Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. II. Notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century)

Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. II. Notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century). Notices from the Brazilian Diptera from the 17th century come mainly from two foreign invasions occurred in Brazil, the first one by the French in Maranhao and the second by the Dutch in northeastern Brazil. This paper includes reports of Fathers Claude d'Abbeville and Yves d'Evreux and from Piso and Marcgrave, the last two presenting the first illustrations of Brazilian Diptera. The paper also includes reports of Friar Laureano de la Cruz, Father Joao de Sotto Mayor and Mauricio de Heriarte.

Urinary copper excretion before and after oral intake of D-penicillamine in parents of patients with Wilson's disease

Background: Urinary copper excretion higher than 100 mu g/24 h is useful for diagnosing Wilson's disease. D-Penicillamine challenge test may produce higher levels than 1400 mu g/24 h, allowing for better diagnostic accuracy. This study investigated whether heterozygotes reach this value and compared copper serum levels, ceruloplasmin, and urinary copper excretion before and after administering D-penicillamine to the parents of Wilson's disease patients. Methods: Fifty parents of adult patients were enrolled to obtain copper serum levels and ceruloplasmin along with 24-h urinary copper excretion before and after administering 1 g D-penicillamine. Results: Serum ceruloplasmin and copper levels were significantly lower in fathers than in mothers (mean 21.8 x 27.8 mg%; 71.4 x 88.0 mu g%; p <= 0.001). The mean of basal 24-h urinary copper excretion was higher in fathers (26.2 x 18.7 mu g/24 h, p = 0.01), but did not differ between the genders after D-penicillamine (521.7 x 525.3, range 31.6-1085.1 mu g/24 h, p = 0.8). Conclusions: The mean values of serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and basal urinary copper excretion were different between males and females. The current diagnostic threshold of 24-h urinary copper excretion after D-penicillamine was not reached by heterozygotes. The increased urinary copper excretion after D-penicillamine challenge was much higher than fivefold the upper limit of normal urinary copper excretion in the majority of heterozygotes and should not be taken into account when diagnosing Wilson's disease. (C) 2011 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreign Surrogate Motherhood: mater semper certa erat

This Article compares the conflicting approaches to resolve the questions surrounding surrogate motherhood in a domestic context and then addresses some of its transnational implications, especially the recognition of foreign surrogacy judgments. It argues that not every case of foreign surrogacy involves the circumvention of the forum's prohibition of surrogacy and that courts need to take this into account when applying the public policy exception. It further argues that the adoption of the child by the commissioning parents should be seen as an alternative and adequate solution to the limping legal parenthood that would otherwise arise from the non-recognition of a surrogacy judgment.

Child Physical Abuse: Evaluating Psychological Risk Factors in Accused Caregivers

It was verified to what extent cognitive and affective/emotional variables could distinguish caregivers accused of committing physical abuse (G1) from those without physical abuse records (G2). The Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP), which is an instrument designed to assess psychological risk factors in caregivers, was used. A questionnaire on socio-demographic characterization and another on economic classification were also employed to equate the groups. G1 presented a greater potential risk than G2, higher levels of Distress, Rigidity, Problems with the Child and with Themselves, Problems with Others, and a lower level of Ego Strength. These variables contribute with the composition of physical abuse risk, since, in agreement with the Social Information Processing Model, they would be related to cognitive and affective basic processes which are veiled to the perceptions and evaluation/interpretations, associated to abusive parental behavior.

1031-1034delTAAC (Leu125Stop): a novel familial UBE3A mutation causing Angelman syndrome in two siblings showing distinct phenotypes

Background More than 50 mutations in the UBE3A gene (E6-AP ubiquitin protein ligase gene) have been found in Angelman syndrome patients with no deletion, no uniparental disomy, and no imprinting defect. Case Presentation We here describe a novel UBE3A frameshift mutation in two siblings who have inherited it from their asymptomatic mother. Despite carrying the same UBE3A mutation, the proband shows a more severe phenotype whereas his sister shows a milder phenotype presenting the typical AS features. Conclusions We hypothesized that the mutation Leu125Stop causes both severe and milder phenotypes. Potential mechanisms include: i) maybe the proband has an additional problem (genetic or environmental) besides the UBE3A mutation; ii) since the two siblings have different fathers, the UBE3A mutation is interacting with a different genetic variant in the proband that, by itself, does not cause problems but in combination with the UBE3A mutation causes the severe phenotype; iii) this UBE3A mutation alone can cause either typical AS or the severe clinical picture seen in the proband.

Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology: II. notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century)

Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. II. Notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century). Notices from the Brazilian Diptera from the 17th century come mainly from two foreign invasions occurred in Brazil, the first one by the French in Maranhão and the second by the Dutch in northeastern Brazil. This paper includes reports of Fathers Claude d'Abbeville and Yves d'Evreux and from Piso and Marcgrave, the last two presenting the first illustrations of Brazilian Diptera. The paper also includes reports of Friar Laureano de la Cruz, Father João de Sotto Mayor and Maurício de Heriarte.

Genetic and environmental influences on blood pressure and physical activity: a study of nuclear families from Muzambinho, Brazil

Blood pressure (BP) and physical activity (PA) levels are inversely associated. Since genetic factors account for the observed variation in each of these traits, it is possible that part of their association may be related to common genetic and/or environmental influences. Thus, this study was designed to estimate the genetic and environmental correlations of BP and PA phenotypes in nuclear families from Muzambinho, Brazil. Families including 236 offspring (6 to 24 years) and their 82 fathers and 122 mothers (24 to 65 years) were evaluated. BP was measured, and total PA (TPA) was assessed by an interview (commuting, occupational, leisure time, and school time PA). Quantitative genetic modeling was used to estimate maximal heritability (h²), and genetic and environmental correlations. Heritability was significant for all phenotypes (systolic BP: h² = 0.37 ± 0.10, P < 0.05; diastolic BP: h² = 0.39 ± 0.09, P < 0.05; TPA: h² = 0.24 ± 0.09, P < 0.05). Significant genetic (r g) and environmental (r e) correlations were detected between systolic and diastolic BP (r g = 0.67 ± 0.12 and r e = 0.48 ± 0.08, P < 0.05). Genetic correlations between BP and TPA were not significant, while a tendency to an environmental cross-trait correlation was found between diastolic BP and TPA (r e = -0.18 ± 0.09, P = 0.057). In conclusion, BP and PA are under genetic influences. Systolic and diastolic BP share common genes and environmental influences. Diastolic BP and TPA are probably under similar environmental influences.

Personalidade paterna como fator prognóstico no tratamento da tendência antissocial

A maior parte dos estudos, sobre a importância do ambiente familiar no desenvolvimento emocional e no tratamento psicológico de crianças, busca associar as características da mãe à patologia da criança, em detrimento da figura do pai. Tendo isso em vista, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as características de personalidade de pais de crianças com tendência antissocial, submetidas ao psicodiagnóstico interventivo, e sua possível relação com os resultados terapêuticos dos filhos. Seis pais de sete crianças foram avaliados pelo Teste de Rorschach, e o follow-up dos casos indicou a ocorrência de cinco sucessos e dois fracassos terapêuticos. As características paternas associadas ao sucesso foram ausência de comprometimentos severos no teste da realidade, controle pulsional e relacionamentos interpessoais, além de uma organização neurótica de personalidade. Sendo assim, os resultados mostram a importância de incluir informações sobre a personalidade paterna na realização de indicação terapêutica de crianças e na proposição de prognósticos.

Las ascensión de los Iriarte. A propósito de la relación entre políticos y literatos en la España del absolutismo borbónico

[ES]Al amparo del tío paterno, que llamó a los sobrinos a la corte y supo servirse de sus influencias para situarlos convenientemente, los Iriarte constituyeron un importante núcleo intelectual y político en la España del siglo XVIII. A pesar de su singularidad, la formidable ascensión del clan familiar no ha sido suficientemente explicada, a pesar de que en ella se concitan de manera ejemplar las particulares circunstancias que orientaron las relaciones entre políticos y literatos en la España del absolutismo borbónico.

