Resident angiogenic mesenchymal stem cells from multiorgan donor thoracic aortas

Stem cells are one of the most fascinating areas of biology today, and since the discover of an adult population, i.e., adult Stem Cells (aSCs), they have generated much interest especially for their application potential as a source for cell based regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. aSCs have been found in different tissues including bone marrow, skin, intestine, central nervous system, where they reside in a special microenviroment termed “niche” which regulate the homeostasis and repair of adult tissues. The arterial wall of the blood vessels is much more plastic than ever before believed. Several animal studies have demonstrated the presence of cells with stem cell characteristics within the adult vessels. Recently, it has been also hypothesized the presence of a “vasculogenic zone” in human adult arteries in which a complete hierarchy of resident stem cells and progenitors could be niched during lifetime. Accordingly, it can be speculated that in that location resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the ability to differentiate in smooth muscle cells, surrounding pericytes and fibroblasts are present. The present research was aimed at identifying in situ and isolating MSCs from thoracic aortas of young and healthy heart-beating multiorgan donors. Immunohistochemistry performed on fresh and frozen human thoracic aortas demonstrated the presence of the vasculogenic zone between the media and the adventitial layers in which a well preserved plexus of CD34 positive cells was found. These cells expressed intensely HLA-I antigens both before and after cryopreservation and after 4 days of organ cultures remained viable. Following these preliminary results, we succeeded to isolate mesenchymal cells from multi-organ thoracic aortas using a mechanical and enzymatic combined procedure. Cells had phenotypic characteristics of MSC i.e., CD44+, CD90+, CD105+, CD166+, CD34low, CD45- and revealed a transcript expression of stem cell markers, e.g., OCT4, c-kit, BCRP-1, IL6 and BMI-1. As previously documented using bone marrow derived MSCs, resident vascular wall MSCs were able to differentiate in vitro into endothelial cells in the presence of low-serum supplemented with VEGF-A (50 ng/ml) for 7 days. Under the condition described above, cultured cells showed an increased expression of KDR and eNOS, down-regulation of the CD133 transcript, vWF expression as documented by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, qPCR and TEM. Moreover, matrigel assay revealed that VEGF induced cells were able to form capillary-like structures within 6 hours of seeding. In summary, these findings indicate that thoracic aortas from heart-beating, multi-organ donors are highly suitable for obtaining MSCs with the ability to differentiate in vitro into endothelial cells. Even though their differentiating potential remains to be fully established, it is believed that their angiogenic ability could be a useful property for allogenic use. These cells can be expanded rapidly, providing numbers which are adequate for therapeutic neovascularization; furthermore they can be cryostored in appropriate cell banking facilities for later use.

Studio di Mutazioni Geniche e Variazioni Copy-Number implicate nel deficit combinato degli Ormoni Ipofisari(CPHD)

La crescita normale di un individuo è il risultato dell’azione coordinata di molteplici ormoni e recettori codificati da geni e a tal proposito, discreto interesse è stato dato ai geni tipici dell’asse del GH. Tuttavia altri geni, più a monte di questi e responsabili dello sviluppo dell’ipofisi contribuiscono alla crescita normale o patologica. Alcuni geni studiati sono POU1F1, PROP1, LHX3, LHX4, HESX1, SOX3 e svariate loro mutazioni sono state identificate come causa di panipopituarismo (CPHD=Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency). In realtà la ricerca genetica non spiega ancora molte anomalie ipofisarie e molte mutazioni devono ancora essere identificate. Uno degli scopi del dottorato, svoltosi nel laboratorio di Genetica molecolare di Pediatria, è stata l’identificazione di mutazioni geniche da un gruppo di pazienti CPHD considerando in particolare i geni POU1F1, LHX3, SOX3, non ancora messi a punto presso il laboratorio. L’approccio sperimentale si è basato sulle seguenti fasi: prelievo delle informazioni di sequenza da GeneBank, progettazione di primers per amplificare le porzioni esoniche, messa a punto delle fasi della PCR e del sequenziamento, analisi della sequenza e confronto con le informazioni di sequenza depositate allo scopo di rintracciare eventuali mutazioni o varianti. La bassa percentuale di mutazioni in questi geni non ha permesso finora di rintracciare mutazioni nelle porzioni esoniche salvo che in un soggetto, nell’esone 6 di LHX3b (nuova mutazione, recessiva eterozigote, c.1248A>G implicata nella mutazione p.T377A della sequenza proteica). Un metodo di screening di questa mutazione impiegando l’enzima di restrizione SacII è stato usato, senza rilevare nessun altra occorrenza dell’allele mutato in 53 soggetti di controllo. Oltre alla messa a punto del sequenziamento e di alcune tecniche di analisi di singoli SNP o piccoli INDELs per i 3 geni, la ricerca svolta è stata orientata all’impiego di metodi di rilevamento di riarrangiamenti genetici comportanti ampie delezioni e/o variazioni del copy-number di esoni/interi geni detto MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) e progettato da MRC-Holland. Il sequenziamento infatti non permette di rilevare tali alterazioni quando sono ampie ed in eterozigosi. Per esempio, in un’ampia delezione in eterozigosi, l’intervallo delimitato dai primers usati per la PCR può non includere totalmente la porzione interessata da delezione su un cromosoma cosicché la PCR ed il sequnziamento si basano solo sulle informazioni dell’altro cromosoma non deleto. Un vantaggio della tecnica MLPA, è l’analisi contemporanea di una quarantina di siti posti su svariati geni. Questa metodo tuttavia può essere affetto da un certo margine di errore spesso dipendente dalla qualità del DNA e dovrebbe essere affiancato e validato da altre tecniche più impegnativa dal punto di vista sperimentale ma più solide, per esempio la Real Time PCR detta anche PCR quantitativa (qPCR). In laboratorio, grazie all’MLPA si è verificata la condizione di delezione eterozigote di un paziente “storico” per il gene GH1 e la stessa mutazione è stata rilevata anche con la qPCR usando lo strumento Corbett Rotor Gene 6000 (Explera). Invece un’analisi solo con la qPCR di variazioni del copy-number (CNV) per SOX3 in pazienti maschili non ha ancora evidenziato anomalie. Entrambe le tecniche hanno aspetti interessanti, il miglior approccio al momento sembra un’analisi iniziale di pazienti con l’MLPA, seguita dalla verifica di un eventuale esito anomalo impiegando la real-time PCR.

