990 resultados para 343-C0019B


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High-throughput screening of HZSM-5 supported metal-oxides catalysts were carried out for the coupling reaction of methane with CO to aromatics in a multi-stream reactor system. Zn/HZSM-5 and Mo/HZSM-5 were observed to be rather effective for the catalytic formation of aromatics from the coupling reaction of methane with CO. Temperature-programmed reaction has further proven the efficiency of the coupling of methane and CO over Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst. The results were also validated in a conventional fixed-bed reactor coupled with GC. The results propose that the coupling methane with CO toward benzene and naphthalene can be catalyzed by Zn/HZSM-5 at 500 ° C. Both methane and CO are needed for the formation of reactive coke on the catalyst, and the reactive coke may be the initial product in the producing of hydrocarbons. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Liquid phase hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene was studied over Ni/active carbon (Ni/AC), Ni/gamma-Al2O3, Ni/SiO2 and Raney Ni. The complete hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene was realized at 333-343 K on Ni/AC under hydrogen atmosphere of 1.0 MPa in the presence of alkaline hydroxide. Aryl halides, three chlorotoluenes (o-, m- and p-), three chloroanilines, three chlorobenzotrifluorides, three dichlorobenzenes and two trichlorobenzenes (1,2,3- and 1,2,4-) were also completely hydrodechlorinated under the similar conditions. Chlorobenzene derivatives having either an electron-donating group or an electron-withdrawing group decreased their reactivities with respect to the unsubstituted chlorobenzene.

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A producao de cafe em coco do cerrado aumentou 83 mil para 728 toneladas, enquanto a brasileira passou de 2,5 para 2,8 milhoes de toneladas, entre 1975 e 1996. nesse periodo, as taxas geometricas de crescimento anual da cultura no cerrado foram de 10,9% para a producao e de 5,6% para a rea colhida, ao passo que noconjunto das demais regioes produtoras do Pais essas taxas foram negativas. Os municipios produtores de cafe do cerrado foram agrupados em cinco regioes: Sul/Cerrado Mineiro; Alto Paranaiba; Nordeste Mineiro; Rondonia e Brasilia. Em 1996, a regiao Sul/Cerrado Mineiro produziu 44,0% do cafe do cerrado e possuia o efetivo de 396,6 milhoes de plantas; Alto Paranaiba contribuiu com 47,1% e contava com o efetivo de 343,3 milhoes de plantas; e a Nordeste Mineiro participou com 4,5% com o efetivo de 62,3 milhoes de plantas. Esta foi dividida em tres sub-regioes: Teofilo Otoni; Capelinha; e Montes Claros. A regiao de Rondonia produziu 1,5% e detinha o efetivo de 28,8 milhoes plantas. A de Brasilia participou com 1,7% da producao e seu efetivo era de 16,6 milhoes de plantas, foi dividida em tres sub-regioes: a do Distrito Federal, a Mineira e Cristalina/Catalao/Silvania. Nova regiao produtora esta surgindo com boas perspectivas no Sudoeste baiano.

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Grattan, J. Pollution and paradigms: Lessons from Icelandic volcanism for continental flood basalt studies. Lithos. 2005. 79 pp 343-353

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Chaplin, W. J.; Dumbill, A. M.; Elsworth, Y.; Isaak, G. R.; McLeod, C. P.; Miller, B. A.; New, R.; Pint?r, B., Studies of the solar mean magnetic field with the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON), Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 343, Issue 3, pp. 813-818. RAE2008

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50 fotografías a color.

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Thymic graft-versus-host disease (tGVHD) can contribute to profound T cell deficiency and repertoire restriction after allogeneic BM transplantation (allo-BMT). However, the cellular mechanisms of tGVHD and interactions between donor alloreactive T cells and thymic tissues remain poorly defined. Using clinically relevant murine allo-BMT models, we show here that even minimal numbers of donor alloreactive T cells, which caused mild nonlethal systemic graft-versus-host disease, were sufficient to damage the thymus, delay T lineage reconstitution, and compromise donor peripheral T cell function. Furthermore, to mediate tGVHD, donor alloreactive T cells required trafficking molecules, including CCR9, L selectin, P selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, the integrin subunits alphaE and beta7, CCR2, and CXCR3, and costimulatory/inhibitory molecules, including Ox40 and carcinoembryonic antigen-associated cell adhesion molecule 1. We found that radiation in BMT conditioning regimens upregulated expression of the death receptors Fas and death receptor 5 (DR5) on thymic stromal cells (especially epithelium), while decreasing expression of the antiapoptotic regulator cellular caspase-8-like inhibitory protein. Donor alloreactive T cells used the cognate proteins FasL and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) (but not TNF or perforin) to mediate tGVHD, thereby damaging thymic stromal cells, cytoarchitecture, and function. Strategies that interfere with Fas/FasL and TRAIL/DR5 interactions may therefore represent a means to attenuate tGVHD and improve T cell reconstitution in allo-BMT recipients.

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Most powerful analytical tools used in the social sciences are well suited for studying static situations. Static and mechanistic analysis, however, is not adequate to understand the changing world in which we live. In order to adequately address the most pressing social and environmental challenges looming ahead, we need to develop analytical tools for analyzing dynamic situations -particularly institutional change. In this paper, we develop an analytical tool to study institutional change, more specifically, the evolution of rules and norms. We believe that in order for such an analytical tool to be useful to develop a general theory of institutional change, it needs to enable the analyst to concisely record the processes of change in multiple specific settings so that lessons from such settings can eventually be integrated into a more general predictive theory of change. Copyright © The JOIE Foundation 2010.

