La emergencia del intelectual en América Latina y el espacio público: el caso de Alfonso Reyes, 1927-1939 (Debates)

This article is a case study of the emergence of the intellectual in Spanish American: the trajectory of Alfonso Reyes. In Latin America modernity and the beginnings of the 20th Century contributed to circumstances and historical processes that permitted the 19th Century literates to progressively transform into intellectual: to be exact a ‘transitional intellectual’. This study looks at some of the dynamics that validated the intellectual as a new social actor during the period studied. The public visibility as it was never before, placed thinkers, and the use of means of communication of the time and the cultural elements like books and magazines, allowing that they be turned into public figures and to obtain some of their objectives.

La huelga de la Universidad Central y la disputa por la autonomía universitaria en marzo de 1939

La presente investigación indaga sobre uno de los acontecimientos más relevantes de la década de los 30 del siglo pasado, como es la Huelga de marzo del 39. Dicho acontecimiento se dio en una coyuntura política compleja, marcada por el regreso al poder de la burguesía liberal, representada en el gobierno de Aurelio Mosquera Narváez, que se caracterizó por su beligerancia a los sectores sociales y su persecución a los dirigentes de izquierda. Una de sus medidas fue la reorganización de las universidades mediante la promulgación de una disposición transitoria a la Ley de Elecciones que dejaba vacante los puestos públicos de periodo fijo. Esta disposición puso en debate uno de los derechos propios de la Universidad como es la autonomía universitaria, consignada por primera vez en el año de 1925. Como consecuencia de esta disposición transitoria, las cátedras universitarias quedaron vacantes, el Ministerio de Educación procedió a nombrar nuevos docentes, excluyendo de estos nombramientos o a profesores de militancia socialista. Este hecho fue interpretado por los estudiantes como una violación a la autonomía del centro de estudio y provocó que el 16 de marzo el Consejo Universitario deje de funcionar y los estudiantes se tomen las instalaciones de la Universidad y declaren la huelga. Frente a estos acontecimientos, otros sectores sociales como los maestros, obreros y textiles, eléctricos y transportistas mostraron su solidaridad y procedieron a plantear sus propias reivindicaciones, declarando una huelga general los días 21 y 22 de marzo y formando el autodenominado Frente de Estudiantes-Maestros-Trabajadores. El resultado final fue una profunda agitación social en las calles, la que obligó al Estado a utilizar su fuerza coercitiva y a declarar ilegal lo actuado por los sindicatos. Este hecho tuvo profundas repercusiones en los dirigentes gremiales, en la firma de contratos colectivos y en la creación de una alternativa educacional que fue la Universidad libre.

The Victoria Falls 1900-1940: Landscape, tourism and the geographical imagination

This article is about the politics of landscape ideas, and the relationship between landscape, identity and memory. It explores these themes through the history of the Victoria Falls, and the tourist resort that developed around the waterfall after 1900. Drawing on oral and archival sources, including popular natural history writing and tourist guides, it investigates African and European ideas about the waterfall, and the ways that these interacted and changed in the course of colonial appropriations of the Falls area. The tourist experience of the resort and the landscape ideas promoted through it were linked to Edwardian notions of Britishness and empire, ideas of whiteness and settler identities that transcended new colonial borders, and to the subject identities accommodated or excluded. Cultures of colonial authority did not develop by simply overriding local ideas, they involved fusions, exchanges and selective appropriations of them. The two main African groups I am concerned with here are the Leya, who lived in small groups around the Falls under a number of separate chiefs, and the powerful Lozi rulers, to whom they paid tribute in the nineteenth century. The article highlights colonial authorities' celebration of aspects of the Lozi aristocracy's relationship with the river, and their exclusion of the Leya people who had a longer and closer relationship with the waterfall. It also touches on the politics of recent attempts to reverse this exclusion, and the controversial rewriting of history this has involved.

Orde Wingate, the Iron Wall and Counter-terrorism in Palestine, 1936-1939

A pamphlet published by the British Army's Strategic and Combat Studies Institute on the then Captain Orde Wingate's formation and command of the Anglo-Jewish Special Night Squads in the Palestine Arab revolt of 1936-1939, with a discussion of their long-term strategic and political implications.

Orde Wingate, 'Guerrilla' Warfare and Long-Range Penetration, 1940-44

Major General Orde Wingate was a highly controversial figure in his time and remains so among historians. However, his eccentric and colourful personality has drawn attention away from the nature of his military ideas, the most important of which was his concept of long-range penetration, which originated from his observations of his operations in Italian-occupied Ethiopia in 1941, and evolved into the model he put into practice in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943-44. A review of Wingate's own official writings on this subject reveals that long-range penetration combined local guerrilla irregulars, purpose-trained regular troops and airpower into large-scale offensive operations deep in the enemy rear, with the intention of disrupting his planning process and creating situations regular forces could exploit. This evolved organically from Major General Colin Gubbins' doctrine for guerrilla resistance in enemy occupied areas, and bears some resemblance to the operational model applied by US and Allied forces, post September 2001.

Model inter-comparison between statistical and dynamic model assessments of the long-term stability of blanket peat in Great Britain (1940-2099)

We compared output from 3 dynamic process-based models (DMs: ECOSSE, MILLENNIA and the Durham Carbon Model) and 9 bioclimatic envelope models (BCEMs; including BBOG ensemble and PEATSTASH) ranging from simple threshold to semi-process-based models. Model simulations were run at 4 British peatland sites using historical climate data and climate projections under a medium (A1B) emissions scenario from the 11-RCM (regional climate model) ensemble underpinning UKCP09. The models showed that blanket peatlands are vulnerable to projected climate change; however, predictions varied between models as well as between sites. All BCEMs predicted a shift from presence to absence of a climate associated with blanket peat, where the sites with the lowest total annual precipitation were closest to the presence/absence threshold. DMs showed a more variable response. ECOSSE predicted a decline in net C sink and shift to net C source by the end of this century. The Durham Carbon Model predicted a smaller decline in the net C sink strength, but no shift to net C source. MILLENNIA predicted a slight overall increase in the net C sink. In contrast to the BCEM projections, the DMs predicted that the sites with coolest temperatures and greatest total annual precipitation showed the largest change in carbon sinks. In this model inter-comparison, the greatest variation in model output in response to climate change projections was not between the BCEMs and DMs but between the DMs themselves, because of different approaches to modelling soil organic matter pools and decomposition amongst other processes. The difference in the sign of the response has major implications for future climate feedbacks, climate policy and peatland management. Enhanced data collection, in particular monitoring peatland response to current change, would significantly improve model development and projections of future change.