Genetic Manipulation, Gene Silencing and Biomarker Development in Multiple Experimental Models.

The thesis is set in three different parts, according to the relative experimental models. First, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is part of the study on reproductive biotechnologies: the transgenesis technique of Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer is widely studied starting from the quality of the semen, through the study of multiple uptakes of exogenous DNA and lastly used in the production of multi-transgenic blastocysts. Finally we managed to couple the transgenesis pipeline with sperm sorting and therefore produced transgenic embryos of predetermined sex. In the second part of the thesis the attention is on the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and on its derived cell line: the S2 cells. The in vitro and in vivo models are used to develop and validate an efficient way to knock down the myc gene. First an efficient in vitro protocol is described, than we demonstrate how the decrease in myc transcript remarkably affects the ribosome biogenesis through the study of Polysome gradients, rRNA content and qPCR. In vivo we identified two optimal drivers for the conditional silencing of myc, once the flies are fed with RU486: the first one is throughout the whole body (Tubulin), while the second is a head fat body driver (S32). With these results we present a very efficient model to study the role of myc in multiple aspects of translation. In the third and last part, the focus is on human derived lung fibroblasts (hLF-1), mouse tail fibroblasts and mouse tissues. We developed an efficient assay to quantify the total protein content of the nucleus on a single cell level via fluorescence. We coupled the protocol with classical immunofluorescence so to have at the same time general and particular information, demonstrating that during senescence nuclear proteins increase by 1.8 fold either in human cells, mouse cells and mouse tissues.

MicroRNAs expression analysis in high grade gliomas

Several biomarkers had been proposed as useful parameters to better define the prognosis or to delineate new target therapy strategies for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. MicroRNAs could represent interesting molecules, for their role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression and for their specific tissue expression. Although many studies have tried to identify a specific microRNAs signature for glioblastoma, by now an exhaustive GBM microRNAs profile is far to be well defined. In this work we set up a real-time qPCR, based on LNA primers, to investigate the expression of 19 microRNAs in brain tumors, focusing our attention on GBMs. MiRNAs expression in 30 GBM paired FFPE-Fresh/Frozen samples was firstly analyzed. The good correlation obtained comparing miRNAs results confirmed the feasibility of performing miRNAs analysis starting from FFPE tissues. This leads to many advantages, as a good disposal of archival tumor and normal brain specimens and the possibility to verify the percentage of tumor cells in the analyzed sample. In the second part we compared 3 non-neoplastic brain references to use as control in miRNAs analysis. Normal adjacent the tumor, epileptic specimens and a commercial total RNA were analyzed for miRNAs expression and results showed that different non-neoplastic controls could lead to important discrepancies in GBM miRNAs profiles. Analyzing 50 FFPE GBMs using all 3 non-neoplastic references, we defined a putative GBM miRNAs signature: mir-10b, miR-21 and miR-27a resulted upregulated, while miR-7, miR-9, miR-26a, miR-31, miR-101, miR-137, miR-222 and miR-330 were downregulated. Comparing miRNAs expression among GBM group and gliomas of grade I, II and III, we obtained 3 miRNAs (miR-10b, mir-34a and miR-101) showing a different regulation status between high grade and low grade gliomas. Intriguingly, miR-10b was upregulated in high grade and significantly downregulated in low grade gliomas, suggesting that could be a candidate for a GBM target therapy.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of ethylene biosynthesis in apples

