Pyrolysis of 3-carene: Experiment, Theory and Modeling

Thermal decomposition studies of 3-carene, a bio-fuel, have been carried out behind the reflected shock wave in a single pulse shock tube for temperature ranging from 920 K to 1220 K. The observed products in thermal decomposition of 3-carene are acetylene, allene, butadiene, isoprene, cyclopentadiene, hexatriene, benzene, toluene and p-xylene. The overall rate constant for 3-carene decomposition was found to be k/s(-1) = 10((9.95 +/- 0.54)) exp(-40.88 +/- 2.71 kcal mol(-1) /RT). Ab-initio theoretical calculations were carried out to find the minimum energy pathway that could explain the formation of the observed products in the thermal decomposition experiments. These calculations were carried out at B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) and G3 level of theories. A kinetic mechanism explaining the observed products in the thermal decomposition experiments has been derived. It is concluded that the linear hydrocarbons are the primary products in the pyrolysis of 3-carene.

Experimental Studies of the Material Properties of the Forewing of Cicada (Homoptera, Cicadidae)

Detailed investigations on the structural and mechanical properties of the forewing of the cicada were carried out. Measurement of the structures of the wings showed that the thickness of the membrane of each cell and the diameter of each vein were non-uniform in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, and their means were approximately 12.2 and 133.3 mum, respectively. However, the aspect ratios of the wings and the bodies were quite uniform and were approximately equal to 2.98 and 2.13, respectively. Based on the measured thickness, mass and area of the membranes of the cells, the mean density and the mean area density of the wing were approximately 2.3 g cm(-3) and 2.8 x 10(-3) g cm(-2), respectively. In addition, the diameters of the veins of the wings, including the diameters of the holes in the vein of the leading edge, were examined. The mechanical properties of the wing were investigated separately by nanoindentation and tensile testing. The results indicated that the mean Young's modulus, hardness and yield stress of the membranes of the wings were approximately 3.7 Gpa, 0.2 Gpa and 29 Mpa, respectively, and the mean Young's modulus and strength of the veins along the direction of the venation of wings were approximately 1.9 Gpa and 52 Mpa, respectively. Finally, the relevant results were briefly analyzed and discussed, providing a guideline to the biomimetic design of the aerofoil materials of micro air vehicles.

Evaluaci��n de la diversidad de macroinvertebrados ed��ficos en cinco microcuencas del R��o Estel�� y R��o Viejo Nicaragua

En investigaci��n se determin�� la densidad, n��mero de familia y composici��n de familias de macroinvertebrados encontradas en tres microcuencas de la Subcuenca del R��o Estel�� y dos microcuenca de la Subcuenca del R��o Viejo. En el marco del proyecto UNA/CARE/MARENA/PIMCHAS, 2010. Al mismo tiempo se realiz�� comparaci��n de la densidad con respecto al uso de suelo. De igual manera, se determin�� el cambio de macroinvertebrados en tres profundidades de muestreo (hojarasca, 1 -10cmy 10-25cm) y se agruparon por sus h��bitos alimenticios. Para la toma de datos se exploraron los macroinvertebrados en 171 monolitos de 20x20x25 cm repartidos en los sitios de acci��n del proyecto UNA-CARE-MARENA- PIMCHAS de las microcuencas El Coyote, Las Chichiguas, La Pita, La Laguneta y Tomab��. Los 2,920 individuos identificados se determinaron en 52 familias, 22 ��rdenes, 7 clases y 4 filums. El n��mero de familias y su composici��n no vari�� significativamente entre microcuencas ni entre sitios. Las familias que obtuvieron los mayores valores de abundancia en general fueron: Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Curculionidae, miembros de la clase Diplopoda- d, Formicidae y Scolopendridae. La densidad y el n��mero de familias no variaron significativamente en las tres profundidades estudiadas , pero s�� vari�� la composici��n de familias. Los individuos con h��bitos alimenticios fit��fagos y depredadores, adem��s de estar entre los grupos con m��s individuos por m2 , junto a los fung��voros y xil��fagos, tuvieron la mayor variedad de familias. Los usos de tierra en donde se reportaron los mayores n��meros de individuos por m 2 fueron de manera descendente: caf�� con sombra, bosque, granos b��sicos y pasto. El n��mero de familias no vari�� significativamente entre los usos, sin embargo la composici��n de familia si vari��.

