Strategies for the establishment of profitable fish farms in Nigeria

Cost projections for the establishment of a fish farm in Nigeria was conducted. It is shown that fish farming should be a lucrative venture. However, many private fish farms are not making the desired profits because of a variety of problems. Besides managerial incompetence, availability of fingerlings for stocking in the ponds is shown to be a serious handicap to the success of investments in a fish farm. It is suggested that where the funds are available, each farm should be equipped with facilities for raising its needs of fingerlings. Since useful capital would be involved and knowledgeable experts to run the hatcheries are few, it is recommended that fish farms within a state or adjacent states should combine to establish viable cooperative hatcheries

Effects of some environmental factors on the fecundity of Tilapia species (Family Cichlidae) in Kigera Reservoir, New Bussa

The effects of some environmental factors on the fecundity of Tilapia species (Family Cichilidae) was carried out at the Kigera dam. Four Tilapia species caught were Tilapia zilli, Hemichromis fasciatus, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Oreochromis niloticus while the environmental factors considered were water temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH value, level of rainfall and rate of sunshine and range of time. 43 fish comprising of 25 male with (58.1%) and 18 females having (41.9%) were studied with 74.42% been sexually matured. Both high levels of rainfall and dissolved oxygen favoured fecundity. The spawning peak occurred in (July), environmental factors monitored indicated that dissolved oxygen ranges from 3.7 to 4.45mg/lit rainfall ranges from (34.90mm to 237.80mm) sunshine ranges from (5hrs-8hrs) and pH ranges from (7.35-7.45). The spawning of these species in their natural or hatchery condition is therefore best achieved during the peak of raining season

Probleme bei hydroakustischen Untersuchungen von pelagischen Fischarten in den Flachwassergebieten der westlichen Ostsee durch das Tag-Nacht-Verhalten der Fische

Bei den hydroakustischen Untersuchungen der in der westlichen Ostsee pelagisch lebenden Fischarten, Hering und Sprott, traten in der Vergangenheit große Unterschiede zwischen den Tag- und Nachtmeßwerten auf. Während der 327. Reise des FFK "Solea" wurden in einem Teil der Reise Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die diesen Sachverhalt näher beleuchten. Es wurde gefunden daß, die Unterschiede in den Integratorwerten, speziell in diesem Gebiet, im wesentlichen durch die vertikale Migration der Fische im Tagesverlauf hervorgerufen werden. Während des Tages halten sie sich in der Nähe des Bodens auf und sind damit technisch bedingt zu einem großen Teil einer hydroakustischen Erfassung nicht zugänglich, wogegen die Nachtmessungcn reproduzierbare Werte ergeben. Aus diesem Grund sind die hydroakustischen Aufnahmen in der westlichen Ostsee wegen der größeren zu erwartenden Meßgenauigkeit nachts durchzuführen.

Limnological aspects of three man-made lakes in Sri Lanka

An investigation was undertaken to study the physicochemical characteristics, phytoplankton and fish fauna of three major deep lakes on the River Mahaweli: Kotmale, Victoria and Randenigala. These lakes were created mainly for hydroelectric purposes during the period 1984 to 1986. In all three lakes, thermoclines were present during most months of the year, but did not appear to be very stable. They tended to disappear during January - February but were well established in August - November. Fifteen species of blue-green algae were identified as well as 27 desmid species and 25 non-desmid green algae. Melosira granulata and M. undulata were the dominant diatom species. The family Cyprinidae dominated the fish fauna by number of species, but by biomass the exotic cichlids (tilapias) were dominant.

La diversidad de los modelos de participación laboral de las mujeres en la UE-27

[ESP] El objetivo de este artículo es relacionar las características de la inserción laboral femenina con su grado de participación en el mercado laboral en los países de la Unión Europea a través de los datos proporcionados por Eurostat. Nos interesa conocer si una mayor participación laboral entre las mujeres va aparejada con un modelo laboral “femenino”, esto es, con empleos a tiempo parcial, temporales, de baja remuneración y en determinados sectores y ocupaciones. O si por el contrario, en los países en los cuales la tasa de empleo femenina es elevada y hay menor brecha con respecto a la de los hombres, el modelo de inserción laboral de mujeres y hombres es similar. La diversidad de los mercados de trabajo y también de las políticas públicas y de las estructuras productivas en un área tan amplia como al UE27, nos impide establecer modelos de inserción laboral femenina claros, aunque sí hemos podido apuntar rasgos comunes con respecto a las desigualdades de género entre países.

