Connexin domains relevant to the chemical gating of gap junction channels

Most cells exchange ions and small metabolites via gap junction channels. These channels are made of two hemichannels (connexons), each formed by the radial arrangement of six connexin (Cx) proteins. Connexins span the bilayer four times (M1-M4) and have both amino- and carboxy-termini (NT, CT) at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, forming two extracellular loops (E1, E2) and one inner (IL) loop. The channels are regulated by gates that close with cytosolic acidification (e.g., CO2 treatment) or increased calcium concentration, possibly via calmodulin activation. Although gap junction regulation is still unclear, connexin domains involved in gating are being defined. We have recently focused on the CO2 gating sensitivity of Cx32, Cx38 and various mutants and chimeras expressed in Xenopus oocytes and studied by double voltage clamp. Cx32 is weakly sensitive to CO2, whereas Cx38 is highly sensitive. A Cx32 chimera containing the second half of the inner loop (IL2) of Cx38 was as sensitive to CO2 as Cx38, indicating that this domain plays an important role. Deletion of CT by 84% did not affect CO2 sensitivity, but replacement of 5 arginines (R) with sparagines (N) at the beginning of CT (C1) greatly enhanced the CO2 sensitivity of Cx32. This suggests that whereas most of CT is irrelevant, positive charges of C1 maintain the CO2 sensitivity of Cx32 low. As a hypothesis we have proposed a model that involves charge interaction between negative residues of the beginning of IL1 and positive residues of either C1 or IL2. Open and closed channels would result from IL1-C1 and IL1-IL2 interactions, respectively

Cytokine profile and pathology in human leishmaniasis

The clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis and control of the infection are influenced by the parasite-host relationship. The role of cellular immune responses of the Th1 type in the protection against disease in experimental and human leishmaniasis is well established. In humans, production of IFN-g is associated with the control of infection in children infected by Leishmania chagasi. In visceral leishmaniasis, an impairment in IFN-g production and high IL-4 and IL-10 levels (Th2 cytokines) are observed in antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Moreover, IL-12 restores IFN-g production and enhances the cytotoxic response. IL-10 is the cytokine involved in down-regulation of IFN-g production, since anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) restores in vitro IFN-g production and lymphoproliferative responses, and IL-10 abrogates the effect of IL-12. In cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis, high levels of IFN-g are found in L. amazonensis-stimulated PBMC. However, low or absent IFN-g levels were observed in antigen-stimulated PBMC from 50% of subjects with less than 60 days of disease (24 ± 26 pg/ml). This response was restored by IL-12 (308 ± 342 pg/ml) and anti-IL-10 mAb (380 ± 245 pg/ml) (P<0.05). Later during the disease, high levels of IFN-g and TNF-a are produced both in cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. After treatment there is a decrease in TNF-a levels (366 ± 224 pg/ml before treatment vs 142 ± 107 pg/ml after treatment, P = 0.02). Although production of IFN-g and TNF-a might be involved in the control of parasite multiplication in the early phases of Leishmania infection, these cytokines might also be involved in the tissue damage seen in tegumentary leishmaniasis

Is pancreas development abnormal in the non-obese diabetic mouse, a spontaneous model of type I diabetes?

Despite extensive genetic and immunological research, the complex etiology and pathogenesis of type I diabetes remains unresolved. During the last few years, our attention has been focused on factors such as abnormalities of islet function and/or microenvironment, that could interact with immune partners in the spontaneous model of the disease, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Intriguingly, the first anomalies that we noted in NOD mice, compared to control strains, are already present at birth and consist of 1) higher numbers of paradoxically hyperactive ß cells, assessed by in situ preproinsulin II expression; 2) high percentages of immature islets, representing islet neogenesis related to neonatal ß-cell hyperactivity and suggestive of in utero ß-cell stimulation; 3) elevated levels of some types of antigen-presenting cells and FasL+ cells, and 4) abnormalities of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression. However, the colocalization in all control mouse strains studied of fibroblast-like cells (anti-TR-7 labeling), some ECM proteins (particularly, fibronectin and collagen I), antigen-presenting cells and a few FasL+ cells at the periphery of islets undergoing neogenesis suggests that remodeling phenomena that normally take place during postnatal pancreas development could be disturbed in NOD mice. These data show that from birth onwards there is an intricate relationship between endocrine and immune events in the NOD mouse. They also suggest that tissue-specific autoimmune reactions could arise from developmental phenomena taking place during fetal life in which ECM-immune cell interaction(s) may play a key role.

Pathogenesis of Salmonella-induced enteritis

Infections with Salmonella serotypes are a major cause of food-borne diseases worldwide. Animal models other than the mouse have been employed for the study of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections because the murine model is not suitable for the study of Salmonella-induced diarrhea. The microbe has developed mechanisms to exploit the host cell machinery to its own purpose. Bacterial proteins delivered directly into the host cell cytosol cause cytoskeletal changes and interfere with host cell signaling pathways, which ultimately enhance disease manifestation. Recently, marked advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular interactions between Salmonella serotypes and their hosts. Here, we discuss the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of Salmonella-induced enteritis.

