Uso (ou Abuso) de Fármacos na Idade Pediátrica

Introdução e Objectivos: A exposição a fármacos na idade pediátrica pode ser nociva. A utilização elevada de medicamentos não aprovados em Pediatria, bem como o uso para sintomas em que a sua eficácia não foi comprovada, tem sido descrita de forma preocupante. Foi objectivo deste estudo avaliar o padrão de consumo de fármacos numa população pediátrica portuguesa. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com recrutamento prospectivo dos casos e amostra de conveniência; recolha de dados por inquérito; incluídas crianças, sem doença crónica, que recorreram ao serviço de urgência de um hospital na área da Grande Lisboa, num período de dois meses. Resultados: Foram incluídas 189 crianças com idade média de 5,8 anos. A proporção de crianças com consumo de fármacos, nos trêsmeses precedentes, foi de 120/189 (63,5%) – superior entre os seis e 24 meses (74%vs 58,5%; p=0,038).Os fármacos mais prescritos foram os analgésicos/antipiréticos e anti-inflamatórios (83/202, 41,1%), os antibióticos (52/202, 25,8%) e os anti-histamínicos (14/202, 7%). Em 96/202 casos (47,5%) eram medicamentos não sujeitos a receita médica e em 33/174 (19,1%) “automedicações”. Verificou-se utilização de anti-histamínicos, expectorantes, analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios não recomendados para a faixa etária. O consumo de antibióticos foi mais elevado entre os seis e 24 meses (36%vs 18,5%; p=0,012), com predomínio da associação amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (21/52, 40,4%). Em seis casos foram relatados possíveis efeitos secundários. Conclusões: De acordo com o nosso conhecimento este é o primeiro estudo em Portugal a avaliar o padrão de utilização de fármacos em Pediatria. Este consumo foi elevado, sobretudo na infância precoce, evidenciando a necessidade de vigilância e regulamentação adequadas. Os medicamentos não sujeitos a receita médica, amplamente utilizados, poderão associar-se a riscos acrescidos, pela facilidade no seu acesso. O uso frequente de antibióticos, sobretudo de largo espectro, poderá vir a associar-se ao desenvolvimento de resistências.

Thermoterapy effective and safer than miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia

In Colombia, pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine are the drugs of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis; however, their toxicity, treatment duration, (treatment adherence problems), cost, and decreased parasite sensitivity make the search for alternative treatments of American cutaneous leishmaniasis necessary. Based on the results found in a controlled, open, randomized, phase III clinical trial, the efficacy and safety of miltefosine was compared to that of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Adult patients from the Colombian army participated in the study; they received either 50 mg of miltefosine three times per day for 28 days by the oral route (n = 145) or a thermotherapy (Thermomed®) application of 50 °C for 30 seconds over the lesion and surrounding area (n = 149). Both groups were comparable with respect to their sociodemographic, clinical, and parasitological characteristics. The efficacy of miltefosine by protocol and by intention to treat was 70% (85/122 patients) and 69% (85/145 patients), respectively. The adverse effects were primarily gastrointestinal for miltefosine and pain at the lesion site after treatment for thermotherapy. No statistically significant difference was found in the efficacy analysis (intention to treat and protocol) between the two treatments. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00471705.

Evaluation of three different DNA extraction methods from blood samples collected in dried filter paper in Plasmodium subpatent infections from the Amazon region in Brazil

Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection is a new challenge for public health in the American region. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the best method for diagnosing subpatent parasitemias. In endemic areas, blood collection is hampered by geographical distances and deficient transport and storage conditions of the samples. Because DNA extraction from blood collected on filter paper is an efficient method for molecular studies in high parasitemic individuals, we investigated whether the technique could be an alternative for Plasmodium diagnosis among asymptomatic and pauciparasitemic subjects. In this report we compared three different methods (Chelex®-saponin, methanol and TRIS-EDTA) of DNA extraction from blood collected on filter paper from asymptomatic Plasmodium-infected individuals. Polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of Plasmodium species showed the best results when the Chelex®-saponin method was used. Even though the sensitivity of detection was approximately 66% and 31% for P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively, this method did not show the effectiveness in DNA extraction required for molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium. The development of better methods for extracting DNA from blood collected on filter paper is important for the diagnosis of subpatent malarial infections in remote areas and would contribute to establishing the epidemiology of this form of infection.

