Oliver Cromwell and the 'Cromwellian' Settlement of Ireland

Oliver Cromwell remains a deeply controversial figure in Ireland. In the past decade, his role in the conquest has received sustained attention. However, in recent scholarship on the settlement of Ireland in the 1650s, he has enjoyed a peculiarly low profile. This trend has served to compound the interpretative problems relating to Cromwell and Ireland which stem in part from the traditional denominational divide in Irish historiography. This article offers a reappraisal of Cromwell's role in designing and implementing the far-reaching ‘Cromwellian’ land settlement. It examines the evidence relating to his dealings with Irish people, both Protestant and Catholic, and his attitude towards the enormous difficulties which they faced post-conquest. While the massacre at Drogheda in 1649 remains a blot on his reputation, in the 1650s Cromwell in fact emerged as an important and effective ally for Irish landowners seeking to defeat the punitive confiscation and transplantation policies approved by the Westminster parliament and favoured by the Dublin government.

The Transplanters' Certificates and the Historiography of Cromwellian Ireland

This article is concerned with a key source for the transplantation to Connacht known as the 'transplanters' certificates'. It explores how those documents were used and interpreted by scholars both before and after their destruction in 1922 and employs the surviving evidence to reassess their significance.

Plan de negocio para un hotel de cuatro estrellas en el distrito de San Miguel

El plan de negocios desarrollado tiene como objetivo definir la viabilidad de un proyecto hotelero de categoría cuatro estrellas en el distrito de San Miguel. La investigación se inició con un diagnóstico de la situación del mercado, donde a través del análisis PESTEG se ha identificado un macroentorno favorable para el desarrollo del proyecto y con el análisis de las cinco fuerzas de Porter se determinó la atractividad de la industria hotelera en la ciudad de Lima. Con la investigación de mercado se identificó la tendencia del crecimiento de arribo de turistas a la ciudad de Lima y el crecimiento de la demanda de noches de hospedaje a una tasa promedio de 8% anual durante los últimos diez años, superando al crecimiento del PBI del país. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa donde se determinó que el distrito de San Miguel es favorable para el desarrollo del proyecto, lo cual fue corroborado con las entrevistas realizadas a expertos del sector, quienes también indicaron que existe una alta brecha de inversión hotelera en Lima, que la ubicación específica del proyecto es apropiada para el establecimiento de un hotel de 4 estrellas por su cercanía al aeropuerto, a un sector empresarial no atendido en esta zona y por estar al lado del Centro Comercial Plaza San Miguel. Adicionalmente recalcaron que para el desarrollo de un proyecto hotelero de cuatro estrellas o superior es indispensable ser respaldados por una cadena internacional de hoteles, por lo que se seleccionó para el proyecto a la cadena Hilton.

0 Ler em família, ler na escola, ler na biblioteca: boas práticas (versão completa)

Versão completa

MEDICIÓN DE LA POBREZA EN EL S.I.P.O. : DESARROLLO DEL MÉTODO DE PUNTAJE

El Sistema de Información de la Población Objetivo, que funciona en el Instituto Mixto de Ayuda Social de Costa Rica, cuenta con tres métodos de calificación de la condición socioeconómica de las familias que están registradas en este sistema. Estos métodos son: Línea de Pobreza (LP), Medición Integrada de Pobreza (MIP) y Método de Puntaje.El método LP se basa en el ingreso económico del grupo familiar; el método MIP considera además del ingreso, otras cuatro variables relacionadas con las necesidades básicas de las familias. Por su parte, el Puntaje se basa en 16 variables ponderadas, cuya combinación ofrece un indicador resumen por familia, expresando de forma cuantitativa el grado de pobreza de la misma.

