La relación del arte y la política en el teatro feminista: un estudio del quehacer teatral del Colectivo Huitaca

El presente trabajo expone la relación del arte y la política por medio de la investigación sobre el teatro feminista, específicamente el quehacer teatral del Colectivo Huitaca, un grupo popular de teatro feminista de la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar en Bogotá. Se analiza el teatro feminista, el teatro de género y el teatro de mujeres como subgéneros particulares del teatro como expresión artística. El teatro feminista se estudia como propuesta crítica al orden sociosimbólico patriarcal, el teatro de género refiere la re-presentación de las relaciones entre los géneros, el poder que subyace en ellas y las formas como se ha construido lo femenino y lo masculino; por su parte el teatro de mujeres replantea también de manera crítica la condición y posición de las mujeres en una cultura androcéntrica y heterosexista. El teatro de género, de mujeres y feminista coincide en el tratamiento crítico -a través de recursos dramatúrgicos- a los estereotipos de género, el patriarcado, las feminidades, las masculinidades, las relaciones de poder. En el contexto del Nuevo Teatro en Colombia se indaga por las particularidades del quehacer teatral de las mujeres, las propuestas dramatúrgicas, el carácter político de las obras y el aporte que se hace tanto a la práctica y al concepto clásico del teatro, como al feminismo como práctica política y teoría práctica.

Las condiciones de detención penitenciaria en el Ecuador

Elaborado por la Comisión Ecuménica de Derechos Humanos (CEDHU). Presentado ante el Relator sobre situación penitenciaria de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH). Autor: César Duque. Analiza el período del año 2009. Diciembre de 2009.

Políticos, militares y ciudadanos: un análisis de las caídas presidenciales en Ecuador (1997-2005)

De 1997 a 2005 tres presidentes ecuatorianos democráticamente elegidos fueron removidos de sus cargos. En ninguno de los tres casos se observó el procedimiento formal –juicio político– constitucionalmente establecido; por el contrario, las destituciones presidenciales involucraron a un conjunto de actores sociales, políticos y militares; las crisis fueron consecuencia de una serie de escándalos públicos; estuvieron seguidas de movilizaciones populares que condujeron a la destitución presidencial por parte del Congreso, y, en todos los casos, las Fuerzas Armadas cumplieron el papel de árbitro. Las semejanzas en el comportamiento y expectativas de los diversos actores dan cuenta del surgimiento de la destitución presidencial como institución política informal, con su propia lógica, normas y reglas. A partir del marco conceptual del institucionalismo histórico, este estudio establece los orígenes de la inestabilidad presidencial en el Ecuador; en su parte central, analiza la innovación institucional implícita en el surgimiento de un patrón de destitución presidencial, e identifica algu - nos factores que permiten diferenciar el caso ecuatoriano de otros observados en la región. En suma, la obra analiza los desempeños de la democracia en el Ecuador, deteniéndose en las brechas existentes en tre los arreglos institucionales formales y los de carácter informal, lo que en definitiva permite una cabal comprensión del proceso político ecuatoriano.

Ciudadanías culturales y usos públicos de la ciudad: prácticas sociales críticas en Manizales-Colombia

Este trabajo de investigación pretende generar elementos reflexivos para la construcción de una propuesta de ciudadanía cultural en la ciudad de Manizales- Colombia, mediante la utilización de la fenomenología social que permite generar observaciones reflexivas sobre el mundo de la vida. En este caso se parte de reflexiones críticas sobre un fenómeno urbano, de gran impacto para la ciudad, que sucedió a finales del año 2011, denominado la “tragedia grecocaldense”. Se trató de una serie de acontecimientos coyunturales, generados por las acciones extremas de fenómenos climatológicos, que se combinaron con problemas administrativos de la ciudad, lo que ocasionó una impactante crisis, con consecuencias de todo tipo. Uno de los elementos interesantes de esta crisis lo constituyó la manera como se expresaron muchos ciudadanos, que en otras circunstancias nunca lo hubieran podido hacer, que además cuestionaron notablemente muchas de las “verdades”, construidas por la cultura urbana, desde los poderes hegemónicos. Se reflexionó bastante acerca de temas que, aparentemente eran incuestionables, relacionados con la historia, los símbolos y los imaginarios, entre otros, de una ciudad que se precia de una gran tradición cultural dentro del contexto nacional e internacional. Los Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos, en su vertiente derivada de las prácticas sociales críticas, contribuyen a vislumbrar nuevos elementos analíticos para la investigación sobre la variada y extensa realidad sociocultural de los contextos urbanos actuales.