Novas Vacinas

Introdução: As vacinas previnem mais casos de doença do que qualquer tratamento médico. A informação sobre novas vacinas introduzidas no mercado e não incluídas no Programa Nacional de Vacinação (PNV) é no entanto por vezes pouco divulgada, e o seu conhecimento limitado. Objectivos: Avaliar o conhecimento, geral e específico, dos pais de crianças saudáveis relativamente a três vacinas não incluídas no PNV: pneumocócica (PCV7), varicela (Var) e rotavírus (RV). Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado sob a forma de inquérito, aplicado de forma aleatória aos pais de crianças observadas em três centros de saúde de Portugal (Lisboa, Porto e Queluz), entre Março e Abril de 2007. Analisaram-se parâmetros sociodemográficos, grau de conhecimento (a existência e tipo de doença prevenível pelas as três vacinas), sua realização ou intenção de realização e disponibilidade de aquisição das mesmas por parte dos pais. Análise estatística pelos testes Qui-quadrado e t-Student (IC>95%). Considerou-se p <0,05 com significado estatístico. Resultados: Entrevistaram-se pais de 187 crianças com uma idade mediana de 13 meses. A maioria (82%) tinha ensino secundário incompleto e rendimento mensal médio de 1256€. Em 83% das entrevistas os pais conheciam pelo menos uma das vacinas: pneumocócica (72%), varicela (42%) e rotavírus (1,3%) e pela mesma ordem o tipo de doença que cada vacina prevenia: 118/135 (87%), 83/84 (99%) e 21/24 (87,5%). Em 80% dos casos a informação fora disponibilizada aos pais por profissionais de saúde: pediatra (67) e médico assistente (49). A maioria (96%) considerou a PCV7 a vacina mais importante. Das crianças avaliadas, o PNV estava actualizado em 93% dos casos; adicionalmente 39% tinham a vacina pneumocócica, 0,5% da varicela e 3% do rotavírus. O conhecimento sobre a vacina da varicela e rotavírus associou-se a um maior nível de escolaridade dos pais(40vs46,p=0,018; 8vs16,p=0,026) e a realização da vacina pneumocócica e do rotavírus a um melhor rendimento familiar (1506€vs1144€ p=0,04) e (2283€vs1162€; p=0,04). Conclusão: Á excepção da PCV7 as restantes vacinas são ainda insuficientemente conhecidas. Compete aos profissionais de saúde, divulgar informação e motivar as famílias para a vacinação.

THE EFFECT OF HOOKWORM INFECTION AND URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS ON BLOOD HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION OF SCHOOLCHILDREN LIVING IN NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE

This study aims to assess the association between schistosomiasis and hookworm infection with hemoglobin levels of schoolchildren in northern Mozambique. Through a cross-sectional survey, 1,015 children from five to 12 years old in the provinces of Nampula, Cabo Delgado and Niassa were studied. Hookworm infection and urinary schistosomiasis were diagnosed, through Ritchie and filtration methods, with a prevalence of 31.3% and 59.1%, respectively. Hemoglobin levels were obtained with a portable photometer (Hemocue®). The average hemoglobin concentration was 10.8 ± 1.42 g/dL, and 62.1% of the children presented levels below 11.5 g/dL, of which 11.8% of the total number of children had hemoglobin levels below 9 g/dL. A multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated negative interactions between hemoglobin levels and ancylostomiasis, this being restricted to the province of Cabo Delgado (β = -0.55; p < 0.001) where an independent interaction between hemoglobin levels and urinary schistosomiasis was also observed (β = -0.35; p = 0.016). The logistical regression model indicated that hookworm infection represents a predictor of mild (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.17-3.00) and moderate/severe anemia (OR = 2.71; 95% CI = 1.50 - 4.89). We concluded that, in the province of Cabo Delgado, hookworm and Schistosoma haematobium infections negatively influence hemoglobin levels in schoolchildren. Periodical deworming should be considered in the region. Health education and improvements in sanitary infrastructure could achieve long-term and sustainable reductions in soil-transmitted helminthiases and schistosomiasis prevalence rates.

SOUTH AMERICAN COLLABORATION IN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS ON LEISHMANIASIS: BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN SCOPUS (2000-2011)

Objectives: Evaluate the production and the research collaborative network on Leishmaniasis in South America. Methods: A bibliometric research was carried out using SCOPUS database. The analysis unit was original research articles published from 2000 to 2011, that dealt with leishmaniasis and that included at least one South American author. The following items were obtained for each article: journal name, language, year of publication, number of authors, institutions, countries, and others variables. Results: 3,174 articles were published, 2,272 of them were original articles. 1,160 different institutional signatures, 58 different countries and 398 scientific journals were identified. Brazil was the country with more articles (60.7%) and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) had 18% of Brazilian production, which is the South American nucleus of the major scientific network in Leishmaniasis. Conclusions: South American scientific production on Leishmaniasis published in journals indexed in SCOPUS is focused on Brazilian research activity. It is necessary to strengthen the collaboration networks. The first step is to identify the institutions with higher production, in order to perform collaborative research according to the priorities of each country.

