Una nueva obra atribuida a Urbano Fos (Arnes, Tarragona, c. 1615-Valencia, 1658)

Urbano Fos fue uno de los mejores representantes del Barroco valenciano. En este estudio atribuimos a su pincel un lienzo inédito de gran calidad. Se trata de una magnífica representación de San Pascual Bailón. Con nuestra investigación hemos demostrado sus filiaciones técnico-artísticas y resaltado aquellos aspectos por los que se popularizó su pintura.

Kuuston jäännökset Kuvaeltu v. 1826 A Grafströmmilta : W. v. Wright pir.

Tukhulmissa : Painettu M. G. Lundbergin Kirja-pajassa 1831

Suecia et Norvegia cum confinijs - [Yleiskuva - Overview]

Amsterdam 1595

Merituulivoiman kannattavuus Kokkolan seudun rannikolla

Tässä diplomityössä selvitetään teollisen mittakaavan merituulipuistojen taloudellisia ja osin myös teknisiä rakentamisedellytyksiä Kokkolan seudun rannikolla. Lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan erilaisten tukitoimien vaikutusta tuulivoiman kannattavuuteen sekä selvitetään lyhyesti merituulivoiman hallinnollisia ja oikeudellisia edellytyksiä. Esimerkkikohteina tarkastellaan viittä Kokkolan edustalle suunniteltua merituulipuistoa, joiden tehot ovat 20 – 100 MW ja yksikkökoot 1,8 – 5 MW. Tuulipuistojen tuuliolot on arvioitu läheisten mittauspisteiden tietojen perusteella ja niiden pohjalta on laskettu puistojen energiantuotto. Tuulivoimaloiden huipunkäyttöajoiksi on saatu noin 2400 – 2500 h/a. Puistojen investointikustannukset ovat noin 6 500 –10 200 mk/kW: itse turbiinin lisäksi suurimpia kustannuseriä ovat perustukset ja sähköverkkoliitäntä. Vuosittaisten käyttö- ja kunnossapitokustannusten suuruudeksi on arvioitu noin 3 % investointikustannuksista. Kannattavuustarkastelut on suoritettu 5 % laskentakorolla ja 25 vuoden pitoajalle. Tuotantokustannukset ovat ilman tukia noin 27 – 38 p/kWh. Kun sähkön hintana on 150 mk/MWh, ei taloudellista kannattavuutta voida saavuttaa edes nykyisin käytössä olevan investointi- ja tuotantotuen avulla. Tuulisähköstä saatava mahdollinen ”vihreän sähkön lisä” tai päästökaupan aloittaminen voisivat mahdollistaa tuulivoiman taloudellisen kannattavuuden myös silloin, kun sähkön hintataso on matala. Kannattavuutta voitaisiin parantaa myös tukijärjestelmällä, joka painottaa nykyistä enemmän tuotantoa.

In vitro assays and clinical trials in red blood cell aging: Lost in translation.

The age of erythrocyte concentrates (EC) in transfusion medicine and the adverse outcomes when transfusing long-term-stored EC are highly controversial issues. Whereas the definition of a short-term-stored EC or a long-term-stored EC is unclear in clinical trials, data based on in vitro storage assays can help defining a limit in addition of the expiration date. The present review merges together these data in order to highlight an EC age cut-off and points out potential misleading consideration. The analysis of in vitro data highlights the presence of reversible and irreversible storage lesions and demonstrates that red blood cells (RBC) exhibit two limits during storage: one around 2 weeks and another one around 4 weeks of storage. Of particular importance, the first lesions to appear, i.e. the reversible ones, are per se reversible once transfused, whereas the irreversible lesions are not. In clinical trials, the EC age cut-off for short-term storage is in general fewer than 14 days (11 ± 4 days) and more disperse for long-term-stored EC (17 ± 13 days), regardless the clinical outcomes. Taking together, EC age cut-off in clinical trials does not totally fall into line of in vitro aging data, whereas it is the key criteria in clinical studies. Long-term-stored EC considered in clinical trials are not probably old enough to answer the question: "Does transfusion of long-term-stored EC (older than 4 weeks) result in worse clinical outcomes?" Depending on ethical concerns and clinical practices, older EC than currently assayed in clinical trials should have to be considered. These two worlds trying to understand the aging of erythrocytes and the impact on patients do not seem to speak the same language.