Relazione gestante-feto, modalità del parto e sviluppo fisico del bambino

Extensive literature outlined that the quality of the mother-foetus relationship is considered the main feature with regard to the quality of postnatal mother-infant interaction and also to the child’s psychical development. Nowadays the relationship between the pregnant woman and her foetus is viewed as the central factor of the somatic dialogue between the functioning of the maternal and the foetal organisms. This dialogue is responsible for the physic development of the child, as well as of its psychosomatic structure. Therefore the research area has necessarily had to extend to the analysis of psychological processes concerning: the pregnancy, the couple that is bound by parenthood, the influence of intergenerational dynamics. In fact, the formation of maternal identity, as well as that of the relationship between the woman and the foetus, refers to the pregnant woman’s relationship with her parents, especially with her mother. The same pregnancy, considered as a psychosomatic event, is directly influenced by relational, affective and social factors, particularly by the quality of the interiorized parental relations and the quality of the current relationships (such as that with her partner and with her family of origin). Some studies have begun to investigate the relationship between the pregnant woman and the foetus in term of “prenatal attachment” and its relationship with socio-demographic, psychological e psychopathological aspects (such as pre and post partum depression), but the research area is still largely unexplored. The present longitudinal research aimed to investigate the quality of the pregnant womanfoetus relationship by the prenatal attachment index, the quality of the interiorized relationship with woman’s parents, the level of alexithymic features and maternity social support, in relation with the modulation of the physiology of delivery and of postpartum, as well as of the physical development of the child. A consecutive sample of 62 Italian primipara women without any kind of pathologies, participated in the longitudinal study. In the first phase of this study (third trimester of the pregnancy), it has investigated the psychological processes connected to the affective investment of the pregnant women towards the unborn baby (by Prenatal Attachment Inventory), the mothers’ interiorized relationship with their own parents (by Parental Bonding Instrument), the social and affective support from their partner and their family of origin are able to supply (by Maternity Social Support Scale), and the level of alexithymia (by 20-Toronto Alexithymia Scale). In the second phase of this study, some data concerning the childbirth course carried out from a “deliverygram” (such as labour, induction durations and modalities of delivery) and data relative to the newborns state of well-being (such as Apgar and pH indexes). Finally, in the third phase of the study women have been telephoned a month after the childbirth. The semistructured interview investigated the following areas: the memory concerning the delivery, the return to home, the first interactions between the mother and the newborn, the breastfeeding, the biological rhythms achieved from newborns. From the data analysis a sample with a good level of prenatal attachment and of support social and a good capability to mental functioning emerged. An interesting result is that the most of the women have a great percentage of “affectionless control style” with both parents, but data is not sufficient to interpret this result. Moreover, considering the data relative to the delivery, medical and welfare procedures, that have been necessary, are coherent with the Italian mean, while the percentage of the caesarean section (12.9%) is inferior to the national percentage (30%). The 29% of vaginal partum has got epidural analgesia, which explains the high number (37%) of obstetrician operations (such as Kristeller). The data relative to the newborn (22 male, 40 female) indicates a good state of well-being because Apgar and pH indexes are superior to 7 at first and fifth minutes. Concerning the prenatal phase, correlation analysis showed that: the prenatal attachment scores positively correlated with the expected social support and negatively correlated with the “externally oriented thinking” dimension of alexithymia; the maternity social support negatively correlated with total alexithymia score, particularly with the “externally oriented thinking” dimension, and negatively correlated with maternal control of parental bonding. Concerning the delivery data, there are many correlations (after all obvious) among themselves. The most important are that the labour duration negatively correlated with the newborn’s index state of well-being. Finally, concerning the data from the postpartum phase the women’ assessments relative to the partum negatively correlated with the duration of the delivery and positively correlated with the assessment relative to the return to home and the interaction with the newborn. Moreover the length of permanence in the hospital negatively correlated with women’s assessments relative to the return to home that, in turn, positively correlated with the quality of breastfeeding, the interaction between the mother and the newborn and the biological regulation of the child. Finally, the women’ assessments relative to breastfeeding positively correlated with the mother-child interactions and the biological rhythms of children. From the correlation analysis between the variables of the prenatal phase and the data relative to the delivery, emerged that the prenatal attachment scores positively correlated with the dilatation stage scores and with the newborn’s Apgar index at first minute, the paternal care dimension of parental bonding positively correlated with the lengths of the various periods of childbirth like so the paternal control dimension with placental stage. Moreover, emerged that the expected social support positively correlated with the lengths of the various periods of childbirth and that the global alexithymia scores, particularly “difficulty to describe emotions” dimension, negatively correlated with total childbirth scores. From the correlation analysis between the variables of the prenatal phase and variable of the postpartum phase emerged that the total alexithymia scores positively correlated with the time elapsed from the childbirth to the breastfeeding of the child, the difficulty to describe emotions dimension of the alexithymia negatively correlated with the quality of the breastfeeding, the “externally oriented thinking” dimension of the alexithymia negatively correlated with mother-child interactions, and finally the paternal control dimension of the parental bonding negatively correlated with the time elapsed from the child to the breastfeeding of the child. Finally, from the analysis of the correlation between the data of the partum and the women’s assessments of the postpartum phase, emerged the negative correlation between the woman’s assessment relative to the delivery and the quantitative of obstetrician operations and the lengths of the various periods of childbirth, the positive correlation between the women’s assessment about the length of delivery periods and the real lengths of the same ones, the positive relation between woman’s assessment relative to the delivery and the Apgar index of children. In conclusion, there is a remarkable relation between the quality of the relationship the woman establishes with the foetus that influences the course of the pregnancy and the delivery that, in turn, influences the postpartum outcome, particularly relative to the mother-children relationship. Such data should be confirmed by heterogeneous populations in order to identify vulnerable women and to project focused intervention.