Evaluaci��n del comportamiento agron��mico y la eficiencia de nitr��geno para doce lineas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) en el municipio de San Ram��n, Matagalpa

El presente experimento se estableci�� en la ��poca de postrera comprendida de Septiembre a Diciembre del 2003 con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento agron��mico y productivo de doce l��neas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) y un testigo local pinolero1, bajo las condiciones edafoclim��ticas del municipio de San Ram��n, departamento de Matagalpa a una elevaci��n de 650 msnm, con las coordenadas de 12�� 55'24" de latitud norte y 85�� 50'33" de longitud oeste, los suelos son de textura franco-arcillosa con un ph 6.63 y las temperaturas oscilaron entre 22-25.5 grados celcius El experimento se estableci�� utilizando un arreglo de parcelas divididas en dise��o de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones. El factor fertilizaci��n consta de la aplicaci��n de fondo de 72.75 g de completo de formula 12-30-10 ha-1, y dos niveles de fertilizaci��n nitrogenada 37.43 y 0 kg N ha-1 con Urea 46%, fraccionada en dos aplicaciones. Las variables a evaluarse fueron altura (cm), di��metro (cm), longitud de panoja (cm), longitud der��quis (cm), nitr��geno en biomasa (%), acumulaci��n de nitr��geno en biomasa (kg ha-1), nitr��geno en grano (%),acumulaci��n de nitr��geno en grano(kg ha-1), relaci��n de eficiencia (%), eficiencia fisiol��gica (%) y eficiencia de recuperaci��n (%). Los datos obtenidos de las variables evaluadas fueron sometido al an��lisis de varianza ANDEVA y separaci��n de medias por Tukey al 95% de confiabilidad (a = 0.05) los resultados reflejan que las variables evaluadas presentan diferencias significativas para ambos factores, (A) l��nea y (B) fertilizante y la ��nicas interacciones que se presentaron fueron di��metro del tallo a los 60 d��as despu��s de la siembra, materia seca y rendimiento de grano. Recomendamos las l��neas con los mayores rendimiento de grano que se presentaron con el nivel 37.43 kg N ha-1 sobre saliendo la l��nea JOCORO 3,451 kg ha-1 y con 0 kg N ha-1 fue ICSR_939 con 1,707 kg ha-1, para la variable de biomasa seca las l��neas que sobresalieron fueron ICSVLM_93077,93065 y RCV con 7,230, 7,100 y 6,920 kg ha-1 con el nivel 37.43 kg N ha-1 y para el nivel 0 kg N ha-1 fue la l��nea ICSVLM_93077 con 5,370 kg ha-1. Las l��neas que expresaron un mejor Uso Eficiente de Nitr��geno fueron ICSVLM_93074 con 99.1% de relaci��n de eficiencia, ICSVLM_93074 con 85.6% de eficiencia fisiol��gica y la l��nea SOBERANO con 111.9% de eficiencia de recuperaci��n.

El legado espiritual de Chiara Lubich : una m��stica de unidad para el tercer milenio

Resumen: Al cumplirse un a��o del fallecimiento de Chiara Lubich el pasado 14 de marzo de 2008, este art��culo se propone una memoria de su vida y sus ense��anzas. En la primera parte, se entrelazan su biograf��a y el nuevo carisma; en la segunda, se retoman los ejes centrales de su pensamiento siguiendo la obra La doctrina espiritual preparada por Michel Vanderleene ���editada en Buenos Aires en 2005���. La tercera parte, finalmente, ofrece una reflexi��n sobre un testimonio de Chiara Lubich hablando de nuestro Ideal: ���Sean una familia���. De este modo, quedan ilustrados los principales motivos que hacen del carisma de la unidad un legado sobresaliente de espiritualidad comunitaria para el siglo XXI.

Alberdi, sobre h��roes y empresarios

Resumen: El art��culo analiza la visi��n de Juan Bautista Alberdi sobre el rol del empresario en la sociedad, cuya idea fuera desarrollada por ��ste en el marco de la biograf��a que elabor�� sobre William Wheelwright ���un emprendedor que cre�� m��ltiples compa����as en Sudam��rica���. As��, los autores plantean las consideraciones propuestas por Alberdi sobre los empresarios, quienes ���para ��l��� son h��roes y los verdaderos generadores de progreso al movilizar los recursos en favor del desarrollo econ��mico.