Brassinosteroide e adubação nitrogenada no crescimento e estado nutricional de mudas de abacaxizeiro provenientes do seccionamento de caule

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e de um análogo de brassinosteroide no crescimento e na nutrição de mudas provenientes do seccionamento do caule do abacaxizeiro 'Smooth Cayenne'. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo foram avaliados três doses de N (5; 10 e 15 g L-1), utilizando ureia como fonte, e quatro doses de um análogo de brassinosteroide (0; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,0 mg L-1), com quatro repetições. Cada parcela experimental foi composta por 20 secções de caule. Aos 270 dias após o plantio das secções, as mudas foram colhidas e avaliadas em relação ao comprimento, diâmetro, número de folhas e à área foliar. Em seguida, as mudas foram colocadas para secar em estufa a 70ºC, para a obtenção da massa seca e análise nutricional do tecido foliar, em que se avaliaram os teores de N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn. O análogo de brassinosteroide promoveu incremento em todas as características de crescimento vegetativo da parte aérea das mudas de abacaxizeiro avaliadas, além de proporcionar maior teor de nitrogênio na parte aérea das mudas. A adubação nitrogenada apenas resultou em pequeno aumento do comprimento e diâmetro das mudas e não afetou o número de folhas, a área foliar, a massa seca e o estado nutricional das mudas.

Comment on reversal of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a Chinese cohort.

The reversal of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a relatively recent phenomenon that has gained increasing attention over the past 10 years. Yet to date, only one prospective study has been conducted estimating that 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2%-18%) of cases undergo reversal. [1] Other retrospective studies have reported rates in the range of 5%-8% [2],[3] and a recent study showed 44/308 (14%, 95% CI: 11%-19%) CHH patients underwent reversal. [4] Moreover, a time-to-event analysis in this large cohort revealed a lifetime reversal incidence of 22%. The article by Mao and colleagues presented in this issue is a meaningful contribution to our understanding of reversal as it examines the largest retrospective cohort to date. [5] Interestingly, they report the rate of reversal as 5% (95% CI: 3%-8%) in this Chinese cohort. It is difficult to reconcile the discrepancies in rates of reversibility and direct comparisons are hampered by the variable definitions employed. Using a novel definition for reversal (i.e, either endogenous testosterone (T) >270 ng dl−1 , serum T gradually increasing above 150 ng dl−1 with increased testicular volume, or normal spontaneous sperm production/normal erectile function/ejaculation), Mao and colleagues posit that testicular size and triptorelin-stimulated LH levels are reliable predictive factors for reversal. However, these cannot be considered as hard and fast rules for predicting reversal as the groups intersect - akin to the overlap observed between CHH patients and those with delayed puberty. Indeed, the fact that approximately half (44%, 95% CI: 25%-66%) of the reversal patients in the study by Mao et al.