The Influence of World Factors on Finnish Stock Market Volatility

This paper investigates to what extent the volatility of Finnish stock portfolios is transmitted through the "world volatility". We operationalize the volatility processes of Finnish leverage, industry, and size portfolio returns by asymmetric GARCH specifications according to Glosten et al. (1993). We use daily return data for January, 2, 1987 to December 30, 1998. We find that the world shock significantly enters the domestic models, and that the impact has increased over time. This applies also for the variance ratios, and the correlations to the world. The larger the firm, the larger is the world impact. The conditional variance is higher during recessions. The asymmetry parameter is surprisingly non-significant, and the leverage hypothesis cannot be verified. The return generating process of the domestic portfolio returns does usually not include the world information set, thus indicating that the returns are generated by a segmented conditional asset pricing model.

Crystal structures and photocatalysis of the triclinic polymorphs of BiNbO4 and BiTaO4

The high-temperature polymorphs of two photocatalytic materials, BiNbO4 and BiTaO4 were synthesized by the ceramic method. The crystal structures of these materials were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. BiNbO4 and BiTaO4 crystallize into the triclinic system P (1) over bar (No. 2), with a = 5.5376(4) angstrom, b = 7.6184(3) angstrom, c = 7.9324(36) angstrom, alpha = 102.565(3)degrees, beta = 90.143(2)degrees, gamma = 92.788 (4)degrees, V = 326.21 (5) angstrom(3). Z = 4 and a = 5.931(1) angstrom, b = 7.672(2) angstrom, c = 7.786(2) angstrom, alpha = 102.94 (3)degrees, beta = 90.04(3)degrees gamma = 93.53(3)degrees, V = 344.59(1) angstrom(3) and Z = 4, respectively. The structures along the c-axis, consist of layers of [Bi2O2] units separated by puckered sheets of (Nb/Ta)O-6 octahedra. Photocatalytic studies on the degradation of dyes indicate selectivity of BiNbO4 towards aromatics containing quinonic and azo functional groups

Prediction of inplane damping from deterministic and stochastic models

This paper reviews computational reliability, computer algebra, stochastic stability and rotating frame turbulence (RFT) in the context of predicting the blade inplane mode stability, a mode which is at best weakly damped. Computational reliability can be built into routine Floquet analysis involving trim analysis and eigenanalysis, and a highly portable special purpose processor restricted to rotorcraft dynamics analysis is found to be more economical than a multipurpose processor. While the RFT effects are dominant in turbulence modeling, the finding that turbulence stabilizes the inplane mode is based on the assumption that turbulence is white noise.

Drained shear strength of fine-grained soil-solid surface interfaces

Herein are reported the results of an investigation on the effective angle of interfacial friction between fine-grained soils and solid surfaces as influenced by the roughness of the material surface, the soil type and the overconsolidation ratio. The ratio of interfacial friction angle to the angle of internal friction (evaluated at constant overconsolidation ratio) of the soil is independent of the overconsolidation ratio. An empirical correlation between this ratio and the roughness of the interface has been proposed.

Experimental investigation of the dependence of barrier height on metal work function for metal---SiO2---p---Si (MIS) Schottky-barrier diodes in the presence of inversion

The dependence of barrier height on the metal work function of metal-SiO2-p-Si Schottky barrier diodes was investigated and nonlinearity was found. This is explained by the theoretical model proposed recently by Chattopadhyay and Daw. The values of interface trap density and fixed charge density of the insulating layer of the diodes were calculated using this model and found to be appreciably different from those estimated by the usual method.

Bonding isomerism in the chelate-exchange reactions of isonitroso-β-keto-imino isomeric nickel(ii) mixed ligand complexes

A novel chelate exchange reaction, leading to the formation of a series of N-alkyl substituent dependent mixed ligand isomeric complexes of the type Ni(R-AB)(AC') and Ni(R-AC)(AB') (Figure 1) are discussed. Here, AB and AC denote two different N-bonded isonitroso-β-keto-imino ligand moieties, while AB' and AC' are the corresponding O-bonded ligand moieties and R is an N-alkyl substituent. The isomeric complexes are suggested to be monomeric, neutral and diamagnetic with an asymmetric square planar geometry. The bonding isomerism of the isonitroso group in these complexes is discussed on the basis of the infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectral studies. A probable mechanism for the preparative route is also proposed.