PICES Press, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2000

The state of PICES science - 1999 The status of the Bering Sea: January - July, 1999 The state of the western North Pacific in the second half of 1998 The state of the eastern North Pacific since February 1999 MEQ/WG 8 Practical Workshop Michael M. Mullin - A biography Highlights of Eighth Annual Meeting Mechanism causing the variability of the Japanese sardine population: Achievements of the Bio-Cosmos Project in Japan Climate change, global warming, and the PICES mandate ��� The need for improved monitoring The new age of China-GLOBEC study GLOBEC activities in Korean waters Aspects of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)

Alexander Agassiz, 1835-1910

Biography with photograph

U.S. Caribbean fish trap fishery costs and earnings study

Executive Summary: This study describes the socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. Caribbean trap fishery that encompasses the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In-person interviews were administered to one hundred randomly selected trap fishermen, constituting nearly 25% of the estimated population. The sample was stratified by geographic area and trap tier. The number of traps owned or fished to qualify for a given tier varied by island. In Puerto Rico, tier I consisted of fishermen who had between 1-40 fish traps, tier II was made up of fishermen who possessed between 41 and 100 fish traps, and tier III consisted of fishermen who held in excess of 100 fish traps. In St. Thomas and St. John, tier I was composed of fishermen who held between 1 and 50 fish traps, tier II consisted of fishermen who had between 51-150 fish traps and tier III was made up of fishermen who had in excess of 150 fish traps. Lastly, in St. Croix, tier I was made up of fishermen who had less than 20 fish traps and tier II consisted of fishermen who had 20 or more fish traps. The survey elicited information on household demographics, annual catch and revenue, trap usage, capital investment on vessels and equipment, fixed and variable costs, behavioral response to a hypothetical trap reduction program and the spatial distribution of traps. The study found that 79% of the sampled population was 40 years or older. The typical Crucian trap fisherman was older than their Puerto Rican and St. Thomian and St. Johnian counterparts. Crucian fishermen���s average age was 57 years whereas Puerto Rican fishermen���s average age was 51 years, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen���s average age was 48 years. As a group, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 25 years of fishing experience, and Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen had 30, and 29 years, respectively. Overall, 90% of the households had at least one dependent. The average number of dependents across islands was even, ranging between 2.8 in the district of St. Thomas and St. John and 3.4 in the district of St. Croix. The percentage utilization of catch for personal or family use was relatively low. Regionally, percentage use of catch for personal or family uses ranged from 2.5% in St. Croix to 3.8% in the St. Thomas and St. John. About 47% of the respondents had a high school degree. The majority of the respondents were highly dependent on commercial fishing for their household income. In St. Croix, commercial fishing made up 83% of the fishermen���s total household income, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John and Puerto Rico it contributed 74% and 68%, respectively. The contribution of fish traps to commercial fishing income ranged from 51% in the lowest trap tier in St. Thomas and St. John to 99% in the highest trap tier in St. Croix. On an island basis, the contribution of fish traps to fishing income was 75% in St. Croix, 61% in St. Thomas and St. John, and 59% in Puerto Rico. The value of fully rigged vessels ranged from $400 to $250,000. Over half of the fleet was worth $10,000 or less. The St. Thomas and St. John fleet reported the highest mean value, averaging $58,518. The Crucian and Puerto Rican fleets were considerably less valuable, averaging $19,831 and $8,652, respectively. The length of the vessels ranged from 14 to 40 feet. Fifty-nine percent of the sampled vessels were at least 23 feet in length. The average length of the St. Thomas and St. John fleet was 28 feet, whereas the fleets based in St. Croix and Puerto Rico averaged 21 feet. The engine���s propulsion ranged from 8 to 400 horsepower (hp). The mean engine power was 208 hp in St. Thomas and St. John, 108 hp in St. Croix, and 77 hp in Puerto Rico. Mechanical trap haulers and depth recorders were the most commonly used on-board equipment. About 55% of the sampled population reported owning mechanical trap haulers. In St. Thomas and St. John, 100% of the respondents had trap haulers compared to 52% in Puerto Rico and 20% in St. Croix. Forty-seven percent of the fishermen surveyed stated having depth recorders. Depth recorders were most common in the St. Thomas and St. John fleet (80%) and least common in the Puerto Rican fleet (37%). The limited presence of emergency position indication radio beacons (EPIRBS) and radar was the norm among the fish trap fleet. Only 8% of the respondents had EPIRBS and only 1% had radar. Interviewees