In situ atmospheric turbulence measurement using the terrestrial magnetic field - A compass for a radiosonde

A method for in situ detection of atmospheric turbulence has been developed using an inexpensive sensor carried within a conventional meteorological radiosonde. The sensor-a Hall effect magnetometer-was used to monitor the terrestrial magnetic field. Rapid time scale (10 s or less) fluctuations in the magnetic field measurement were related to the motion of the radiosonde, which was strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Comparison with cloud radar measurements showed turbulence in regions where rapid time-scale magnetic fluctuations occurred. Reliable measurements were obtained between the surface and the stratosphere.

Using a runway paradigm to assess the relative strength of rats' motivations for enrichment objects

Laboratory animals should be provided with enrichment objects in their cages; however, it is first necessary to test whether the proposed enrichment objects provide benefits that increase the animals’ welfare. The two main paradigms currently used to assess proposed enrichment objects are the choice test, which is limited to determining relative frequency of choice, and consumer demand studies, which can indicate the strength of a preference but are complex to design. Here, we propose a third methodology: a runway paradigm, which can be used to assess the strength of an animal’s motivation for enrichment objects, is simpler to use than consumer demand studies, and is faster to complete than typical choice tests. Time spent with objects in a standard choice test was used to rank several enrichment objects in order to compare with the ranking found in our runway paradigm. The rats ran significantly more times, ran faster, and interacted longer with objects with which they had previously spent the most time. It was concluded that this simple methodology is suitable for measuring rats’ motivation to reach enrichment objects. This can be used to assess the preference for different types of enrichment objects or to measure reward system processes.

Automated pre-processing strategies for species occurrence data used in biodiversity modelling

To construct Biodiversity richness maps from Environmental Niche Models (ENMs) of thousands of species is time consuming. A separate species occurrence data pre-processing phase enables the experimenter to control test AUC score variance due to species dataset size. Besides, removing duplicate occurrences and points with missing environmental data, we discuss the need for coordinate precision, wide dispersion, temporal and synonymity filters. After species data filtering, the final task of a pre-processing phase should be the automatic generation of species occurrence datasets which can then be directly ’plugged-in’ to the ENM. A software application capable of carrying out all these tasks will be a valuable time-saver particularly for large scale biodiversity studies.

Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health

This paper examines the nutritional and veterinary effects of tannins on ruminants and makes some comparisons with non-ruminants. Tannin chemistry per se is not covered and readers are referred to several excellent reviews instead: (a) Okuda T et al. Heterocycles 30:1195-1218 (1990); (b) Ferreira D and Slade D. Nat Prod Rep 19:517-541 (2002); (c) Yoshida T et al. In Studies in Natural Product Chemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 395-453 (2000); (d) Khanbabaee K and van Ree T. Nat Prod Rep 18:641-649 (2001); (e) Okuda et al. Phytochemistvy 55:513-529 (2000). The effects of tannins on rumen micro-organisms are also not reviewed, as these have been addressed by others: (a) McSweeney CS et al. Anim Feed Sci Technol 91:83-93 (2001); (b) Smith AH and Mackie RI. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1104-1115 (2004). This paper deals first with the nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds, their qualitative and quantitative diversity, and the implications of tannin-protein complexation. It then summarises the known physiological and harmful effects and discusses the equivocal evidence of the bioavailability of tannins. Issues concerning tannin metabolism and systemic effects are also considered. Opportunities are presented on how to treat feeds with high tannin contents, and some lesser-known but successful feeding strategies are highlighted. Recent research has explored the use of tannins for preventing animal deaths from bloat, for reducing intestinal parasites and for lowering gaseous ammonia and methane emissions. Finally, several tannin assays and a hypothesis are discussed that merit further investigation in order to assess their suitability for predicting animal responses. The aim is to provoke discussion and spur readers into new approaches. An attempt is made to synthesise the emerging information for relating tannin structures with their activities. Although many plants with high levels of tannins produce negative effects and require treatments, others are very useful animal feeds. Our ability to predict whether tannin-containing feeds confer positive or negative effects will depend on interdisciplinary research between animal nutritionists and plant chemists. The elucidation of tannin structure-activity relationships presents exciting opportunities for future feeding strategies that will benefit ruminants and the environment within the contexts of extensive, semi-intensive and some intensive agricultural systems. (c) 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health