[5] were diagnosed between 17 and 19 years of age, underscores the challenge in differentiating CHH from extreme normal variants of puberty. This study further lends credence the recently reported observations that reversals may relapse. [4],[6] The notion that reversal may not be lasting highlights the vulnerability of the reproductive axis among CHH patients. While the mechanism(s) for relapse are unclear, it seems plausible that environmental, metabolic or psychiatric stressors could contribute. The factors that Mao and colleagues identify as significantly different in cases of reversal, were not informative for identifying those cases that relapsed back to a hypogonadal state. Notably, reversal has been reported in probands harboring mutations in genes underlying CHH. [1],[3],[4],[6] Unfortunately, comprehensive genetic screening on the Chinese cohort is not available. The reversal phenomenon is fascinating for its glimpse into the plasticity of the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. Future directions will almost certainly include investigation of specific genetic signatures and novel biomarkers for predicting reversal (and relapse). Yet CHH is a rare condition and to fully elucidate the biology of reversible CHH, it will be important to harmonize definitions of what constitutes a reversal, carefully phenotype patients and chart the natural history of their CHH. In this way, this unique human disease model may offer further insights into the control of human reproduction and provide opportunities to translate discoveries into enhanced approaches to improve the care and quality of life for these patients.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity and Overnight Body Fluid Shift before and after Hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with significantly increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Fluid overload may promote obstructive sleep apnea in patients with ESRD through an overnight fluid shift from the legs to the neck soft tissues. Body fluid shift and severity of obstructive sleep apnea before and after hemodialysis were compared in patients with ESRD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Seventeen patients with hemodialysis and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea were included. Polysomnographies were performed the night before and after hemodialysis to assess obstructive sleep apnea, and bioimpedance was used to measure fluid overload and leg fluid volume. RESULTS: The mean overnight rostral fluid shift was 1.27±0.41 L prehemodialysis; it correlated positively with fluid overload volume (r=0.39; P=0.02) and was significantly lower posthemodialysis (0.78±0.38 L; P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean obstructive apnea-hypopnea index before and after hemodialysis (46.8±22.0 versus 42.1±18.6 per hour; P=0.21), but obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was significantly lower posthemodialysis (-10.1±10.8 per hour) in the group of 12 patients, with a concomitant reduction of fluid overload compared with participants without change in fluid overload (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index +8.2±16.1 per hour; P<0.01). A lower fluid overload after hemodialysis was significantly correlated (r=0.49; P=0.04) with a lower obstructive apnea-hypopnea index. Fluid overload-assessed by bioimpedance-was the best predictor of the change in obstructive apnea-hypopnea index observed after hemodialysis (standardized r=-0.68; P=0.01) in multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid overload influences overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnea severity in patients with ESRD undergoing intermittent hemodialysis. Although no benefit of hemodialysis on obstructive sleep apnea severity was observed in the whole group, the change in obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was significantly correlated with the change in fluid overload after hemodialysis. Moreover, the subgroup with lower fluid overload posthemodialysis showed a significantly lower obstructive sleep apnea severity, which provides a strong incentive to further study whether optimizing fluid status in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and ESRD will improve the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index.