Ethylene plays an important role in apple fruit development. Its biosynthesis is catalyzed by two enzymes ACS and ACO. The first is considered to catalyzes the rate-limiting step of ethylene production and in apple two different alleles (MdACS1-1 and MdACS1-2) of this gene have been identified. The presence in the promoter region of MdACS1-2 allele of a SINE insertion is considered to be responsible for a low transcription level and a pronounced reduction in ethylene production in apple cultivar homozygous for this allele. However, the specific expression of each MdACS1 allele has never been reported as well as any in vivo analysis of its 5’-flanking region. With the present study we addressed these issues by developing a set of qPCR allele specific primers for MdACS1 and by a functional characterization of the MdACS1 promoters by transient expression analysis. qPCR analysis on different apple tissues and stages of development demonstrated that MdACS1-2 allele is never express and that MdACS1-1 allele is ripening-related and expresses predominantly but not exclusively in apple fruit. To test MdACS1 promoter in fruit the only protocol available in literature for transient transformation of apple fruit was evaluated and optimized. Twenty chimeric promoter::reporter constructs were generated and analyzed by Agrobacterium-transient transformation. The in vivo analysis allowed to identify an enhancer-like region of 261 bp in MdACS1 promoter and a region of 57 bp in MdACS1-2 responsible, also if not alone, in the inactivation of the MdACS1-2 allele. Through the assessment of ethylene production in a segregating progeny derived from the cross between Fuji and Mondial Gala (homozygous for MdACS1-2 allele) we demonstrated that at least two other genes may be involved in apple ethylene production. An hypothesis that could explain the difference between Fuji and Mondial Gala have been proposed.

Study of Venturia inaequalis sensitivity to fungicides through molecular and biological methodologies

This study was aimed to correlate the results of relative germination from in vitro tests by trifloxystrobin with those of qPCR on a wide range of V. inaequalis populations and monoconidial isolates. Samples were collected in Italian and Turkish distinct locations from orchards with different scab management. In this study, an allele-specific qPCR with primer sets designed was successfully developed to quantitatively determine the frequency of QoI-resistant allele G143A in populations and monoconidial isolates of V. inaequalis. qPCR followed a similar pattern to that obtained using in vitro conidial germination test in very sensitive and very resistant populations. However, the variability between two test results was observed in hetereogenous populations. Therefore, the results of correlations between in vitro and qPCR showed a positive but not very high correlation for Venturia inaequalis populations (R2=0.70). On the contrary, this correlation between two assessment methods was very high for monoconidial isolates (R2=0.92). Results obtained in quantitative PCR and from traditional spore germination assay differed for the same fungal population and in some cases, it is difficult to assess the resistance in the field by only qPCR. It was concluded that it is not always possible to correlate the frequency of detection of the mutation with biological assessment. In such situations, monitoring by molecular techniques must be supported by standard in vitro resistance assessments and observation of field performance in order to have correct conclusions.

Functional and Genetic characterization of new genomic islands from an E. coli strain associated with neonatal meningitis.

Enterobacteriaceae genomes evolve through mutations, rearrangements and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The latter evolutionary pathway works through the acquisition DNA (GEI) modules of foreign origin that enhances fitness of the host to a given environment. The genome of E. coli IHE3034, a strain isolated from a case of neonatal meningitis, has recently been sequenced and its subsequent sequence analysis has predicted 18 possible GEIs, of which: 8 have not been previously described, 5 fully meet the pathogenic island definition and at least 10 that seem to be of prophagic origin. In order to study the GEI distribution of our reference strain, we screened for the presence 18 GEIs a panel of 132 strains, representative of E. coli diversity. Also, using an inverse nested PCR approach we identified 9 GEI that can form an extrachromosomal circular intermediate (CI) and their respective attachment sites (att). Further, we set up a qPCR approach that allowed us to determine the excision rates of 5 genomic islands in different growth conditions. Four islands, specific for strains appertaining to the sequence type complex 95 (STC95), have been deleted in order to assess their function in a Dictyostelium discoideum grazing assays. Overall, the distribution data presented here indicate that 16 IHE3034 GEIs are more associated to the STC95 strains. Also the functional and genetic characterization has uncovered that GEI 13, 17 and 19 are involved in the resistance to phagocitation by Dictyostelium d thus suggesting a possible role in the adaptation of the pathogen during certain stages of infection.

