucycline oxygenation cascade of PgaE and PgaM. In addition, the findings revealed interesting cases of enzyme-level adaptation, as some of the catalytic mechanisms did not coincide with those described for characterised homologs or enzymes of known function. Specifically, SnoaL and AknH were shown to employ a novel acid-base mechanism for aldol condenzation, whereas the hydroxylation reaction catalysed by PgaM involved unexpected oxygen chemistry. Owing to a gene-level fusion of two ancestral reading frames, PgaM was also shown to adopt an unusual quaternary sturucture, a non-covalent fusion complex of two alternative forms of the protein. Furthermore, the work highlighted some common themes encountered in polyketide biosynthetic pathways such as enzyme substrate specificity and intermediate reactivity. These are discussed in the final chapters of the work.

Inbreeding and thermal adaptation in Drosophila subobscura

Using a well-adapted Drosophila subobscura population (Avala, Serbia), a drastic experiment of inbreeding was carried out to assess whether the expected level of homozygosity could be reached or if other evolutionary forces affected the process. In general, no significant changes of inversion (or arrangement) frequencies were detected after 12 brother sister mating generations. Furthermore, no significant differences were obtained between observed and expected (under the inbreeding model) karyotypic frequencies. Thus, these results seemed to indicate that the main evolutionary factor in the experiment was inbreeding. However, in the G12 generation, complete chromosomal fixation was reached only in two out of the eight final inbred lines. In these lines, the chromosomal compositions were difficult to interpret, but they could be likely a consequence of adaptation to particular laboratory conditions (constant 18 °C, food, light period, etc.). Finally, in a second experiment, the inbred lines presented higher fertility at 18 °C than at 13 °C. Also, there was a significant line effect on fertility: inbred line number 6 (A1, J1, U1+2; U1+2+6, E8, and O3+4+7) presented the highest values, which maybe the result of an adaptation to laboratory conditions. Thus, the results obtained in our experiments reflect the adaptive potential of D. subobscura inversions.

Escala de satisfacción con el tratamiento recibido (CRES-4): la versión en español

The satisfaction of consumers and users with the products and services is an issue that in recent years has been taking more and more importance and now it even reaches psychotherapy. This paper presents the Spanish adaptation of the Consumer Reports Effectiveness Scale (CRES-4)consisting of four items designed to evaluate whether patients are satisfied with the therapy they have received and if it has been perceived as effective or not. Its global score is intended to reflect treatment effectiveness as percived by the patient. Existing studies suggest that the CRES-4 is a good complementary tool to judge, in particular, satisfaction with treatment received.

És possible l'espai europeu d'educació superior?: l'ensenyament de la psicologia al Institute of Psychological Sciences de la Universitat de Leeds

L'Espai Europeu d'Educació Superior s'ha convertit en un repte, un desafiament que implica assolir una convergència de titulacions universitàries equivalents. Per això es requereix una modificació del tradicional ensenyament, en el nostre cas, de la psicologia. En aquest article s'examina l'ensenyament de la psicologia al Institute of Psychological Sciences de la Universitat de Leeds (metodologia docent; avaluació i contingut curricular)

Psychological and Family Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation in Pre-Adolescents

To assess the psychological and family factors associated with suicidal ideation in preadolescent children, we studied a sample of 361 students, average age 9 years old. Twogroups were formed, on the basis of the presence (n = 34) or absence (n = 44) of suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was assessed with the Children’s Depression Inventory and the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised. Depression, hopelessness, self-esteem, and perceived family environment were compared in both the suicidal ideation and the control groups. Students with suicidal ideation generally presented greater depressive symptoms and hopelessness, and lower self-esteem and family expressiveness, although there weredifferences both between sexes, and when the variable depression was controlled. Identifying these risk factors in pre-adolescents may have an impact on prevention of suicidal behavior at higher risk ages

Environmental adaptation of the source of the subbasin of Rico Stream, Monte Alto - SP, Brazil

The aim of this study was to define the photographic patterns that represent the use and occupation of the landcover of the "spring" of the Rico Stream subbasin, located at Monte Alto, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, for environmental adaptation regarding the Brazilian Forest Law. The mapping was performed using remote sensing techniques and visual interpretation of the World View image, followed by the digitalization of the net of drainage and vegetation (natural and agricultural) at the AutoCad software with documents and field work. The study area has 2141.53 ha and the results demonstrated that the main crop is sugarcane with 546.34 ha, followed by 251.22 ha of pastures, 191.71 ha of perennial crops, 57.31 ha of Eucalyptus and 49.52 ha of onion, confirming the advance of sugarcane culture in the region. The region has 375.04 ha of areas of permanent preservation (APPs), and of this area it was found that only 72.17 ha (19.24%) has arboreal vegetation or natural forest, and 302.87 ha of these areas need to be enriched and reforested with native vegetation from the region, according to the current legislation. The data of the area enable future proposals of models for environmental adaptation to the microbasin according to the current environmental legislation.