External assessment of the Early Mortality Risk Score in patients with adenocarcinoma undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Pancreaticoduodenectomies (PD) still have a substantial mortality rate. Recently, different scores have been published to predict the mortality risk pre-operatively after PD. This retrospective study was designed to perform an external assessment of an Early Mortality Risk Score (EMRS). METHODS: From 2000 to 2012, all PD cases performed at our institution were documented. Only patients treated for pancreatic head adenocarcinomas were included. Survival time and EMRS (based on age, tumour size, tumour differentiation and comorbidities) were calculated for every patient. Relative risks (RR) of early death 9 and 12 months after PD were then calculated. RESULTS: Of 270 PD for various aetiologies, 120 PD for adenocarcinomas were included. The median follow-up was 37 months, and the overall median survival was 19 months. EMRS of 4 showed a mortality RR of 5.1 at 9 months (P = 0.048) and of 4.5 at 12 months (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: EMRS of 4 is a predictor of tumour-related mortality at 9 and 12 months after PD for adenocarcinoma. The EMRS was externally assessed in our patient cohort and can be implemented in clinical practice. Clinical implications of this score still need to be studied.

Crescimento do abacaxizeiro 'vitória' irrigado sob diferentes densidades populacionais, fontes e doses de nitrogênio

Com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento do abacaxizeiro 'Vitória' irrigado, submetido ao aumento da densidade populacional, e doses de N na região norte de Minas Gerais, foi instalado um experimento em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 x 4, correspondendo a cinco doses de N (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20 g planta-1), quatro populações de plantas (51.282; 76.923; 90.909 e 126.984 plantas ha-1) e quatro épocas de avaliação (270; 360; 450 e 540 dias após o plantio - DAP), utilizando ureia ou esterco bovino como fonte de N. Aos 540 dias após o plantio - DAP (época de indução floral), foi avaliado o efeito das fontes de N por meio do fatorial 2 x 5 x 4, que consistiu em : duas fontes N (ureia e esterco bovino), cinco doses de N e quatro populações de plantas, conforme estudo anterior. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, com mudas micropropagadas da cultivar Vitória. Avaliaram-se as características de crescimento da planta (número de folhas emitidas, comprimento e peso da folha "D" e diâmetro do caule), além do peso dos frutos com e sem coroa no final do cultivo. Não foi observada interação entre densidade de plantio, doses de N e dias após o plantio (DAP). O aumento da densidade de plantio reduziu o diâmetro do caule do abacaxizeiro, no entanto não interferiu no peso dos frutos, indicando a possibilidade de aumento da população de plantas para o incremento da produtividade. A utilização de ureia como fonte de N promoveu maior crescimento e peso dos frutos do abacaxizeiro. A utilização de doses de N na forma de ureia e esterco promoveu maior crescimento do abacaxizeiro e incremento linearmente no peso dos frutos, indicando a dose de 20 g planta-1 na forma de ureia, como recomendação de adubação nitrogenada para o cultivo do abacaxizeiro 'Vitória' irrigado.

Estimativa da área foliar do abacaxizeiro cv. Vitória por meio de relações alométricas

A área foliar possui correlação entre as atividades fotossintéticas e de transpirações das espécies vegetais, uma vez que esta reflete a capacidade da planta em interceptar as radiações e efetuar as trocas gasosas. Dessa forma, torna-se um importante indicativo da produtividade das culturas agrícolas. Tendo em vista a escassez de trabalhos sobre a estimativa da área foliar do abacaxizeiro, torna-se objetivo deste trabalho identificar equações para a determinação da área foliar do abacaxizeiro cv Vitória utilizando relações alométricas das plantas. Foram utilizadas 120 plantas de abacaxizeiro, coletadas aleatoriamente no momento da indução floral artificial, que ocorreu aos 270 dias após o plantio. Foram mensurados altura (h) e número de folhas (NF), comprimento (C) e largura (L) da folha "D" e o produto destas duas últimas variáveis (CxL). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão e selecionou-se a equação que melhor se ajustou às correlações. A validação dos modelos utilizou 60 novas plantas, e os valores obtidos foram avaliados por meio do coeficiente de determinação (R²), correlação de Pearson (r), erro médio (EA), erro médio absoluto (ERA) e raiz do quadrado médio do erro (RQME). O modelo que utilizou o produto das dimensões lineares (AF=19,298*(CxL)-559,9*) mostrou-se o mais adequado para a estimativa da área foliar do abacaxizeiro, devido aos baixos erros encontrados, alta correlação e fácil mensuração.

Growth and production of irrigated vitória pineapple grown in semi-arid conditions

This study aimed to evaluate the growth characteristics of irrigated Vitória pineapple plants grown in semi-arid conditions and determine its developmental stages based on those characteristics. It was used a randomized block design with four replicates. The experimental treatments were: plant harvest at 270, 330, 390, 450, 510, 570, 690, 750, and 810 days after planting (DAP). The following variables were determined: plant height, stem diameter, D-leaf length, D-leaf fresh and dry mass, biomass production of plants and plant parts (organs), and vegetative biomass. Five phenological stages are proposed based on vegetative biomass production: < 20% biomass production (V1); 21-40% (V2); 41-60% (V3); 61-80% (V4); and > 80% (V5). The maximum growth rate for plant height, D-leaf length, and stem diameter was observed at the end of the phenological stage V1 (390-411 DAP), and at the end of stage V5 these plant traits had average values of 106, 82, and 7 cm, respectively. The maximum biomass accumulation rates were observed at stages V4 and V5, resulting in a final fruit yield and total fresh biomass of 72 t ha-1 and 326 t ha-1, respectively. Finally, we estimated that 80% of the accumulated biomass may remain in the field after fruit and slip harvest, and could be incorporated as plant residue into the soil.