Evaluation von Effektivität und Sicherheit der niederfrequenten, transkraniellen Ultraschalltherapie beim Schlaganfall

In den westlichen Ländern nimmt die Zahl der Schlaganfall-Patienten stetig zu und zählt mittlerweilernzu einer der häufigsten Todesursachen. Derzeit ist die Rekanalisationstherapie mit demrnFibrinolytikum rt-PA die einzig zugelassene Therapie. Die Rekanalisationsrate ist oftmals inkomplettrnund aufgrund von möglichen Blutungskomplikationen die Therapie nicht bei allen Patientenrnmöglich. Daher ist es wichtig, Alternativtherapieansätze (z.B. Ultraschallthrombolyse) zurnentwickeln. Blutgerinnsel können mit Hilfe von Ultraschall in Schwingung gebracht und sornlysiert oder die Wirkung von rt-PA verstärkt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte die Evaluationrnvon Bioeffekten von 60 kHz Ultraschall an gesundem und ischämischem Hirngewebe zum Ziel.rnNeben tierexperimentellen Methoden kamen auch molekular-biologische Techniken zur Anwendung.rnDie erste Studie beschäftigte sich mit der Wirkung von 60 kHz (Intensität: 0,2 W/cm2 undrnDuty Cycle 50%) auf ischämisches Hirngewebe (permanent ischämisch und nach Reperfusion).rnLediglich nach Reperfusion und Ultraschallbehandlung war das Läsionsvolumen signifikantrnerhöht, so dass von einer besonderen Vulnerabilität des Hirngewebes nach Reperfusionrnauszugehen ist (Penumbraschädigung). In der neurologischen Beurteilung der Tiere zeigte sichrnbei allen Tieren mit permanenter Okklusion und etwa einem Drittel der Tiere nach Reperfusionrnund Ultraschallbehandlung eine Hörminderung. In der anschließenden Studie wurde diernUltraschallintensität erniedrigt und der Duty Cycle variiert. In einer publizierten in vitro Studiernkonnte die zunehmende Lyserate mit steigendem Duty Cycle nachgewiesen werden. DiernAuswertung ergab eine Abhängigkeit des Läsionsvolumens von der Länge des Duty Cycles. Derrndritte Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Wirkung von Ultraschall auf die Genexpression. Hierzurnwurden gesunde Ratten mit Ultraschall verschiedener Frequenzen (60 kHz, 488 kHz und 3 MHz)rntranskraniell behandelt und 4 h bzw. 24 h nach der Behandlung getötet. Proben von ischämischenrnTieren dienten als positive Kontrollen. Aufgrund von Literaturrecherchen wurden mehrerernKandidatengene ermittelt. Die Messung der Ischämieproben ergab eine weitgehende Übereinstimmungrnmit der Literatur. Die Messungen an den mit 60 kHz behandelten Proben ergabenrnkaum Anzeichen für eine differenzielle Genregulation. Die Frequenz von 488 kHz zeigte diernmeisten Regulationen, gefolgt von der Behandlung mit 3 MHz. Dieses Ergebnis lässt vermuten,rndass es sich bei den detektierten Veränderungen um protektive Mechanismen handelt, da diesernFrequenzen bislang im Tierversuch als nebenwirkungsarm beschrieben wurden. Die Auswertungrnvon 60 kHz-Proben mit Affymetrix Arrays ergab lediglich einige wenige differentiell regulierternGene. Die Array-Experimente konnten nicht durch qPCR-Messungen bestätigt werden.

Gene expression analysis in ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’-resistant and -susceptible Malus genotypes