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Theory suggests that economic instruments, such as pollution taxes or tradable permits, can provide more efficient technology adoption incentives than conventional regulatory standards. We explore this issue for an important industry undergoing dramatic decreases in allowed pollution - the U.S. petroleum industry's phasedown of lead in gasoline. Using a duration model applied to a panel of refineries from 1971-1995, we find that the pattern of technology adoption is consistent with an economic response to market incentives, plant characteristics, and alternative policies. Importantly, evidence suggests that the tradable permit system used during the phasedown provided incentives for more efficient technology adoption decisions.

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PURPOSE: Detoxification often serves as an initial contact for treatment and represents an opportunity for engaging patients in aftercare to prevent relapse. However, there is limited information concerning clinical profiles of individuals seeking detoxification, and the opportunity to engage patients in detoxification for aftercare often is missed. This study examined clinical profiles of a geographically diverse sample of opioid-dependent adults in detoxification to discern the treatment needs of a growing number of women and whites with opioid addiction and to inform interventions aimed at improving use of aftercare or rehabilitation. METHODS: The sample included 343 opioid-dependent patients enrolled in two national multi-site studies of the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN001-002). Patients were recruited from 12 addiction treatment programs across the nation. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in addiction severity, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk, and quality of life were examined. RESULTS: Women and whites were more likely than men and African Americans to have greater psychiatric and family/social relationship problems and report poorer health-related quality of life and functioning. Whites and Hispanics exhibited higher levels of total HIV risk scores and risky injection drug use scores than African Americans, and Hispanics showed a higher level of unprotected sexual behaviors than whites. African Americans were more likely than whites to use heroin and cocaine and to have more severe alcohol and employment problems. CONCLUSIONS: Women and whites show more psychopathology than men and African Americans. These results highlight the need to monitor an increased trend of opioid addiction among women and whites and to develop effective combined psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments to meet the diverse needs of the expanding opioid-abusing population. Elevated levels of HIV risk behaviors among Hispanics and whites also warrant more research to delineate mechanisms and to reduce their risky behaviors.

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El productor agropecuario se enfrenta a diversos y nuevos desafíos, no sólo destinados a maximizar su productividad, sino para atenerse a las exigencias generadas por los mercados, sobre temas que atañen al sector productor de alimentos. Entre las exigencias que surgieron, existen aquellas que apuntan al manejo de nutrientes en los establecimientos agropecuarios a fin de reducir los riesgos ambientales que cada tipo de producción genera. La implementación de los balances de nutrientes dentro del sistema productivo es una herramienta que permite a los productores afrontar futuras reglamentaciones ambientales y mejorar su margen de competitividad. Los tambos pastoriles generan un excedente de nitrógeno y fósforo que se distribuye irregularmente en el sistema acumulándose, el de mayor magnitud y posibilidad de reutilización, en la instalación de ordeño (SO). Este trabajo evalúa la disponibilidad de nitrógeno y fósforo en efluentes de tambo, que potencialmente pueden ser reutilizados para fertilizar recursos forrajeros anuales, a partir del cálculo de balances y estableciendo su nivel de transferencia hacia el sector de ordeño, en sistemas de producción de leche de base pastoril en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Los 27 establecimientos encuestados presentan características productivas diferentes siendo representativos de los tambos pastoriles de las 3 cuencas lecheras seleccionadas. En promedio (±desvío estándar), tenían una superficie de 397,55ha (±343,1), con 312VO (±308,91), una producción de 19 litros/VO/día (±3,49), y raciones con 57,29 por ciento (±15,88) de concentrados y conservados. El balance predial (ingresos - egresos de N-P) de nitrógeno (N) fue de 121,5 (±71,8) kg N/ha/año y el de fósforo (P) fue de 18,3 (±11,5) kg P/ha/año, siendo valores similares a los encontrados por estudios europeos y locales. Los balances anuales del rodeo de ordeño (BRO= ingresos por alimentos-egresos por leche de N-P), como indicadores de la excreción de nutrientes, fueron para N de 159,0 (±40,1) kg N/VO/año y para P de 20,8 (±5,8) kg P/VO/año, presentando correlación con modelos que estiman la excreción utilizados internacionalmente. Mediante los BRO y los tiempos de permanencia se pudo determinar una transferencia promedio del 28,8 por ciento (±10,6 por ciento) del total del N y el P excretado por año, hacia el SO. Los sistemas de tratamiento de efluentes, de existir, son muy heterogéneos. Un 59 por ciento contaba con al menos una laguna de tratamiento, aunque no siempre funcionaban correctamente, el 17 por ciento hace un reuso directo del efluente crudo y el 24 por ciento lo desecha sin tratamiento previo, con las implicancias ambientales e higiénico-sanitarias que esto trae aparejado. La calidad de los efluentes fue muy variable, siendo similares a los hallados por otros autores. Los productores generalmente no aportan por fertilizantes la totalidad de N y P requeridos por los cultivos forrajeros anuales. En un 92,6 por ciento de predios, los nutrientes depositados en el SO podrían reemplazar lo provisto por fertilizantes comerciales. Los nutrientes disponibles en SO permitirían fertilizar un promedio de 37,9 ha de maíz para silaje, cubriendo los requerimientos de nitrógeno, con rendimiento promedio para las cuencas (13.000 kg MS/ha), correspondiendo al 78,4 por ciento de las ha sembradas con maíz de los establecimientos. La imposibilidad de recolectar lo depositado en las pistas de alimentación no permite, actualmente, su reutilización. La implementación de prácticas amigables con el ambiente representa hoy en día un desafío para la producción animal, la ventaja es que la solución está en el mismo lugar donde se produce el problema y con una amplia variedad de tecnologías disponibles