Decomposing hierarchical alignment: Co-arguments as conditions on alignment and the limits of referential hierarchies as explanations in verb agreement

Apart from common cases of differential argument marking, referential hierarchies affect argument marking in two ways: (a) through hierarchical marking, where markers compete for a slot and the competition is resolved by a hierarchy, and (b) through co-argument sensitivity, where the marking of one argument depends on the properties of its co-argument. Here we show that while co-argument sensitivity cannot be analyzed in terms of hierarchical marking, hierarchical marking can be analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity. Once hierarchical effects on marking are analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity, it becomes possible to examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in exactly the same way as one can examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in cases of differential argument marking and indeed any other condition on alignment (such as tense or clause type). As a result, instances of hierarchical marking of any kind turn out not to present a special case in the typology of alignment, and there is no need for positing an additional non-basic alignment type such as “hierarchical alignment”. While hierarchies are not needed for descriptive and comparative purposes, we also cast doubt on their relevance in diachrony: examining two families for which hierarchical agreement has been postulated, Algonquian and Kiranti, we find only weak and very limited statistical evidence for agreement paradigms to have been shaped by a principled ranking of person categories.

How Do Second-Generation Immigrant Students Access Higher Education? The Importance of Vocational Routes to Higher Education in Switzerland, France, and Germany

We analyse the access to different institutional pathways to higher education for second-generation students, focusing on youths that hold a higher-education entrance certificate. The alternative vocational pathway appears to compensate to some degree, compared to the traditional academic one, for North-African and Southern-European youths in France, those from Turkey in Germany, and to a lesser degree those from Portugal, Turkey, Ex-Yugoslavia, Albania/Kosovo in Switzerland. This is not the case in Switzerland for Western-European, Italian, and Spanish youths who indeed access higher education via the academic pathway more often than Swiss youths. Using youth panel and survey data, multinomial models are applied to analyse these pathway choices.

Bibliografía española. : Revista oficial de la Federación española de productores, comerciantes y amigos del libro. ....

Issued in 3 parts: I. Bibliografía. II. Crónica. III. Anuncios.

Stereo photo series for quantifying natural fuels /

"PMS 830"--Cover, v. 1; "PMS 831"--Cover, v. 2; "PMS 832"--Cover, v. 3; "PMS 833"--Cover, v. 4; "PMS 835"--Cover, v. 6; "PMS 838"--Cover, v. 6a; "PMS 839"--Cover. v. 7; "PMS 840"--Cover, v. 8.

Intelligence professionalism in the Americas = Profesionalismo de inteligencia en las Américas /

Shipping list no.: 2004-0011-P.

Chronicon Angliae Petriburgense /

Ascribed in MS. Cotton Claud. A. v. to a certain Johannes, Abbot of Peterborough, whom some have attempted to identify as Johannes de Caleto or John Deeping. The last part of the Chronicle is sometimes attributed to Robert of Boston.

Biographical memoirs.

List of papers contained in v. 1-9 is given in National Academy of Sciences. Proceedings... Index... 1915-1924, 1926.

The Oxyrhynchus papyri /

Editors vary.

Evaluation of air cleaning and monitoring equipment used in recirculation systems /

Contract No. 210-78-0011.

Tratado completo de patología interna /

Los 2 últimos volúmenes están impresos en la Imprenta de la calle de S. Vicente a cargo de S. Celestino G. Álvarez.

Michigan historical collections.

One 40 v. set in special collections.

The sacred books of the East.

Tâoism. The sacred books of China. The texts of Tâoism. In vol. 39, 4âry-Upanishads. In vol. I, 15.--Vedânta-Sûtras. With the commentary by Saṅkarâkaarya. In vol. 34, 38, 48.--Vedic hymns. In vol. 32, 46.--Vinaya text. Translated from the Pâli.l In vol. 13, 17, 20.--Vishnu. The institutes of Vishnu. In vol. 7.--Zend-Avesta. In vol. 4, 23, 31.--A general index to the names and subject-matter, comiled by M. Winternitz. In vol. 50.

Die Schaubühne.

Mode of access: Internet.

Biblioteca delle tradizioni popolari siciliane.

Mode of access: Internet.

The collected mathematical papers of Arthur Cayley.

Biographical notice of Arthur Cayley by A. R. Forsyth, reprinted, with slight verbal changes, from the obituary notices in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, v. 58: v. 8, p. ix-xliv.