Apple proliferation (AP) disease is the most important graft-transmissible and vector-borne disease of apple in Europe. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ (Ca. P. mali) is the causal agent of AP. Apple (Malus x domestica) and other Malus species are the only known woody hosts. In European apple orchards, the cultivars are mainly grafted on one rootstock, M. x domestica cv. M9. M9 like all other M. x domestica cultivars is susceptible to ‘Ca. P. mali’. Resistance to AP was found in the wild genotype Malus sieboldii (MS) and in MS-derived hybrids but they were characterised by poor agronomic value. The breeding of a new rootstock carrying the resistant and the agronomic traits was the major aim of a project of which this work is a part. The objective was to shed light into the unknown resistance mechanism. The plant-phytoplasma interaction was studied by analysing differences between the ‘Ca. P. mali’-resistant and -susceptible genotypes related to constitutively expressed genes or to induced genes during infection. The cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique was employed in both approaches. Differences related to constitutively expressed genes were identified between two ‘Ca. P. mali’-resistant hybrid genotypes (4551 and H0909) and the ‘Ca. P. mali’-susceptible M9. 232 cDNA-AFLP bands present in the two resistant genotypes but absent in the susceptible one were isolated but several different products associated to each band were found. Therefore, two different macroarray hybridisation experiments were performed with the cDNA-AFLP fragments yielding 40 sequences encoding for genes of unknown function or a wide array of functions including plant defence. In the second approach, individuation and analysis of the induced genes was carried out exploiting an in vitro system in which healthy and ‘Ca. P. mali’-infected micropropagated plants were maintained under controlled conditions. Infection trials using in vitro grafting of ‘Ca. P. mali’ showed that the resistance phenotype could be reproduced in this system. In addition, ex vitro plants were generated as an independent control of the genes differentially expressed in the in vitro plants. The cDNA-AFLP analysis in in vitro plants yielded 63 bands characterised by over-expression in the infected state of both the H0909 and MS genotypes. The major part (37 %) of the associated sequences showed homology with products of unknown function. The other genes were involved in plant defence, energy transport/oxidative stress response, protein metabolism and cellular growth. Real-time qPCR analysis was employed to validate the differential expression of the genes individuated in the cDNA-AFLP analysis. Since no internal controls were available for the study of the gene expression in Malus, an analysis on housekeeping genes was performed. The most stably expressed genes were the elongation factor-1 α (EF1) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4-A (eIF4A). Twelve out of 20 genes investigated through qPCR were significantly differentially expressed in at least one genotype either in in vitro plants or in ex vitro plants. Overall, about 20% of the genes confirmed their cDNA-AFLP expression pattern in M. sieboldii or H0909. On the contrary, 30 % of the genes showed down-regulation or were not differentially expressed. For the remaining 50 % of the genes a contrasting behaviour was observed. The qPCR data could be interpreted as follows: the phytoplasma infection unbalance photosynthetic activity and photorespiration down-regulating genes involved in photosynthesis and in the electron transfer chain. As result, and in contrast to M. x domestica genotypes, an up-regulation of genes of the general response against pathogens was found in MS. These genes involved the pathway of H2O2 and the production of secondary metabolites leading to the hypothesis that a response based on the accumulation of H2O2 in MS would be at the base of its resistance. This resembles a phenomenon known as “recovery” where the spontaneous remission of the symptoms is observed in old susceptible plants but occurring in a stochastic way while the resistance in MS is an inducible but stable feature. As additional product of this work three cDNA-AFLP-derived markers were developed which showed independent distribution among the seedlings of two breeding progenies and were associated to a genomic region characteristic of MS. These markers will contribute to the development of molecular markers for the resistance as well as to map the resistance on the Malus genome.

Ricerca di nuove strategie differenziative: Analisi degli effetti di stimoli fisici e molecolari su cellule mesenchimali umane isolate da tessuto adiposo

Introduzione. Le cellule mesenchimali derivate dal tessuto adiposo (hASC) rappresentano un importante strumento per la terapia cellulare, in quanto derivano da un tessuto adulto abbondante e facilmente reperibile. Con il dispositivo medico Lipogems l’isolamento di tali cellule è eseguito esclusivamente mediante sollecitazioni meccaniche. Il prodotto ottenuto è quindi minimamente manipolato e subito utilizzabile. Ad oggi, il condizionamento pro-differenziativo delle staminali è per lo più attuato mediante molecole di sintesi. Tuttavia, altri fattori possono modulare la fisiologia cellulare, come gli stimoli fisici e molecole naturali. Onde elettromagnetiche hanno indotto in modelli cellulari staminali l’espressione di alcuni marcatori di differenziamento e, in cellule adulte, una riprogrammazione, mentre estratti embrionali di Zebrafish sono risultati antiproliferativi sia in vitro che in vivo. Metodi. La ricerca di nuove strategie differenziative sia di natura fisica che molecolare, nel particolare onde acustiche ed estratti embrionali di Zebrafish, è stata condotta utilizzando come modello cellulare le hASC isolate con Lipogems. Onde acustiche sono state somministrate mediante l’utilizzo di due apparati di trasduzione, un generatore di onde meccaniche e il Cell Exciter . I trattamenti con gli estratti embrionali sono stati effettuati utilizzando diverse concentrazioni e diversi tempi sperimentali. Gli effetti sull’espressione dei marcatori di staminalità e differenziamento relativi ai trattamenti sono stati saggiati in RT-PCR quantitativa relativa e/o in qPCR. Per i trattamenti di tipo molecolare è stata valutata anche la proliferazione. Risultati e conclusioni. La meta-analisi dei dati delle colture di controllo mostra la stabilità d’espressione genica del modello. I trattamenti con i suoni inducono variazioni dell’espressione genica, suggerendo un ruolo regolatorio di tali stimoli, in particolare del processo di commitment cardiovascolare. Due degli estratti embrionali di Zebrafish testati inibiscono la proliferazione alle 72 ore dalla somministrazione. L’analisi d’espressione associata ai trattamenti antiproliferativi suggerisce che tale effetto abbia basi molecolari simili ai processi di differenziamento.