stated that they fished between 1 and 350 fish traps. Puerto Rican respondents fished on average 39 fish traps, in contrast to St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian respondents, who fished 94 and 27 fish traps, respectively. On average, Puerto Rican respondents fished 11 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian respondents fished 46 lobster traps. None of the Crucian respondents fished lobster traps. The number of fish traps built or purchased ranged between 0 and 175, and the number of lobster traps built or bought ranged between 0 and 200. Puerto Rican fishermen on average built or purchased 30 fish traps and 14 lobster traps, and St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen built or bought 30 fish traps and 11 lobster traps. Crucian fishermen built or bought 25 fish traps and no lobster traps. As a group, fish trap average life ranged between 1.3 and 5 years, and lobster traps lasted slightly longer, between 1.5 and 6 years. The study found that the chevron or arrowhead style was the most common trap design. Puerto Rican fishermen owned an average of 20 arrowhead traps. St. Thomian and St. Johnian and Crucian fishermen owned an average of 44 and 15 arrowhead fish traps, respectively. The second most popular trap design was the square trap style. Puerto Rican fishermen had an average of 9 square traps, whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen had 33 traps and Crucian fishermen had 2 traps. Antillean Z (or S) -traps, rectangular and star traps were also used. Although Z (or S) -traps are considered the most productive trap design, fishermen prefer the smaller-sized arrowhead and square traps because they are easier and less expensive to build, and larger numbers of them can be safely deployed. The cost of a fish trap, complete with rope and buoys, varied significantly due to the wide range of construction materials utilized. On average, arrowhead traps commanded $94 in Puerto Rico, $251 in St. Thomas and St. John, and $119 in St. Croix. The number of trips per week ranged between 1 and 6. However, 72% of the respondents mentioned that they took two trips per week. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen took 2.1 trips per week, St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen took 1.4 trips per week, and Crucian fishermen took 2.5 trips per week. Most fishing trips started at dawn and finished early in the afternoon. Over 82% of the trips lasted 8 hours or less. On average, Puerto Rican fishermen hauled 27 fish traps per trip whereas St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen and Crucian fishermen hauled 68 and 26 fish traps per trip, respectively. The number of traps per string and soak time varied considerably across islands. In St. Croix, 84% of the respondents had a single trap per line, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John only 10% of the respondents had a single trap per line. Approximately, 43% of Puerto Rican fishermen used a single trap line. St. Thomian and St. Johnian fishermen soaked their traps for 6.9 days while Puerto Rican and Crucian fishermen soaked their traps for 5.7 and 3.6 days, respectively. The heterogeneity of the industry was also evidenced by the various economic surpluses generated. The survey illustrated that higher gross revenues did not necessarily translate into higher net revenues. Our analysis also showed that, on average, vessels in the trap fishery were able to cover their cash outlays, resulting in positive vessel income (i.e., financial profits). In Puerto Rico, annual financial profits ranged from $4,760 in the lowest trap tier to $32,467 in the highest tier, whereas in St. Thomas and St. John annual financial profits ranged from $3,744 in the lowest tier to $13,652 in the highest tier. In St. Croix, annual financial profits ranged between $9,229 and $15,781. The survey also showed that economic profits varied significantly across tiers. Economic profits measure residual income after deducting the remuneration required to keep the various factors of production in their existing employment. In Puerto Rico, annual economic profits ranged from ($9,339) in the lowest trap tier to $ 8,711 in the highest trap tier. In St. Thomas and St. John, annual economic profits ranged from ($7,920) in the highest tier to ($18,486) in the second highest tier. In St. Croix, annual economic profits ranged between ($7,453) to $10,674. The presence of positive financial profits and negative economic profits suggests that higher economic returns could be earned from a societal perspective by redirecting some of these scarce capital and human resources elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, the presence of negative economic earnings is evidence that the fishery is overcapitalized and that steps need to be taken to ensure the long-run economic viability of the industry. The presence of positive financial returns provides managers with a window of opportunity to adopt policies that will strengthen the biological and economic performance of the fishery while minimizing any adverse impacts on local fishing communities. Finally, the document concludes by detailing how the costs and earnings information could be used to develop economic models that evaluate management proposals. (PDF contains 147 pages)