Biological significance of dead biomass retention trait in Mediterranean Basin species: an analysis between different successional niches and regeneration strategies as functional groups

Standing dead biomass retention is considered one of the most relevant fuel structural traits to affect plant flammability. However, very little is known about the biological significance of this trait and its distribution between different functional groups. Our aim was to analyse how the proportion of dead biomass produced in Mediterranean species is related to the successional niche of species (early-, mid- and late-successional stages) and the regeneration strategy of species (seeders and resprouters). We evaluated biomass distribution by size classes and standing dead biomass retention in nine dominant species from the Mediterranean Basin in different development stages (5, 9, 14 and 26 years since the last fire). The results revealed significant differences in the standing dead biomass retention of species that presented a distinct successional niche or regeneration strategy. These differences were restricted to the oldest ages studied (>9 years). Tree and small tree resprouters, typical in late-successional stages, presented slight variations with age and a less marked trend to retain dead biomass, while seeder shrubs and dwarf shrubs, characteristic of early-successional stages, showed high dead biomass loads. Our results suggest that the species that tend to retain more dead branches are colonising species that may promote fire in early-successional stages.

The Amplifier v. 16, no. 7

In this issue...Spurettes, Art Club, Petroleum Department, Xerox Effective Listening Course, Miners Bank, Comics, KXLF Radio, Marcus Daly, Baseball, Repertory Theater

Systems 1 and 2 thinking processes and cognitive reflection testing in medical students

Background: Diagnostic decision-making is made through a combination of Systems 1 (intuition or pattern-recognition) and Systems 2 (analytic) thinking. The purpose of this study was to use the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) to evaluate and compare the level of Systems 1 and 2 thinking among medical students in pre-clinical and clinical programs. Methods: The CRT is a three-question test designed to measure the ability of respondents to activate metacognitive processes and switch to System 2 (analytic) thinking where System 1 (intuitive) thinking would lead them astray. Each CRT question has a correct analytical (System 2) answer and an incorrect intuitive (System 1) answer. A group of medical students in Years 2 & 3 (pre-clinical) and Years 4 (in clinical practice) of a 5-year medical degree were studied. Results: Ten percent (13/128) of students had the intuitive answers to the three questions (suggesting they generally relied on System 1 thinking) while almost half (44%) answered all three correctly (indicating full analytical, System 2 thinking). Only 3-13% had incorrect answers (i.e. that were neither the analytical nor the intuitive responses). Non-native English speaking students (n = 11) had a lower mean number of correct answers compared to native English speakers (n = 117: 1.0 s 2.12 respectfully: p < 0.01). As students progressed through questions 1 to 3, the percentage of correct System 2 answers increased and the percentage of intuitive answers decreased in both the pre-clinical and clinical students. Conclusions: Up to half of the medical students demonstrated full or partial reliance on System 1 (intuitive) thinking in response to these analytical questions. While their CRT performance has no claims to make as to their future expertise as clinicians, the test may be used in helping students to understand the importance of awareness and regulation of their thinking processes in clinical practice.

A Expulsão, Extradição e Direito de Asilo em Portugal como Membro da União Europeia e o Direito dos Refugiados e de Asilo no Extremo Oriente: os casos do Japão e da China - Efectividade do Direito Público e Limitações da Intervenção Estatal;

1 – Resumo: as questões da expulsão, extradição e direito de asilo são tratadas de modo muito diverso no mundo; assim como o direito dos refugiados. Existem nomeadamente grandes diferenças no que concerne ao Ocidente e Oriente mundiais. Esta pesquisa compara um típico país da União Europeia, Portugal, com dois exemplos asiáticos: a China e o Japão. Vê-se que não só as leis são bastante diferentes, mas que o que talvez mais difira a nível mundial seja a restritividade da sua aplicação prática.§ 1.1 Abstract: the issues of expulsion, extradition and asylum are treated very differently in the world, as well as the right of refugees. In particular, there are large differences between the Western and the Eastern hemispheres. This study compares a typical country of the European Union, Portugal, with two Asian examples: China and Japan. It is shown that not only the laws are quite different, but that what possibly differs the most on a global level is the restrictivity of their practical application.

Estudio molecular en dos hermanas afectadas por ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva : descripción de una nueva mutación causal en TGM1

Se describe la variante homocigota c.320-2A>G de TGM1 en dos hermanas con ictiosis congénita autosómica recesiva. El clonaje de los transcritos generados por esta variante permitió identificar tres mecanismos moleculares de splicing alternativos.