Einfluss unterschiedlicher polymerer Nanopartikel auf das Differenzierungsverhalten von humanen Stammzellen

n der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde systematisch die Interaktion von rnunterschiedlichen polymeren Nanopartikeln auf die Zellfunktionalität und das rnDifferenzierungspotential zweier humaner Stammzelllinien (mesenchymale und rnhämatopoetische Stammzellen) untersucht. Als Modellsystem wurden Polystyrol-rnPartikel für bioinerte Nanopartikel und PLLA-Partikel als Modell für bioabbaubare Nanopartikel gewählt. rnDie Analyse der Partikelaufnahme und der Zytotoxizität ergab, dass alle getesteten Partikel nach einen Zeitraum von 24 h und einer Inkubation mit 300 µg/mL Partikeln in beiden Zellsorten nicht toxisch waren. Für die CTMA-Cl-stabilisierten Partikel wurde während Differenzierungsversuche mit hMSCs eine Langzeittoxizität festgestellt, so dass diese Partikel für weitere Versuche nicht verwendet werden konnten. rnAlle Partikel wurden in die Zellen aufgenommen. Die Lutensol-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel zeigten sowohl in unfunktionalisierter Form als auch mit Aminogruppen auf der Oberfläche ein geringeres Aufnahmeverhalten in hMSCs und wurden deswegen nicht für weitere Versuche verwendet. Die SDS-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel zeigten eine gute Aufnahme, die durch die funktionalisierung mit Carboxylgruppen um ca. das 3-fache rnverstärkt werden konnte (hMSCs). Gleiches wurde für die CTMA-Cl stabilisierten rnPolystyrol und dem dazugehörigen aminofunktionalisierten Partikel beobachtet rn(hMSCs). In hHSCs wurden nur die SDS-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel (nicht rnfunktionalisiert, carboxylfunktionalisiert) getestet. Hierbei konnte kein Unterschied bezüglich der Aufnahme festgestellt werden. Die PLLA- und PLLA-Fe-Partikel wurden sowohl in hMSCs als auch in hHSCs sehr gut und besser als die Polystyrol-Partikel aufgenommen. Das in den Partikeln eingebaute Magnetit zeigt keine Auswirkungen auf die Zellaufnahme. Für weitere Versuche wurden deshalb auf Grund der Aufnahme und Toxizitätsdaten die SDS-stabilisierten Polystyrol-Partikel (PS und PS-COOH) sowie die ebenfalls SDS-stabilisierten PLLA-Partikel (PLLA und PLLA-Fe) gewählt. Somit standen 4 Partikel zur Auswahl, die sich sowohl in ihrer Größe als auch im verwendeten Tensid nicht unterscheiden und so Aussagen über den Einfluss von Oberflächenfunktionalisierung sowie Magnetit zulassen. rnDie Zellfunktionalität der hMSCs unter Partikeleinfluss wurde mit Hilfe von IL-6 und IL-8 Messungen untersucht, hierbei zeigte sich, dass nur der PLLA-Fe-Partikel zu einer signifikant erhöhten IL-8 Ausschüttung führte, die Sekretion von IL-6 blieb vollständig unverändert. Die IL-8 Sekretion der hHSCs wurde durch die Anwesenheit der Partikel nicht verändert. rnUm den Einfluss der oben beschriebenen Partikel auf das Differenzierungspotential von hMSCs und hHSCs zu untersuchen, wurden beide Zelllinien vor der Induktion der Differenzierung für 24 h mit 300 µg/mL Partikeln inkubiert. Sowohl die histochemischen Färbungen der differenzierten hMSCs als auch die CD-Marker-Färbungen der differenzierten hHSCs zeigten keinen Einfluss der Partikel auf die Differenzierungsfähigkeit. Bei den hMSCs konnte auch keine durch die Partikel hervorgerufene Differenzierung nachgewiesen werden. Die Analyse der Differenzierung auf RNA-Ebene (qPCR) ergab jedoch für beide Zelllinien, dass einzelne Partikel einzelne Differenzierungsmarker in ihrer Expression positiv oder negativ beeinflussen. Einzig der PLLA-Partikel zeigt bei allen untersuchten Differenzierungsrichtungen in beiden Zelllinien rnkeine Veränderung der Expression. Die jeweils beobachteten Expressionsveränderungen sind jedoch nicht stark genug, um die Differenzierung sichtbar zu beeinflussen, was die histologischen bzw. CD-Marker-Färbungen gezeigt haben. rnIn einem Kooperationsprojekt mit der Gruppe von Arancha del Campo (MPI für rnPolymerforschung) wurde der Einfluss unterschiedlicher BMP-2-Peptide auf die rnosteogene Differenzierung von hMSCs untersucht. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die unterschiedlichen Peptide in keiner Konzentration und Kombination eine positive Wirkung auf die osteogene Differenzierung haben. rnIm Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts mit Kerstin Münnemann (MPI für rnPolymerforschung) konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine quantitative Bestimmung des rnzellulären Eisengehalts nach Inkubation mit SPIOs sowohl mit Hilfe von MRT, H1rn NMR als auch UV/VIS Messungen bis zu einem Detektionslimit von 100.000 Zellen /mL (bei einer Beladung von 10 pg Fe/Zelle) erfolgen kann.