Distribuci��n y requerimientos ecol��gicos de la especie f��ngica Clathrus archeri

Clathrus archeri es una especie f��ngica al��ctona cada vez m��s habitual en nuestro territorio durante los ��ltimos a��os, por lo que se ha considerado necesario realizar un estudio de su situaci��n actual y su comportamiento en la CAPV, con el fin de valorar si se trata de una especie invasora. Se ha llevado a cabo un trabajo exhaustivo de recopilaci��n de datos bibliogr��ficos a partir de los cuales se han recogido 243 registros dispersos por todo el territorio. El estudio de dichos datos revela una gran expansi��n de C. archeri, desde su primera aparici��n en Billabona, por el Pa��s vasco y ��reas lim��trofes. Dada su capacidad para dispersarse y establecer un gran n��mero de nuevas poblaciones, Clathrus archeri ha pasado de ser una especie casual a ser una especie invasora. Esta especie saprobia presenta un amplio rango de requerimientos ecol��gicos limit��ndose a zonas con climas templados, caracterizados por precipitaciones abundantes todo el a��o, y evitando en todo caso la sequ��a estival. As��, Clathrus archeri ha sido encontrado tanto en lugares antropizados como en bosques aut��ctonos bien establecidos por lo que se considera importante realizar un seguimiento de esta especie y, debido al desconocimiento de su impacto sobre las comunidades nativas, estudiar su repercusi��n en los ecosistemas que coloniza.

PICES Press, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2009

Major Outcomes from the 2008 PICES Annual Meeting: A Note from the Chairman (pdf, 0.1 Mb) PICES Science ��� 2008 (pdf, 0.1 Mb) 2008 PICES Awards (pdf, 0.3 Mb) Charles B. Miller ��� A Selective Biography (pdf, 0.4 Mb) Latest and Upcoming PICES Publications (pdf, 0.1 Mb) 2008 OECOS Workshop in Dalian (pdf, 0.2 Mb) PICES Calendar (pdf, 0.1 Mb) 2008 PICES Workshop on ���Climate Scenarios for Ecosystem Modeling (II)��� (pdf, 0.1 Mb) PICES/ESSAS Workshop on ���Marine Ecosystem Model Inter-Comparisons��� (pdf, 0.2 Mb) Highlights of the PICES Seventeenth Annual Meeting (pdf, 0.5 Mb) 2008 PICES Summer School on ���Ecosystem-Based Management��� (pdf, 0.3 Mb) 4th PICES Workshop on ���The Okhotsk Sea and Adjacent Areas��� (pdf, 0.2 Mb) PICES WG 21 Rapid Assessment Surveys (pdf, 0.4 Mb) PICES Interns (pdf, 0.3 Mb) PICES @ Oceans in a High CO2 World (pdf, 0.1 Mb) Coping with Global Change in Marine Social���Ecological Systems: An International Symposium (pdf, 0.1 Mb) The State of the Western North Pacific in the First Half of 2008 (pdf, 1.3 Mb) State of the Northeast Pacific through 2008 (pdf, 0.3 Mb) The Bering Sea: Current Status and Recent Events (pdf, 0.2 Mb) An Opinion Born of Years of Observing Timeseries Observations (pdf, 0.1 Mb) New Chairman for the PICES Fishery Science Committee (pdf, 0.1 Mb)

Arte e industria. Influencia de las formas industriales en el arte del siglo XX (1.900-1.945)

533 p. : il.

Un in��dito de Orixe : el contenido espiritual de la Espa��a nacionalista (1938)

[ES] Estudio y edici��n de un texto desconocido de Orixe en el que, a partir de un episodio autobiogr��fico ���la delaci��n de la que fue objeto en mayo de 1938 y su consiguiente huida al otro lado de la frontera���, trata de mostrar la falsedad del catolicismo de los sublevados en 1936 y la superioridad moral de los nacionalistas vascos. Este nuevo ensayo de Orixe aporta algunas precisiones sobre su biograf��a pero, sobre todo, constituye un texto ��nico en su bibliograf��a ���pr��ximo, sin embargo, a algunos pasajes de Quiton arrebarekin��� en la medida en que recoge una reflexi��n extensa y sistem��tica sobre una cuesti��n entonces crucial para el nacionalismo vasco.