Kalvon modifioinnin vaikutus pienten molekyylien nanosuodatukseen

Tässä työssä tutkittiin pienten molekyylien nanosuodatusta kolmella kalvolla. Lappeenrannan teknillisen korkeakoulun laboratoriomittakaavan nanosuodatuslaitteistolla suodatettiin glukoosin, maitohapon ja oktaanihapon vesiliuoksia 0,45 m/s virtausnopeudella. Lisäksi NF 45, NF 270 ja NTR 7450 –kalvoja modifioitiin UV-säteilytyksellä modifiointiaineen kanssa tai ilman. Modifiointiaineina olivat maito- ja oktaanihappo. Kalvon modifioinnilla pyrittiin parantamaan permeabiliteettia ilman retentiohäviöitä. Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin nanosuodatuksen erottumisperiaatteita ja konsentraatiopolarisaation merkitystä liuenneiden aineiden erottumisessa. Lisäksi käsiteltiin kalvon modifioinnin merkitystä suodatuksen parantamiseen ja pienten orgaanisten molekyylien nanosuodatusta. Aluksi suodatettiin glukoosi- ja oktaanihappoliuoksia NF 270 –kalvolla. Glukoosin retentio oli 80% pitoisuudesta riippumatta, mutta oktaanihapon retentio, 70-100%, riippui pitoisuudesta. 100 ppm oktaanihapon pitoisuudessa retentio oli 100% ja suuremmilla pitoisuuksilla alhaisempi. Kun oktaanihappoa suodatettiin modifioimattomilla kalvoilla pH:n funktiona, niin retentiot olivat pH-riippuvaisia. Alhaisilla pH-arvoilla oktaanihapon retentiot olivat lähes nolla ja nousivat jyrkästi pH:ssa 6 siten, että korkeilla pH-arvoilla retentiot olivat yli 80%. Glukoosin suodatuksissa NF 270 –kalvolla modifiointi aina hieman paransi vuota, mutta retentiot huononivat. Oktaanihapon suodatuksissa vuo parani hieman, kun kalvoja (NF 270 ja NTR 7450) oli modifioitu 20 minuuttia UV-säteilytyksellä 100 ppm maitohappoliuoksessa. NTR 7450 –kalvon vuo moninkertaistui modifioimattoman kalvon vuohon verrattuna, kun kalvoa oli UV-säteilytetty 20 minuuttia 2000 ppm maitohappoliuoksessa. Oktaanihapposuodatuksissa retentiot modifioiduilla kalvoilla olivat suurimmat pH-alueella 7-10. Modifioitujen kalvojen permeabiliteetit nousivat jyrkästi pH:ssa 12 kaikilla malliaineilla, mikä viittaa siihen, että modifiointiaine irtosi pH:ssa 12. Toisaalta korkeilla pH-arvoilla kalvo muuttuu avoimemmaksi, joten modifiointiaineen irtoamista ei voitu näiden mittausten perusteella varmentaa. Kalvon modifiointi oli onnistunut, sillä malliainesuodatuksissa havaittiin vuo- ja retentiomuutoksia.

ACÚMULO DE NUTRIENTES EM BANANEIRA ‘D´ANGOLA’ (TIPO TERRA) SOB DOSES DE NITROGÊNIO VIA ÁGUA DE IRRIGAÇÃO

A bananeira cv. D´Angola demanda grandes quantidades de nutrientes para seu desenvolvimento e produção. Para uma recomendação adequada de fertilizantes, é importante que se conheçam as quantidades de nutrientes absorvidas, exportadas e restituídas ao solo pela planta. Objetivou-se avaliar os acúmulos de fitomassa e macronutrientes na bananeira cv. D´Angola (tipo Terra), em cinco doses de nitrogênio (N) aplicado em fertirrigação por gotejamento. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no campo da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, no município de Cruz das Almas-BA, em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se a fitomassa e o acúmulo de nutrientes em cinco órgãos da planta (pseudocaule, folhas, frutos, engaço e coração), em cinco doses de N (135; 180; 225; 270 e 315 kg ha-1) aplicadas via água de irrigação. Os resultados indicaram que o acúmulo de fitomassa e nutrientes para a bananeira cv. D´Angola mostrou que há diferentes níveis de absorção, exportação e restituição ao solo de macronutrientes entre os órgãos da planta, em função das doses de N, e que, em média, o pseudocaule e as folhas foram os órgãos que mais acumularam de nutrientes, enquanto o coração foi o que menos acumulou. A ordem decrescente de absorção na planta foi potássio, seguido por nitrogênio e cálcio.