Identifizierung, Quantifizierung und Hemmung von ausgewählten Hefen im Wein

Hefen stellen einen großen und wichtigen Teil der Mikrobiota während der Weinbereitung dar, da ohne ihre alkoholische Fermentation die Umwandlung von Most und Wein nicht möglich wäre. Ferner ist es ihre Vielzahl an Stoffwechselprodukten, die dem Aroma des fertigen Weines eine zusätzliche Komplexität verleihen. Auf der anderen Seite steht durch den Metabolismus verschiedenster so genannter Wildhefen die Gefahr von Qualitätsabstufungen der Weine, was allgemein als „Weinfehler“ betrachtet wird. Ziel dieser Arbeit war zum einen die taxonomische Einordnung von Saccharomyces-Spezies, sowie die Quantifizierung und Hemmung von ausgewählten Wildhefen während der Weinbereitung.rnEin Teil dieser Arbeit umfasste die Identifizierung der nahverwandten Mitglieder der Saccharomyces sensu stricto-Gruppe. Durch den Einsatz des DNA-Fingerpinting-Systems SAPD-PCR konnten alle die Gruppe umfassenden Spezies anhand spezifischer Bandenmuster nachgewiesen werden, wodurch eine Einordnung dieser schwer zu differenzierenden Arten möglich war. Die Differenzierung zwischen den einzelnen Spezies war in jedem Fall deutlicher als dies die Sequenzierung der 5.8S rDNA und ihre flankierenden ITS-Regionen vermochte. Die SAPD-PCR zeichnete sich zudem durch eine geringe Muster-Varianz bei verschiedenen Stämmen einer Art aus und konnte zuverlässig unbekannte Stämme bestimmen und bereits hinterlegte Stämme neu klassifizieren. Zudem konnte mit Hilfe dieses Systems Hybride aus Saccharomyces cerevisiae und S. bayanus bzw. S. cerevisiae und S. kudriavzevii detektiert werden, wenn diese Hybride aus relativ gleichen genomischen Anteilen der Eltern bestanden. rnZusätzlich wurde ein quantitatives PCR-System entwickelt, um die Gattungen Saccharomyces, Hanseniaspora und Brettanomyces in Most und Wein detektieren und quantifizieren zu können. Die hierfür entwickelten Primer zeigten sich spezifisch für die untersuchten Arten. Durch die serielle Verdünnung definierter DNA-Mengen konnte für alle drei Systeme eine Kalibrierungskurve erstellt werden, mit Hilfe derer die tatsächlichen Quantifizierungen durchgeführt wurden. Die qPCR-Analyse lieferte ähnliche Zellzahlen wie Lebendzellzahl-Bestimmungen und wurde nicht von anderen Spezies und von Traubensaft gestört. Die maximal detektierbare Zellzahl betrug 2 x 107 Zellen/ml, während die minimale Detektionsgrenze je nach Art zwischen 1 x 102 Zellen/ml und 1 x 103 Zellen/ml lag. Allerdings konnte eine effektive DNA-Isolierung dieser geringen Zellzahlen nur erreicht werden, wenn die Zellzahl durch artfremde Hefen künstlich erhöht wurde. Die Analyse einer Most-Vergärung mit den drei Spezies zeigte schlussendlich, dass die quantitative PCR sicher und schnell Veränderungen und Sukzessionen detektiert und so ein geeignetes Mittel darstellt, um Populationsdynamiken während der Weinherstellung zu beobachten. rnDer letzte Teil dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit der Inhibierung von Schadhefen durch zellwand-hydrolysierende Enzyme. Es konnte hierbei eine endoglykosidisch wirkende β-1,3-Glucanase aus dem Bakterium Delftia tsuruhatensis isoliert werden. Diese besaß eine ungefähre Masse von 28 kDa, einen isolektrischen Punkt von ca. 4,3 und wirkte mit einer spezifischen Aktivität von 10 U/mg Protein gegen das Glucan Laminarin. Zudem zeigte das Enzym ein Temperaturoptimum von 50 °C und ein pH-Optimum bei pH 4,0. Weinparameter wie erhöhte Konzentrationen an Ethanol, Phenolen und Sulfit beeinflussten die Wirkung des Enzyms nicht oder nur wenig. Neben der allgemeinen Wirkung gegen β-1,3-Glucane konnte hier auch gezeigt werden, dass ebenso gut die β-1,3-Glucane in der Zellwand verschiedener Hefen hydrolysiert wurden. Fluoreszenz- und rasterelektronen-mikroskopische Aufnahmen von Hefezellen nach Inkubation mit der β-1,3-Glucanase zeigten zusätzlich die Zerstörung der Zelloberfläche der Hefen. Die lytische Wirkung des Enzyms wurde an verschiedenen weintypischen Hefen getestet. Hierbei zeigten sich stammspezifische Unterschiede in der Sensitivität gegenüber dem Enzym. Außerdem konnte festgestellt werden, dass sowohl Wachstumsphase als auch Medium der Hefen Einfluss auf deren Zellwand hat und somit auch auf die Wirkung des Enzyms.rn