Seerumin kreatiinikinaasi- ja aspartaattiaminotransferaasiaktiivisuuden vaikutus kalkkunoiden (Meleagris gallopavo) käyttäytymiseen erikorkuisissa kuljetushäkeissä

Kalkkunoiden teuraskuljetuksissa lintuja pidetään kuljetuspäällyksissä, joiden korkeuden on esitetty olevan riittämätön suurimpien kalkkunakukkojen kuljetukseen, mutta tieteellisiä tutkimuksia aiheesta on vähän. Jalostuksella saavutetut nopeakasvuiset ja suuret lihakset voivat lisäksi altistaa kalkkunat mahdollisesti kivuliaille lihassairauksille. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää lihasentsyymiarvojen vaikutusta kalkkunoiden käyttäytymiseen erikorkuisissa kuljetuspäällyksissä. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin kreatiinikinaasin (CK) ja aspartaattiaminotransferaasin (ASAT) aktiivisuutta kalkkunoiden seerumissa, sillä näiden solunsisäisten entsyymien yhtäaikainen esiintyminen seerumissa on todettu olevan merkki lihasvauriosta ja täten kuvaavan eläimen heikentynyttä hyvinvointia. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin 36 lihantuotantoon jalostettua kalkkunakukkoa. Kutakin lintua testattiin kahtena eri päivänä noin viikon välein. Testattavien lintujen paino oli keskimäärin 16,5 ± 0,2 kiloa. Linnut olivat eri testikerroilla satunnaistetusti erikorkuisissa häkeissä. Häkkikorkeudet olivat 40, 55 ja 90 cm. Linnut olivat paikallaan olevissa häkeissä kuusi tuntia, jonka ajan niiden käyttäytymistä videoitiin. Kustakin linnusta otettiin verinäyte yhdellä testauskerralla kuvaamisen päätyttyä ja seerumista analysoitiin CK ja ASAT. Kalkkunoiden CK-aktiivisuus oli 25450,5 ±10402,6 IU/l ja ASAT-aktiivisuus 625,0 ±143,7 IU/l. Häkkikorkeudella ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevää korrelaatiota CK- eikä ASAT-aktiivisuuden kanssa (p = 0,86 ja p = 0,68), mutta CK- ja ASAT-arvot korreloivat positiivisesti keskenään (p < 0,001). Sekä CK- että ASAT-aktiivisuuksien ollessa korkeat linnut makasivat vähemmän 55 cm ja 90 cm korkeissa häkeissä testijakson ensimmäisinä tunteina. Paino ja CK-aktiivisuus olivat positiivisesti korreloituneet (p = 0,001). Kalkkunoiden lihasentsyymiarvoista on saatavilla heikosti tietoa, mutta verrattuna moniin muihin eläinlajeihin kalkkunoiden seerumin CK- ja ASAT-arvot ovat huomattavan korkeat. 40 cm korkeissa häkeissä linnut eivät voineet tilan ahtauden vuoksi seistä normaalissa asennossa jalat ojennettuina kuten muissa häkkikorkeuksissa. Linnuilla kivun liittymistä lihassairauksiin ei ole kuvattu, mutta kipu on varsin todennäköistä akuutissa vaiheessa. Kalkkunat siis saattavat mahdollisuuksien mukaan välttää makaamista kivun vuoksi. Jalostuksella saatu rintalihaksen nopea kasvu suhteettoman suureksi on todettu voivan aiheuttaa lihasvaurioita. On mahdollista, että jo suuri koko itsessään saattaa aiheuttaa kalkkunoille kipua. Tekijät, jotka kohottavat seerumin lihasentsyymiarvoja, aiheuttavat joka tapauksessa myös hyvinvointiongelmia. Nykyisin käytössä olevat matalat, 40 cm korkeat, kuljetuspäällykset voivat heikentää etenkin suurikokoisten kalkkunakukkojen kuljetuksen aikaista hyvinvointia, koska ne estävät lintuja seisomasta luonnollisessa asennossa ja niissä liikkuminen on muutenkin hyvin rajoitettua. Jotta jalostettujen kalkkunoiden lihasentsyymiarvoista voitaisiin tehdä tarkempia johtopäätöksiä, tarvitaan lisää tutkimuksia lihasentsyymiarvojen perustason määrittämiseksi. Lisätutkimuksia tarvitaan myös kalkkunoiden mahdollisesti kokeman kivun ja lihasentsyymiarvojen välisestä yhteydestä.