Essays in Household and Demographic Economics

This dissertation consists of three empirical studies that are believed to provide new contributions to the literature exploring the determinants of children/adolescents achievement test scores (Chapter 2), adolescent health risk behaviors (Chapter 3), and children time use patterns (Chapter 4). The second and third studies look at the separate roles of fathers and of mothers in influencing outcomes, wherein parental time is the resource input of interest quantitatively measured and directly derived from time diaries. The last chapter looks at the time allocation of children and how it varies according to child and household characteristics.

Valutazione affettiva del setting odontoiatrico in età evolutiva

Lo studio si pone l'obiettivo di approfondire il tema della valutazione affettiva del setting odontoiatrico in età evolutiva indagando se possa essere modulata da fattori quali: differenze di genere, specifici quadri patologici (Displasia Ectodermica e Patologie Sistemiche Croniche) responsabili di pregresse esperienze odontoiatriche e/o ospedalizzazioni; stato affettivo del bambino, stato affettivo del genitore. Materiali e metodi Studio 1. 85 soggetti [39 (19 maschi e 20 femmine) affetti da PSC e 46 (26 maschi e 20 femmine) soggetti sani] (range di età: 5-14 anni). Sono stati somministrati: un compito di valutazione immagini con 36 immagini (12 a contenuto piacevole, 12 neutro e 12 spiacevole) dallo IAPS e 12 immagini a contenuto odontoiatrico e dei questionari (MCDASf, CFSS-DS, TAD). Studio 2. 45 soggetti (19 maschi affetti da EDs e 26 maschi sani) (range di età: 5-14 anni). Sono stati somministrati: il compito di valutazione immagini precedentemente descritto e i questionari (MCDASf, CFSS-DS, TAD). Studio 3. 104 bambini (64 maschi and 40 femmine) (range di età: 5-14 anni) e uno dei genitori (19 padri and 69 madri). Sono stati somministrati i questionari MCDASf, CFSS-DS, TAD ai bambini e FDPQ, STAI-Y1, Y2-BDI-II ai genitori. Risultati: il contesto odontoiatrico ha una caratterizzazione affettiva distinta rispetto a contesti piacevoli, spiacevoli o neutri; specifici quadri patologici (EDs e PSC) non sembrano modulare il tipo di valutazione affettiva del contesto odontoiatrico; le femmine, attribuiscono al contesto odontoiatrico una valenza significativamente più spiacevole e una maggiore attivazione emotiva rispetto ai maschi; la paura del dolore odontoiatrico del genitore ha una correlazione con l’ansia dei bambini. Conclusione: è importante che l’odontoiatra consideri che la risposta emotiva delle bambine può essere caratterizzata da vissuti di paura con tendenza a comportamenti di allontanamento e valuti se la figura genitoriale rappresenta una risorsa o un elemento disturbante nella corso della seduta stessa.