Autoimmunity and molecular mimicry in tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy

Viruses share antigenic sites with normal host cell components, a phenomenon known as molecular mimicry. It has long been suggested that viral infections might trigger an autoimmune response by several mechanisms including molecular mimicry. More than 600 antiviral monoclonal antibodies generated against 11 different viruses have been reported to react with 3.5% of cells specific for uninfected mouse organs. The main pathological feature of tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) is a chronic inflammation of the spinal cord characterized by perivascular cuffing of mononuclear cells accompanied by parenchymal lymphocytic infiltration. We detected the presence of autoantibodies against a 98- to 100-kDa protein of in vitro cultured human astrocytes and a 33- to 35-kDa protein from normal human brain in the serum of HTLV-I-seropositive individuals. The two cell proteins exhibited molecular mimicry with HTLV-I gag and tax proteins in TSP/HAM patients, respectively. Furthermore, the location of 33- to 35-kDa protein cross-reaction correlated with the anatomical spinal cord areas (in the rat model) in which axonal damage has been reported in several cases of TSP/HAM patients. Our experimental evidence strongly suggests that the demyelinating process occurring in TSP/HAM may be mediated by molecular mimicry between domains of some viral proteins and normal cellular targets of the spinal cord sections involved in the neurodegeneration.

Enucleated L929 mouse fibroblasts support invasion and multiplication of Shigella flexneri 5a

Invasive bacteria can induce their own uptake and specify their intracellular localization; hence it is commonly assumed that proximate modulation of host cell transcription is not required for infection. However, bacteria can also modulate, directly or indirectly, the transcription of many host cell genes, whose role in the infection may be difficult to determine by global gene expression. Is the host cell nucleus proximately required for intracellular infection and, if so, for which pathogens and at what stages of infection? Enucleated cells were previously infected with Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydia psittaci, C. trachomatis, or Rickettsia prowazekii. We enucleated L929 mouse fibroblasts by centrifugation in the presence of cytochalasin B, and compared the infection with Shigella flexneri M90T 5a of nucleated and enucleated cells. Percent infection and bacterial loads were estimated with a gentamicin suppression assay in cultures fixed and stained at different times after infection. Enucleation reduced by about half the percent of infected cells, a finding that may reflect the reduced endocytic ability of L929 cytoplasts. However, average numbers of bacteria and frequency distributions of bacterial numbers per cell at different times were similar in enucleated and nucleated cells. Bacteria with actin-rich tails were detected in both cytoplasts and nucleated cells. Lastly, cytoplasts were similarly infected 2 and 24 h after enucleation, suggesting that short-lived mRNAs were not involved in the infection. Productive S. flexneri infection could thus take place in cells unable to modulate gene transcription, RNA processing, or nucleus-dependent signaling cascades.

Molecular analysis of the bovine coronavirus S1 gene by direct sequencing of diarrheic fecal specimens

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in newborn calves, is associated with winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory infections in calves and feedlot cattle. The BCoV S protein plays a fundamental role in viral attachment and entry into the host cell, and is cleaved into two subunits termed S1 (amino terminal) and S2 (carboxy terminal). The present study describes a strategy for the sequencing of the BCoV S1 gene directly from fecal diarrheic specimens that were previously identified as BCoV positive by RT-PCR assay for N gene detection. A consensus sequence of 2681 nucleotides was obtained through direct sequencing of seven overlapping PCR fragments of the S gene. The samples did not undergo cell culture passage prior to PCR amplification and sequencing. The structural analysis was based on the genomic differences between Brazilian strains and other known BCoV from different geographical regions. The phylogenetic analysis of the entire S1 gene showed that the BCoV Brazilian strains were more distant from the Mebus strain (97.8% identity for nucleotides and 96.8% identity for amino acids) and more similar to the BCoV-ENT strain (98.7% for nucleotides and 98.7% for amino acids). Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit, these strains clustered with the American (BCoV-ENT, 182NS) and Canadian (BCQ20, BCQ2070, BCQ9, BCQ571, BCQ1523) calf diarrhea and the Canadian winter dysentery (BCQ7373, BCQ2590) strains, but clustered on a separate branch of the Korean and respiratory BCoV strains. The BCoV strains of the present study were not clustered in the same branch of previously published Brazilian strains (AY606193, AY606194). These data agree with the genealogical construction and suggest that at least two different BCoV strains are circulating in Brazil.