Kelan asumistukitilasto 2010

Kelan asumistukitilasto 2010 sisältää keskeiset tiedot Kelan maksamista eläkkeensaajan asumistuista, yleisistä asumistuista sekä opintotuen asumislisistä. Julkaisu tarjoaa tilastoja näiden etuuksien saajista, asumisolosuhteista sekä maksetuista euromääristä. Eläkkeensaajan asumistuki, yleinen asumistuki ja opintotuen asumislisä ovat yksin asuville ja perheille myönnettäviä, suoraan asumismenoja pienentäviä asumistukia, joiden toimeenpano kuuluu Kelalle. Kela maksaa asumisen tukemiseen myös sotilasavustuksen asumisavustusta, mutta toimeentulotuen tyyppinen asumisavustus ei sisälly julkaisun tilastotaulukoihin.

Structural Studies of Analgesics and Their Interactions. V.* The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Metamizol Monohydrate

Metamizol, Na[Ct3H16N3045], C13H16N304S-Na +, a sulphonyl derivative of amidopyrine, is perhaps the most widely used non-narcotic analgetic and antiinflammatory pyrazolone derivative. The monohydrate of the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2Jc with eight molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 9.143 (3), b = 49.50 (2), c = 7.314 (2)/k and fl = 90.9 (1) °. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.080 for 4466 observed reflections. The two crystallographically independent molecules in the structure have similar dimensions. The elongated molecules are hydrophobic at one end and hydrophilic at the other with the middle portion partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic. The pyrazolone group in the structure has dimensions similar to those found in uncomplexed antipyrine and amidopyrine. The crystal structure can be described as consisting of double layers of metamizol molecules stacked perpendicular to the b axis. The adjacent double layers are separated by a layer of Naions and water molecules.

The challenge of LC/MS/MS multi-mycotoxin analysis - Heracles battling the Hydra?

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi. They pose a health risk to humans and animals due to their harmful biological properties and common occurrence in food and feed. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has gained popularity in the trace analysis of food contaminants. In this study, the applicability of the technique was evaluated in multi-residue methods of mycotoxins aiming at simultaneous detection of chemically diverse compounds. Methods were developed for rapid determination of toxins produced by fungal genera of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Claviceps from cheese, cereal based agar matrices and grains. Analytes were extracted from these matrices with organic solvents. Minimal sample clean-up was carried out before the analysis of the mycotoxins with reversed phase LC coupled to tandem MS (MS/MS). The methods were validated and applied for investigating mycotoxins in cheese and ergot alkaloid occurrence in Finnish grains. Additionally, the toxin production of two Fusarium species predominant in northern Europe was studied. Nine mycotoxins could be determined from cheese with the method developed. The limits of quantification (LOQ) allowed the quantification at concentrations varying from 0.6 to 5.0 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged between 96 and 143 %, and the within-day repeatability (as relative standard deviation, RSDr) between 2.3 and 12.1 %. Roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid could be detected at levels of 300 up to 12000 µg/kg in the mould cheese samples analysed. A total of 29 or 31 toxins could be analysed with the method developed for agar matrices and grains, with the LOQs ranging overall from 0.1 to 1250 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged generally between 44 and 139 %, and the RSDr between 2.0 and 38 %. Type-A trichothecenes and beauvericin were determined from the cereal based agar and grain cultures of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae. T-2 toxin was the main metabolite, the average levels reaching 22000 µg/kg in the grain cultures after 28 days of incubation. The method developed for ten ergot alkaloids from grains allowed their quantification at levels varying from 0.01 to 10 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged from 51 to 139 %, and the RSDr from 0.6 to 13.9 %. Ergot alkaloids were measured in barley and rye at average levels of 59 and 720 µg/kg, respectively. The two most prevalent alkaloids were ergocornine and ergocristine. The LC/MS methods developed enabled rapid detection of mycotoxins in such applications where several toxins co-occurred. Generally, the performance of the methods was good, allowing reliable analysis of the mycotoxins of interest with sufficiently low quantification limits. However, the variation in validation results highlighted the challenges related to optimising this type of multi-residue methods. New data was obtained about the occurrence of mycotoxins in mould cheeses and of ergot alkaloids in Finnish grains. In addition, the study revealed the high mycotoxin-producing potential of two common fungi in Finnish crops. The information can be useful when risks related to fungal and mycotoxin contamination will be assessed.