Avaliação da suscetibilidade antimicrobiana e do perfil de macrorrestrição do DNA de isolados humanos de Salmonella serovar Typhimurium fagotipo 193, no período de 1970 a 2008

Para analisar cepas de Salmonella ser. Typhimurium isoladas de processos entéricos e extraintestinais humanos ocorridos no período de 1970 a 2008 de diferentes regiões do país foram selecionadas, com base nos registros contidos no banco de dados do Laboratório de Enterobactérias do IOC/FIOCRUZ, RJ, amostras do fagotipo prevalente 193, visando precipuamente o reconhecimento de clones epidêmicos. Foram selecionadas 553 cepas de Salmonella ser. Typhimurium fagotipo 193 representadas por 91, 65, 70 e 327 amostras referentes as décadas de 70, 80, 90 e ao período de 2000 a 2008, respectivamente. Na análise global da sensibilidade destas cepas, 52% apresentaram um ou mais marcadores de resistência a antibióticos incluídos no perfil ACSSuT. Este perfil de resistência completo foi verificado em 20,9% dos isolados, sendo os 21,9% restantes, sensíveis a todas as drogas testadas, especialmente no período de 2000 a 2008, representadas por 121 amostras (37,0%) em relação as 327 culturas dessa época. O maior percentual de resistência foi observado nas amostras da década de 70 (99%) sendo o perfil ACSSuT detectado em 35,2% dos isolados, ressaltando-se que todas as amostras foram isoladas de processos gastroentéricos ocorridos na cidade de São Paulo. Ao longo das quatro décadas de estudo, descreve-se um ponto de ruptura entre a prevalência de resistência e a suscetibilidade na transição entre as décadas de 80 e 90. Embora o número de isolados de Salmonella ser. Typhimurium fagotipo 193 tenha aumentado no último período considerado, o percentual de mono e multirresistência aos antimicrobianos se situou em nível elevado (63,0%). A análise do polimorfismo obtido após macrorrestrição com a enzima XbaI revelou que cepas isoladas na década de 90 apresentaram elevado percentual de similaridade (≥85%) com cepas isoladas recentemente (período de 2000-2008), sendo agrupadas nos mesmos subclusters. Por outro lado, as cepas da década de 70 inserem-se em subclusters independentes, embora o percentual de similaridade entre tais subclusters e os demais seja ≥70%; o mesmo sendo observado para as cepas isoladas durante a década de 80. Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou que a prevalência de isolados humanos de Salmonella ser. Typhimurium fagotipo 193 no Brasil vem progredindo desde a década de 1990, enquanto a detecção do modelo R (ACSSuT) está diminuindo e a avaliação através da PFGE indicou a presença de multiplicidade de perfis de macrorrestrição no fagotipo 193, entretanto com elevados percentuais de similaridade entre si, sugerindo alguma clonalidade, tendo em vista o período entre o isolamento e a análise

Acciones socio educativas de las Orquestas Sinfónicas Españolas y de Gran Bretaña

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Optical properties of zirconia-titania-ORMOSIL films for temperature tuning distributed feedback waveguide lasers

The zirconia-titania-ORMOSIL waveguide thin films with considerable optical quality were prepared by the sol-gel process. The refractive index (n) and the extinction coefficient (k) were determined by a scanning ellipsometer. Wavelength tunable output of distributed feedback waveguide lasing was demonstrated in Rhodamine 6G doped ZrO2 TiO2-ORMOSIL thin films by varying the temperature, and about 5.5 nm wavelength tuning range was achieved around the emission wavelength of 599 nm. The thermal-optic coefficient (dn/dT) of the active ZrO2-TiO2-ORMOSIL films was deduced. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.