La valutazione degli strumenti per la diagnosi sociale della genitorialita'. Uno studio di caso sulla provincia di Bologna

La ricerca dottorale che ho sviluppato si propone di analizzare il percorso di valutazione della genitorialità recentemente delineato dai servizi sociali territoriali della provincia di Bologna attraverso la sperimentazione di strumenti per la diagnosi sociale, valutando gli esiti dell’applicazione, anche in confronto all’utilizzo di metodi tradizionali. Il progetto ha il suo fulcro tematico, nel qualificare le pratiche professionali, con il fine ultimo di giungere ad un percorso di diagnosi sociale scientificamente fondato. Il mio obbiettivo quindi non è stato analizzare in termini astratti e idealtipici le metodologie professionali di riferimento per i 32 operatori coinvolti, quanto piuttosto di formarli all’utilizzo di una serie di strumenti elaborati nelle fasi precedenti del progetto, e condurre una ricerca empirica su un numero, sufficientemente ampio, di “casi concreti” costituito da nuclei familiari in carico ai servizi sociali. Più precisamente l'ambito privilegiato d’analisi è stato individuato nel rapporto tra operatore ed utente, allo scopo di evidenziare pregi e difetti dell'utilizzo di strumenti professionali finalizzati alla diagnosi sociale. Inoltre va sottolineato che l’analisi della letteratura sul tema ha evidenziato l’esistenza di un numero molto limitato di studi empirici sulle metodologie di servizio sociale, condotti peraltro su un numero di casi e di variabili molto ristretto, e per lo più in territorio statunitense, dove il sistema di Welfare si caratterizza per una impostazione tale da rendere veramente difficile la comparazione con la realtà italiana. Quello a cui ho inteso pervenire non è un giudizio ultimo sull’efficacia di questa specifica metodologia tout-court, ma piuttosto analizzare, attraverso l’utilizzo di materiali quanti-qualitativi derivati dalla sperimentazione, quelle che sono le condizioni che si vengono a determinare quando, nel percorso di presa in carico sociale, vengono introdotti strumenti specifici, metodologia chiara e alto coinvolgimento delle componenti relazionali del processo: operatori, familiari e rete sociale allargata.

Sfide familiari e disabilita'. Il ruolo educativo dei padri

Il progetto si pone in sintonia con i nuovi scenari di ricerca – sia in ambito nazionale che internazionale - della Pedagogia Speciale per l’inclusione e la piena e attiva partecipazione all’interno della società delle persone con disabilità e delle loro famiglie (Convenzione Onu, 2006). La riflessione sul ruolo educativo del padre riguardo alla disabilità di un/una figlio/a è una questione complessa e controversa che necessita di una premessa che ponga al centro dell’attenzione pedagogica la funzione paterna in senso ampio. L’obiettivo principale del progetto è quello di indagare il ruolo educativo del padre – nelle situazioni di disabilità - con riflessioni più ampie riguardanti le funzioni parentali, i modelli di genitorialità e l’educare nella nostra società.I risultati attesi potranno gettare luce su alcune Linee Guida - riguardo alla presa in carico della famiglia e del sostegno alla genitorialità - utili ai professionisti impegnati in quest’area e agli educatori dei servizio socio-educativi e sanitari.

Effect of sibling competition and male carotenoid supply on offspring condition and oxidative stress

Early developmental conditions have major implications for an individual's fitness. In species where offspring are born simultaneously, the level of sibling competition for food access is intense. In birds, high sibling competition may subject nestlings to decreased growth rate as a result of limited food and increased levels of oxidative stress through high metabolic activity induced by begging behaviors. We manipulated the level of sibling competition in a natural population of great tits and assessed the consequences for nestling body condition and resistance to oxidative stress. In a full factorial design, we both augmented brood size to increase sibling competition and supplemented the male parents with physiological doses of carotenoids thereby doubling the natural carotenoid intake, aiming at increasing the males' investment in current reproduction and thereby decreasing sibling competition. Nestling body mass was reduced by the brood enlargement and enhanced by the carotenoid supplementation of fathers. Nestling resistance to oxidative stress, measured as total antioxidant defenses in whole blood, was not influenced by the treatments. Because nestlings experience high metabolic activities, an absence of an effect of sibling competition on free radicals production seems unlikely. Nestling body mass decreased and resistance to oxidative stress tended to increase with initial brood size, and hence these correlational effects suggest a trade-off between morphological growth and development of the antioxidant system. However, the result of the experimental treatment did not support this trade-off hypothesis. Alternatively, it suggests that nestling developed compensatory mechanisms that were not detected by our antioxidant capacity measure.