This paper examines the nutritional and veterinary effects of tannins on ruminants and makes some comparisons with non-ruminants. Tannin chemistry per se is not covered and readers are referred to several excellent reviews instead: (a) Okuda T et al. Heterocycles 30:1195-1218 (1990); (b) Ferreira D and Slade D. Nat Prod Rep 19:517-541 (2002); (c) Yoshida T et al. In Studies in Natural Product Chemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 395-453 (2000); (d) Khanbabaee K and van Ree T. Nat Prod Rep 18:641-649 (2001); (e) Okuda et al. Phytochemistvy 55:513-529 (2000). The effects of tannins on rumen micro-organisms are also not reviewed, as these have been addressed by others: (a) McSweeney CS et al. Anim Feed Sci Technol 91:83-93 (2001); (b) Smith AH and Mackie RI. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1104-1115 (2004). This paper deals first with the nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds, their qualitative and quantitative diversity, and the implications of tannin-protein complexation. It then summarises the known physiological and harmful effects and discusses the equivocal evidence of the bioavailability of tannins. Issues concerning tannin metabolism and systemic effects are also considered. Opportunities are presented on how to treat feeds with high tannin contents, and some lesser-known but successful feeding strategies are highlighted. Recent research has explored the use of tannins for preventing animal deaths from bloat, for reducing intestinal parasites and for lowering gaseous ammonia and methane emissions. Finally, several tannin assays and a hypothesis are discussed that merit further investigation in order to assess their suitability for predicting animal responses. The aim is to provoke discussion and spur readers into new approaches. An attempt is made to synthesise the emerging information for relating tannin structures with their activities. Although many plants with high levels of tannins produce negative effects and require treatments, others are very useful animal feeds. Our ability to predict whether tannin-containing feeds confer positive or negative effects will depend on interdisciplinary research between animal nutritionists and plant chemists. The elucidation of tannin structure-activity relationships presents exciting opportunities for future feeding strategies that will benefit ruminants and the environment within the contexts of extensive, semi-intensive and some intensive agricultural systems. (c) 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Managing arable weeds for biodiversity

As a result of the recent intensification of crop production, the abundance and diversity of UK arable weeds adapted to cultivated land have declined, with an associated reduction in farmland birds. A number of questions need to be addressed when considering how these declines can be reversed. Firstly, can the delivery of crop production and biodiversity be reconciled by spatially separating cropping from designated wildlife areas? A number of subsidised environmental schemes in the UK take this approach and are focused on establishing vegetation cover on uncropped land. However, because of the lack of regular disturbance in these habitats, they are dominated by perennials and they therefore have limited potential for promoting the recovery of annual weed populations. A number of farmland bird species also rely on the provision of resources in field centres, and it is therefore likely that the recovery of their populations will rely on weed management options targeted at the cropped areas of the field. This raises two further questions. Firstly, is it possible to identify beneficial weed species that are relatively poor competitors with the crop and also have biodiversity value? Secondly, are the tools available to manage these species at acceptable levels while controlling pernicious weeds? A number of approaches are being employed to answer these questions, including predicting yield loss from weed competition models and exploiting herbicide selectivity. The further development of these tools is crucial if farmer opposition to managing weeds in crops is to be overcome. (c) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.

Formal total synthesis of (±)-conduramine E utilising the Bryce-Smith-Gilbert photoamination reaction

Utilising a Bryce-Smith-Gilbert photoamination of benzene as a key step, a synthesis of ()-conduramine E was carried out. A highly regioselective dihydroxylation of a cyclic diene was effected utilising Sharpless AD-mix-b.