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Wechsel von einem mechanischen Mikrokeratom auf einen Femtosekunden-Laser zur Korrektur von Astigmatismus mittels LASIK: klinische Ergebnisse einer retrospektiven, konsekutiven Vergleichsstudie Moving from a Mechanical Microkeratome to a Femtosecond Laser for LASIK to Correct Astigmatic Patients: Clinical Outcomes of a Retrospective, Consecutive, Comparative Study.

Background: To evaluate outcomes after optimized laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for astigmatism correction with flap created by a mechanical microkeratome or a femtosecond laser. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 102 eyes of 71 consecutive patients were enrolled undergoing optimized LASIK treatments using the Allegretto laser system (WaveLight Laser Technologie AG, Erlangen, Germany). A mechanical microkeratome for flap creation was used (One Use, Moria®) in 46 eyes (31 patients, spherical equivalent [SE] -4.44 D ± 2.4) and a femtosecond laser was used (LDV, Ziemer®) in 56 eyes (40 patients, spherical equivalent [SE] -3.07 D ± 3.3). The two groups were matched for inclusion criteria and were operated under similar conditions by the same surgeon. Results: Overall, the preoperative spherical equivalent was -9.5 diopters (D) to +3.37 D; the preoperative manifest astigmatism was between -1.5 D and -3.5 D. At 6 months postoperatively, the mean postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 0.93 ± 0.17 (range 0.4 to 1.2) in the Moria group and 1.0 ± 0.21 (range 0.6 to 1.6) in the Femto group, which was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Comparing the cylinder power there was a statistical difference between the two groups (p = 0.0015). Conclusions: This study shows that the method of flap creation has a significant impact on postoperative astigmatism with a significantly better postoperative UDVA in the Femto group. These findings suggest that the femtosecond laser provides a better platform for LASIK treatment of astigmatism than the commonly used microkeratome.

Estudio agrológico de los terrenos de la irrigación de "La Esperanza" en el valle de Chancay

Estudia los suelos y los sistemas de irrigación de la Hacienda “La Esperanza” ubicado en el valle de Huaral en las afueras de Lima. Cómo influye en los cultivos agrícolas y en la producción de estos el agua utilizada para los vegetales y animales; donde se determina qué condiciones físicas y químicas tiene el suelo y los sembríos.

Experimental conversion of colony social organization in fire ants (Solenopsis invicta): worker genotype manipulation in absence of queen effects

Colony social organization in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta appears to be under strong genetic control. In the invasive USA range, polygyny (multiple queens per colony) is marked by the presence of the Gp-9(b) allele in most of a colony's workers, whereas monogyny (single queen per colony) is associated with the exclusive occurrence of the Gp-9(B) allele. Ross and Keller, Behav Ecol Sociobiol 51:287-295 (2002) experimentally manipulated social organization by cross-fostering queens into colonies of the alternate form, thereby changing adult worker Gp-9 genotype frequencies over time. Although these authors showed that social behavior switched predictably when the frequency of b-bearing adult workers crossed a threshold of 5-10%, the possibility that queen effects caused the conversions could not be excluded entirely. We addressed this problem by fostering polygyne brood into queenright monogyne colonies. All such treatment colonies switched social organization to become polygyne, coincident with their proportions of b-bearing workers exceeding 12%. Our results support the conclusion that polygyny in S. invicta is induced by a minimum frequency of colony workers carrying the b allele, and further confirm that its expression is independent of queen genotype or history, worker genotypes at genes not linked to Gp-9, and colony genetic diversity.

[Phot. de l'Alhambra de Grenade par Camino, phot. à Grenade, don A. Boutroue en 1891]

Donateur : Boutroue, Alexandre (1846-1899)

A Role for cis Interaction between the Inhibitory Ly49A receptor and MHC class I for natural killer cell education.

Natural killer (NK) cells show enhanced functional competence when they express inhibitory receptors specific for inherited major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. Current models imply that NK cell education requires an interaction of inhibitory receptors with MHC-I expressed on other cells. However, the inhibitory Ly49A receptor can also bind MHC-I ligand on the NK cell itself (in cis). Here we describe a Ly49A variant, which can engage MHC-I expressed on other cells but not in cis. Even though this variant inhibited NK cell effector function, it failed to educate NK cells. The association with MHC-I in cis sequestered wild-type Ly49A, and this was found to relieve NK cells from a suppressive effect of unengaged Ly49A. These data explain how inhibitory MHC-I receptors can facilitate NK cell activation. They dissociate classical inhibitory from educating functions of Ly49A and suggest that cis interaction of Ly49A is necessary for NK cell education.

Lung cancer in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: role of smoking, immunodeficiency and pulmonary infection.

BACKGROUND: Immunodeficiency and AIDS-related pulmonary infections have been suggested as independent causes of lung cancer among HIV-infected persons, in addition to smoking. METHODS: A total of 68 lung cancers were identified in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) or through linkage with Swiss Cancer Registries (1985-2010), and were individually matched to 337 controls by centre, gender, HIV-transmission category, age and calendar period. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 96.2% of lung cancers and 72.9% of controls were ever smokers, confirming the high prevalence of smoking and its strong association with lung cancer (OR for current vs never=14.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.36-62.1). No significant associations were observed between CD4+ cell count and lung cancer, neither when measured within 1 year (OR for <200 vs ≥500=1.21, 95% CI: 0.49-2.96) nor further back in time, before lung cancer diagnosis. Combined antiretroviral therapy was not significantly associated with lung cancer (OR for ever vs never=0.67, 95% CI: 0.29-1.52), and nor was a history of AIDS with (OR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.19-1.28) or without (OR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.24-1.18) pulmonary involvement. CONCLUSION: Lung cancer in the SHCS does not seem to be clearly associated with immunodeficiency or AIDS-related pulmonary disease, but seems to be attributable to heavy smoking.