PREVALENCE OF Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar IN THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE, IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

There is a clear need to perform epidemiological studies to find the true prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica around the world. The evaluation of this prevalence has been hindered by the existence of two different species which are morphologically identical, but genetically different, namely E. histolytica, which causes amebiasis, and E. dispar, which is non-pathogenic. In Brazil, the E. dispar has been detected in communities in the Southeastern (SE) and Northeastern (NE) regions with poor sanitation. However, individuals infected with E. histolytica have been identified in other regions. There is an absence of reports on the prevalence of these parasites in the state of Paraíba, which also has areas with poor sanitary conditions where a high prevalence of the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex has been detected in children from urban slums. The present study evaluated the prevalence of E. histolytica and E. dispar in 1,195 asymptomatic children between two and 10 years of age, living in a sprawling urban slum in Campina Grande, in the state of Paraíba, in Northeastern Brazil. These children were examined and their feces samples were analyzed microscopically. A total of 553 children tested positive for the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex, and 456 of the positive samples were tested with the E. histolytica II® ELISA kit. All 456 samples were negative for the presence of the adhesin E. histolytica specific antigen. The evidence suggests that in this community E. histolytica is absent and E. dispar is the dominant species.

EVALUATION OF METHODS IN DETECTING VANCOMYCIN MIC AMONG MRSA ISOLATES AND THE CHANGES IN ACCURACY RELATED TO DIFFERENT MIC VALUES

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presenting reduced susceptibility to vancomycin has been associated to therapeutic failure. Some methods used by clinical laboratories may not be sufficiently accurate to detect this phenotype, compromising results and the outcome of the patient. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of methods in the detection of vancomycin MIC values among clinical isolates of MRSA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Vancomycin Minimal Inhibitory Concentration was determined for 75 MRSA isolates from inpatients of Mãe de Deus Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The broth microdilution (BM) was used as the gold-standard technique, as well as the following methods: E-test® strips (BioMérieux), M.I.C.E® strips (Oxoid), PROBAC® commercial panel and the automated system MicroScan® (Siemens). Besides, the agar screening test was carried out with 3 µg/mL of vancomycin. RESULTS: All isolates presented MIC ≤ 2 µg/mL for BM. E-test® had higher concordance (40%) in terms of global agreement with the gold standard, and there was not statistical difference among E-test® and broth microdilution results. PROBAC® panels presented MICs, in general, lower than the gold-standard panels (58.66% major errors), while M.I.C.E.® MICs were higher (67.99% minor errors). CONCLUSIONS: For the population of MRSA in question, E-test® presented the best performance, although with a heterogeneous accuracy, depending on MIC values.

HISTORICAL SERIES OF PATIENTS WITH VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS TREATED WITH MEGLUMINE ANTIMONIATE IN A HOSPITAL FOR TROPICAL DISEASES, MACEIÓ-AL, BRAZIL

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic protozoan found in Brazil. It is characterized by fever, pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and progressive weakness in the patient. It may lead to death if untreated. The drug of choice for treatment is meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®). The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with visceral leishmaniasis according to criteria used for diagnosis, possible reactions to Glucantime® and blood pressure measured before and after treatment. Methods: 89 patients admitted to the Teaching Hospital Dr. Hélvio Auto (HEHA) in Maceió-AL, in the period from May 2006 to December 2009 were evaluated. Data were collected on age, sex, origin, method of diagnosis, adverse effects of drugs, duration of hospitalization, duration of treatment and dosage up to the onset of adverse effects. Results: There was a predominance of child male patients, aged between one and five years old, from the interior of the State of Alagoas. Parasitological diagnosis was made by bone marrow aspirate; three (3.37%) patients died, 12 (13.48%) had adverse reactions and treatment was changed to amphotericin B, and 74 (83.14%) were cured. Changes that led to replacing Glucantime® were persistent fever, jaundice, rash, bleeding and cyanosis. Conclusion: During the study, 89 patients hospitalized for VL were analyzed: 74 were healed, 12 were replaced by amphotericin B treatment and three died. Most of them were under five years old, male and came from the interior. The dosage and duration of treatment with Glucantime® were consistent with that advocated by the Ministry of Health. Persistence of fever, jaundice, rash, cyanosis and bleeding were the reactions that led the physician to modify treatment. No change was observed in blood pressure before and after treatment. This study demonstrated the work of a hospital, a reference in the treatment of leishmaniasis, which has many patients demanding its services in this area. It demonstrates that this disease is still important today, and needs to be addressed properly to prevent injury and death due to the disease.

