898 resultados para variable smoothing constant
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1818/02 (T1).
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1819/11 (T8).
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1819/02 (T5).
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Périodicité : Hebdomadaire (annoncé irrégulier pour contourner l'autorisation préalable)
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1818/05 (T2).
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1820/02 (T9).
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1819/05 (T6).
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Fluid handling systems account for a significant share of the global consumption of electrical energy. They also suffer from problems, which reduce their energy efficiency and increase life-cycle costs. Detecting or predicting these problems in time can make fluid handling systems more environmentally and economically sustainable to operate. In this Master’s Thesis, significant problems in fluid systems were studied and possibilities to develop variable-speed-drive-based detection methods for them was discussed. A literature review was conducted to find significant problems occurring in fluid handling systems containing pumps, fans and compressors. To find case examples for evaluating the feasibility of variable-speed-drive-based methods, queries were sent to industrial companies. As a result of this, the possibility to detect heat exchanger fouling with a variable-speed drive was analysed with data from three industrial cases. It was found that a mass flow rate estimate, which can be generated with a variable speed drive, can be used together with temperature measurements to monitor a heat exchanger’s thermal performance. Secondly, it was found that the fouling-related increase in the pressure drop of a heat exchanger can be monitored with a variable speed drive. Lastly, for systems where the flow device is speed controlled with by a pressure measurement, it was concluded that increasing rotational speed can be interpreted as progressing fouling in the heat exchanger.
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In marine benthic communities, herbivores consume a considerable proportion of primary producer biomass and, thus, generate selection for the evolution of resistance traits. According to the theory of plant defenses, resistance traits are costly to produce and, consequently, inducible resistance traits are adaptive in conditions of variable herbivory, while in conditions of constant/strong herbivory constitutive resistance traits are selected for. The evolution of resistance plasticity may be constrained by the costs of resistance or lack of genetic variation in resistance. Furthermore, resource allocation to induced resistance may be affected by higher trophic levels preying on herbivores. I studied the resistance to herbivory of a foundation species, the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. By using factorial field experiments, I explored the effects of herbivores and fish predators on growth and resistance of the alga in two seasons. I explored genetic variation in and allocation costs of resistance traits as well as their chemical basis and their effects on herbivore performance. Using a field experiment I tested if induced resistance spreads via water-borne cues from one individual to another in relevant ecological conditions. I found that in the northern Baltic Sea F. vesiculosus communities, strength of three trophic interactions strongly vary among seasons. The highly synchronized summer reproduction of herbivores promoted their escape from the top-down control of fish predators in autumn. This resulted into large grazing losses in algal stands. In spring, herbivore densities were low and regulated by fish, which, thus,enhanced algal growth. The resistance of algae to herbivory increased with an increase in constitutive phlorotannin content. Furthermore, individuals adopted induced resistance when grazed and when exposed to water-borne cues originating from grazing of conspecific algae both in the laboratory and in field conditions. Induced resistance was adopted to a lesser extent in the presence of fish predators. The results in this thesis indicate that inducible resistance in F. vesiculosus is an adaptation to varying herbivory in the northern Baltic Sea. The costs of resistance and strong seasonality of herbivory have likely contributed to the evolution of this defense strategy. My findings also show that fish predators have positive cascading effects on F. vesiculosus which arise via reduced herbivory but possibly also through reduced resource allocation to resistance. I further found evidence that the spread of resistance via water-borne cues also occurs in ecologically realistic conditions in natural marine sublittoral. Thus, water-borne induction may enable macroalgae to cope with the strong grazing pressure characteristic of marine benthic communities. The results presented here show that seasonality can have pronounced effects on the biotic interactions in marine benthic communities and thereafter influence the evolution of resistance traits in primary producers.