Characterization of mitochondrial genomes in bivalve species with doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria

Many bivalve species possess two distinct mtDNA lineages, called F and M, respectively inherited maternally and paternally: this system is called doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI). The main experimental project of my PhD was the quantification of the two mtDNAs during the development of the DUI species Ruditapes philippinarum, from early embryos to sub-adults, using Real-Time qPCR. I identified the time interval in which M mtDNA is lost from female individuals, while it is retained in males (which are heteroplasmic through all of their life cycle). The results also suggested absence of mtDNA replication during early embryogenesis, a process constituting a bottleneck that highly reduces the copy number of mtDNA molecules in cells of developing larvae. In males this bottleneck may produce cells homoplasmic for M mtDNA, and could be considered as a first step of the segregation of M in the male germ line. Another finding was the characterization, in young clams approaching the first reproductive season, of a significant boost in copy number of F mtDNA in females and of M in males. Given the age of animals in which this mtDNA-specific growth was observed, the finding could probably be the outcome of the first round of gonads and gametes production. Other lines of research included the characterization of the unassigned regions in mt genomes of DUI bivalves. These regions can harbor signals involved in the control of replication and/or transcription of the mtDNA molecule, as well as additional open reading frames (ORFs) not related to oxidative phosphorylation. These features in DUI species could be associated to the maintenance of separate inheritance routes for the two mtDNAs. Additional ORFs are also found in other animal mt genomes: I summarized the presence of gene duplications as a co-author in a review focusing on animal mt genomes with unusual gene content.

Multiple pathogen detection using nanoplasmonic sensing

Opportunistic diseases caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an omnipresent global challenge. In order to manage these epidemics, we need to have low cost and easily deployable platforms at the point-of-care in high congestions regions like airports and public transit systems. In this dissertation we present our findings in using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)-based detection of pathogens and other clinically relevant applications using microfluidic platforms at the point-of-care setting in resource constrained environment. The work presented here adopts the novel technique of LSPR to multiplex a lab-on-a-chip device capable of quantitatively detecting various types of intact viruses and its various subtypes, based on the principle of a change in wavelength occurring when metal nano-particle surface is modified with a specific surface chemistry allowing the binding of a desired pathogen to a specific antibody. We demonstrate the ability to detect and quantify subtype A, B, C, D, E, G and panel HIV with a specificity of down to 100 copies/mL using both whole blood sample and HIV-patient blood sample discarded from clinics. These results were compared against the gold standard Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). This microfluidic device has a total evaluation time for the assays of about 70 minutes, where 60 minutes is needed for the capture and 10 minutes for data acquisition and processing. This LOC platform eliminates the need for any sample preparation before processing. This platform is highly multiplexable as the same surface chemistry can be adapted to capture and detect several other pathogens like dengue virus, E. coli, M. Tuberculosis, etc.

Atmospheric plasma processes for microbial inactivation: food applications and stress response in Listeria monocytogenes

This PhD thesis is focused on cold atmospheric plasma treatments (GP) for microbial inactivation in food applications. In fact GP represents a promising emerging technology alternative to the traditional methods for the decontamination of foods. The objectives of this work were to evaluate: - the effects of GP treatments on microbial inactivation in model systems and in real foods; - the stress response in L. monocytogenes following exposure to different GP treatments. As far as the first aspect, inactivation curves were obtained for some target pathogens, i.e. Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, by exposing microbial cells to GP generated with two different DBD equipments and processing conditions (exposure time, material of the electrodes). Concerning food applications, the effects of different GP treatments on the inactivation of natural microflora and Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli on the surface of Fuji apples, soya sprouts and black pepper were evaluated. In particular the efficacy of the exposure to gas plasma was assessed immediately after treatments and during storage. Moreover, also possible changes in quality parameters such as colour, pH, Aw, moisture content, oxidation, polyphenol-oxidase activity, antioxidant activity were investigated. Since the lack of knowledge of cell targets of GP may limit its application, the possible mechanism of action of GP was studied against 2 strains of Listeria monocytogenes by evaluating modifications in the fatty acids of the cytoplasmic membrane (through GC/MS analysis) and metabolites detected by SPME-GC/MS and 1H-NMR analyses. Moreover, changes induced by different treatments on the expression of selected genes related to general stress response, virulence or to the metabolism were detected with Reverse Transcription-qPCR. In collaboration with the Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla, CA, USA) also proteomic profiles following gas plasma exposure were analysed through Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) to evaluate possible changes in metabolic processes.