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PUTATIVE ASSOCIATION OF IL10 -3575 T/A GENETIC POLYMORPHISM WITH MALARIA SYMPTOMS

Only a small percentage of individuals living in endemic areas develop severe malaria suggesting that host genetic factors may play a key role. This study has determined the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in some pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene sequences: IL6 (-174; rs1800795), IL12p40 (+1188; rs3212227), IL4 (+33; rs2070874), IL10 (-3575; rs1800890) and TGFb1 (+869; rs1800470), by means of PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected from 104 symptomatic and 37 asymptomatic subjects. Laboratory diagnosis was assessed by the thick blood smear test and nested-PCR. No association was found between IL6 (-174), IL12p40 (+1188), IL4 (+33), IL10 (- 3575), TGFb1 (+869) SNPs and malaria symptoms. However, regarding the IL10 -3575 T/A SNP, there were significantly more AA and AT subjects, carrying the polymorphic allele A, in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.54, p = 0.01, OR = 0.40 [95% CI - 0.17- 0.94]). When the analysis was performed by allele, the frequency of the polymorphic allele A was also significantly higher in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.50, p = 0.01, OR = 0.45 [95% CI - 0.21-0.95]). In conclusion, this study has suggested the possibility that the IL10 - 3575 T/A SNP might be associated with the presence and maintenance of malaria symptoms in individuals living in endemic areas. Taking into account that this polymorphism is related to decreased IL10 production, a possible role of this SNP in the pathophysiology of malaria is also suggested, but replication studies with a higher number of patients and evaluation of IL10 levels are needed for confirmation.

PREVALENCE OF BACTERIAL RESISTANCE IN HOSPITALIZED CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL: A NEW CHALLENGE

Background & Aims: An increased frequency of infections by multiresistant bacteria has been described in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial resistance profile in cirrhotic patients. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study. We assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility of 5,839 bacterial isolates from patients with and without cirrhosis. Regarding the multidrug resistance, we evaluated 4,505 bacterial isolates from 2,180 patients. Results: Two hundred and fifty-one patients had cirrhosis (mean age 57.6 ± 11 years; 61.8% were male, 47.8% of cases associated with hepatitis C virus). Of the isolates of patients with and without cirrhosis, 174/464 (37.5%) and 1,783/4,041 (44.1%) were multiresistant, respectively (p = 0.007). E. coli was the most common multiresistant bacteria in both groups. Approximately 20% of E. coli and Klebsiella sp. isolates were ESBL-producers and 44% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant in cirrhotic patients. In cirrhotic patients admitted to the emergency department, hospital ward, and intensive care unit, 28.3%, 50% and 40% had multiresistant isolates, respectively. In patients with and without cirrhosis, 36.2% and 33.5% of isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, respectively. Conclusions: The empirical treatment of infections in hospitalized patients using broad-spectrum antibiotics should consider the observed pattern of bacterial resistance.

Análise Estrutural do Segmento Anterior por Tomografia de Coerência Ótica no Glaucoma Congénito Primário

Objectivo: Analisar a morfologia do segmento anterior por tomografia de coerência ótica de segmento anterior (OCT-SA) em crianças com glaucoma congénito primário (GCP). Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo caso-controlo, prospetivo, em crianças com GCP e em crianças sem glaucoma (grupo controlo), seguidas em Consulta de Oftalmologia Pediátrica do Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central. Efectuou-se avaliação oftalmológica completa e OCT-SA utilizando o protocolo A C biometry. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 27 olhos (17 crianças com OCP) e 22 olhos (11 crianças sem glaucoma). Detetaram-se valores significativamente superiores de profundidade central e largura da câmara anterior (CA) (p<0,001) e maiores distâncias de abertura do ângulo a 500 CP<0,001) e 750µm (p=0,00 l), áreas de espaço irido-trabecular a 500 e 750µm (p<0,001) e áreas do recesso do ângulo a 500 (p<0,00l) e 750µm (p=0,001), no grupo GCP. A espessura da íris foi significativamente mais fina a 500µm do ângulo (p=0,011), no centro da íris (p<0,001) e na região mais espessa da mesma (p=0,001) no grupo GCP, assim como o comprimento da íris foi superior (p<0,001). A largura de CA e a acuidade visual (logMAR) apresentam correlação positiva (r=0,688; p<0,001). Outros achados morfológicos: anteriorização e hipoplasia da íris, alteração da morfologia do ângulo no local de intervenção cirúrgica (goniotomia, trabeculotornia, trabeculectomia, válvula de Ahmed). Conclusão: Este primeiro estudo em crianças com GCP sugere que a OCT-SA é de aquisição relativamente fácil, poderá ajudar no seguimento clínico e cirúrgico e ser útil como fator prognóstico destes doentes.