Efeito da densidade de plantas e da adubação NPK na produção inicial de palmito de pupunheira

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da densidade de plantas e doses de adubação na produção de palmito de pupunheira, em condições de campo, na Fazenda Yuricam, Rio Preto da Eva (AM). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições, com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 3 x 5, sendo avaliados os fatores: densidade de plantas (10.000; 5.000 e 3.333 plantas ha-1) e doses de adubação NPK (0-0-0; 112,5-12,5-90; 337,5-38-270; 225-90-180, 225-25-180 em kg ha-1 de N, P2O5 e K2O, respectivamente). Os resultados do primeiro ano de produção de palmito, em termos de estipes colhidas, para efeito das doses de adubação NPK, foram: 225-90-180 (66 %); 225-25-180 (57 %); 337,5-38-270 (50 %); 112,5-12,5-90 (26 %); 0-0-0 (1 %) - os números entre parênteses indicam os percentuais de plantas coletadas em relação às plantadas - e para efeitos de densidade: 3.333 plantas ha-1 (58 %); 5.000 plantas ha-1 (28 %); 10.000 plantas ha-1 (40 %). O tempo médio para extração de palmito foi menor na densidade de 3.333 plantas ha-1 (18,4 meses) e na dose de adubação NPK de 225-90-180 (18,1 meses). O efeito simples da adubação NPK dentro da densidade de 10.000 plantas ha-1 com a adubação 225-90-180 e 225-25-180 apresentou maior produção de palmito, com 841 e 779 kg ha-1, e de 1.154 e 1.223 kg ha-1 de estipe tenro, respectivamente, nas duas adubações.

The carbon-isotope shift at the Permian/ Triassic boundary in the southern Alps is gradual

Carbon isotope ratios in marine carbonate rocks have been shown to shift at some of the time boundaries associated with extinction events; for example, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Ordovician/ Silurian. The Permian/Triassic boundary, the greatest extinction event of the Phanerozoic, is also marked by a large d13C depletion. New carbon isotope results from sections in the southern Alps show that this depletion did not actually represent a single event, but was a complex change that spanned perhaps a million years during the late Permian and early Triassic. These results suggest that the Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) extinction may have been in part gradual and in part 'stepwise', but was not in any case a single catastrophic event.

Servir au restaurant : sociologie d'un métier (mé)connu

Métier de service, féminin, dévalorisé, peu qualifié et mal payé, voici le registre le plus fréquent sur lequel est évoqué le travail de service en restauration. Sans aucun doute, ces éléments caractérisent en partie l'activité professionnelle des serveuses et des serveurs de restaurant, mais ils ne suffisent pas à en cerner la spécificité et ne rendent que partiellement compte des différentes facettes du métier et du travail réalisé. La présente étude s'applique à repérer les ressorts de cette « entreprise humaine organisée » (Freidson, 1986) qu'est le métier de serveur/serveuse en restauration traditionnelle, mais dont l'organisation n'apparaît pas d'emblée, tant elle est peu formelle et formalisée. À partir d'une démarche empirique, et en croisant différentes approches - sociologie du travail, sociologie des groupes professionnels, sociologie des services et études genre -, elle donne à comprendre ce qui fait le métier de serveur et de serveuse en restauration commerciale traditionnelle et la spécificité du travail effectué par ces petites mains du service. La première partie de l'analyse cerne les multiples facettes du contenu du travail des serveuses et des serveurs en restauration et la particularité des relations de service entre la clientèle et le personnel. La seconde traite plus spécifiquement des relations sociales dans l'entreprise, tant horizontales - avec les collègues -, que verticales - avec le patron. Enfin la troisième partie met en évidence les principaux mécanismes de différenciation de la main-d'oeuvre, par l'analyse de la répartition des horaires de travail et l'examen des parcours professionnels des personnes interviewées. Au final, cette thèse dresse le profil sociologique d'un métier qui a, jusqu'ici, peu retenu l'attention des chercheur?e?s. Elle cerne finement la profonde ambivalence qui caractérise le métier de serveur/serveuse, tant au plan du travail effectué, des relations de travail, du rapport au client, des parcours professionnels et du rapport subjectif que les personnes entretiennent à l'égard de leur travail. Service marchand marqué par la combinaison d'une domesticité ancillaire et d'une forme de domesticité familiale ; activité manuelle et relationnelle, individuelle et collective, physique et psychique ; combinaison de routine et d'événement ; travail dont il faut effacer le caractère laborieux ; personnalisation de relations entre anonymes, sont un aperçu des résultats qui concourent à montrer que le métier de serveur/serveuse recouvre des réalités contrastées et combine des logiques qui peuvent apparaître comme fort éloignées, voire contradictoires. En réalité, ce métier est à l'interface entre l'univers salarial, artisanal et domestique et présente simultanément des caractéristiques propres aux différentes formes de mise au travail que sont le salariat, l'artisanat et le travail domestique. En étayant ce résultat, ma recherche plaide pour la nécessité d'une approche transversale et globalisante qui ne fonctionne pas sur des catégories d'analyse figées et hermétiques, définies a priori en fonction de l'objet étudié, mais reste ouverte pour permettre de saisir la complexité et l'hybridation des logiques à l'oeuvre dans toute activité professionnelle. Ainsi, outre la contribution qu'apporte cette recherche aux connaissances existantes sur un segment professionnel peu investigué jusqu'ici, elle contribue aussi à enrichir les analyses contemporaines du travail en suscitant une réflexion de plus large portée sur les approches et les conceptualisations possibles pour appréhender les activités de service.