O Recém-Nascido no Serviço de Urgência - Que Triagem?

Introdução: Os recém-nascidos que recorrem ao serviço de urgência pediátrico requerem uma triagem que priorize o seu atendimento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar os recém-nascidos admitidos no serviço de urgência pediátrico, determinar se a triagem pelo Sistema de Triagem de Manchester se adequou à gravidade das condições apresentadas e, adicionalmente, calcular a sua sensibilidade e especificidade. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal com colheita retrospetiva de dados de recém-nascidos no serviço de urgência pediátrico, triados com o Sistema de Triagem de Manchester entre Agosto de 2011 e Julho de 2012. Resultados: Os recém-nascidos constituíram 0,8% (n = 281) das admissões no serviço de urgência pediátrico. A maioria (81,1%) recorreu sem referenciação. Não se verificou uma associação entre referenciação e diagnóstico da alta. Os recém-nascidos foram maioritariamente triados com o nível “pouco / não urgente” (174/281; 61,9%) mas destes, 46 (27%) apresentavam “patologia com necessidade de cuidados médicos hospitalares” e 16 (9%) foram internados / transferidos. Não se verificou uma associação entre utilização de recursos hospitalares / destino da alta e prioridade atribuída pelo Sistema de Triagem de Manchester, tendo este uma sensibilidade e especificidade calculadas de 47,1% e 66,1%, respetivamente. Discussão: Aproximadamente 70% das idas ao serviço de urgência pediátrico foram consideradas clinicamente injustificadas. Deve ser fortalecida a relação dos cuidadores com os cuidados de saúde primários e enfatizada formação em perinatologia. A triagem efetuada pelo Sistema de Triagem de Manchester revelou uma baixa sensibilidade e especificidade, parecendo não estar adaptada à amostra de recém-nascidos. Deverá ser atribuído um fator diferenciador ao recém-nascido na triagem. São necessários mais estudos aleatorizados que testem a validação do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester nesta população.

Travelers' Diarrhea in Children Visiting Tropical Countries

We studied a group of 174 Portuguese children (aged 2 mo-16 y) who mostly traveled to tropical Portuguese-speaking countries and found an attack rate of 21.8% for travelers' diarrhea, much lower than previously described. We also showed that African rate analysis by region may hide significant differences between countries.

Distribuição geográfica das espécies dos caramujos transmissores de Schistosoma mansoni no Estado de São Paulo

Os conhecimentos sobre a distribuição geográfica das espécies dos caramujos transmissores de Schistosoma mansoni são importantes para o controle e vigilância epidemiológica da esquistossomose mansônica. O estudo da situação no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, demandou o exame dos caramujos de 8.771 lotes com amostras do gênero Biomphalaria, preservados em coleção de moluscos da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias. Os exames revelaram espécies dos caramujos transmissores da endemia em 3.712 lotes com 108.244 exemplares. As proporções foram de 225 (6%) lotes de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), 3.402 (91,7%) de Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) e 85 (2,3%) de Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848), cada espécie respectivamente com 8.002 (7,4%), 88.068 (81,4%) e 12.174 (11,2%) exemplares. A distribuição geográfica de B. glabrata e B. tenagophila apresenta criadouros muito agregados. No caso de B. tenagophila, a maior compactação de criadouros coincide em regiões com elevados níveis de urbanização, muito conurbadas e poluídas. Já B. straminea, encontrada em criadouros das áreas de drenagem de todas as bacias hidrográficas, mostra uma disseminação mais rarefeita. Presume-se que devido às maiores facilidades do contato parasita/hospedeiros, os agregados de criadouros de B. glabrata e B. tenagophila sejam propícios à preservação das áreas endêmicas de S. mansoni em São Paulo.