Human sepsis-associated Escherichia coli (SEPEC) is able to adhere to and invade kidney epithelial cells in culture

The adhesins of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli are essential for mediating direct interactions between the microbes and the host cell surfaces that they infect. Using fluorescence microscopy and gentamycin protection assays, we observed that 49 sepsis-associated E. coli (SEPEC) strains isolated from human adults adhered to and invaded Vero cells in the presence of D-mannose (100%). In addition, bacteria concentrations of approximately 2 x 10(7) CFU/mL were recovered from Vero cells following an invasion assay. Furthermore, PCR analysis of adhesin genes showed that 98.0% of these SEPEC strains tested positive for fimH, 69.4% for flu, 53.1% for csgA, 38.8% for mat, and 32.7% for iha. Analysis of the invasin genes showed that 16.3% of the SEPEC strains were positive for tia, 12.3% for gimB, and 10.2% for ibeA. Therefore, these data suggest that SEPEC adhesion to cell surfaces occurs through non-fimH mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of microcolonies on the Vero cell surface. SEPEC invasiveness was also confirmed by the presence of intracellular bacteria, and ultrastructural analysis using electron transmission microscopy revealed bacteria inside the Vero cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that these SEPEC strains had the ability to adhere to and invade Vero cells. Moreover, these data support the theory that renal cells may be the predominant pathway through which SEPEC enters human blood vessels.

Co-culture of apoptotic breast cancer cells with immature dendritic cells: a novel approach for DC-based vaccination in breast cancer

A dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine strategy could reduce the risk of recurrence and improve the survival of breast cancer patients. However, while therapy-induced apoptosis of hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cells can enhance maturation and antigen presentation of DCs, whether this effect occurs in breast cancer is currently unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of doxorubicin (ADM)-induced apoptotic MCF-7 breast cancer cells on the activation of DCs. ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cells could effectively induce immature DC (iDC) maturation. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of DC maturity marker CD83 was 23.3 in the ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cell group compared with 8.5 in the MCF-7 cell group. The MFI of DC co-stimulatory marker CD86 and HLA-DR were also increased after iDCs were treated with ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the proliferating autologous T-lymphocytes increased from 14.2 to 40.3% after incubated with DCs induced by apoptotic MCF-7 cells. The secretion of interferon-γ by these T-lymphocytes was also increased. In addition, cell-cell interaction between apoptotic MCF-7 cells and iDCs, but not soluble factors released by apoptotic MCF-7 cells, was crucial for the maturation of iDCs. These findings constitute a novel in vitro DC-based vaccine strategy for the treatment of breast cancer by ADM-induced apoptotic MCF-7 cells.

Mermithid (nematoa: mermithidae) infections of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) : seasonal variation and developmental characteristics /

Mermithid nematodes (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitize larval, pupal and adult black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), oftentimes resulting in partial or complete host feminization. This study was designed to characterize parasite-host seasonal variation and to estabUsh the developmental life stage at which feminization is initiated. Data indicate that the total adult population of black flies collected from Algonquin Provincial Park throughout the spring of 2004 was comprised of 31.8% female, 67.8% male and 0.4% intersex individuals. Of the total population, 0.6% was infected by mermithid nematodes (69.0% female, 3.5% male and 27.6% intersex). Seasonal infection trends established over a 12-month period revealed that black flies with different life histories host the same mermithid subfamilies, while black flies with similar life histories host mermithids from different subfamilies. If a simuliid species simultaneously hosts two mermithid species, these parasites are from different subfamilies. Molecular mermithid identification revealed two mermithid subfamilies, Me.somermithinae and Gastromermithinae, present in the simuliid hosts. Mermithid colour variation was not found to be a reliable species indicator. The developmental stage at which feminization is initiated was determined by examining gonad morphology and meiotic chromosomal condition. Results indicate that mermithid-infected black flies exhibit feminization prior to larval histoblast formation. Larvae can be morphologically male (testes present) or female (ovaries present), with morphological males exhibiting either male (achiasmate) or female (chiasmate) meiotic chromosomes; morphological females were only genetically female. Additionally, mermithid infection inhibits simuliid gonad development.

The cloning and reconstitution of a bovine adenovirus type 2 E3 deletion mutant and the sequencing and analysis of the early 4 region

Recombinant Adenoviruses (Ads) have been shown to have potential applications in three areas: gene therapy, high level protein expression and recombinant vaccines.' At least three different locations within the Ad genome can be deleted and subsequently used for the insertion of foreign sequences. These include the Early 3 (E3), Early 1 (E1) and Early 4 (E4) regions. Viral vectors of this type have been well studied in Human Ads 2 and 5, however one has not yet been constructed for Bovine Adenovirus Type 2 (BAV2). The E3 region is located between 76.6 and 86 m.u. on the r-strand and is transcribed in a rightward direction. The gene products of the Early 3 region (E3) have been shown to be non-essential for viral replication, in vitro, but are required for host immunosurveillance. This study represents the cloning and reconstitution of a BAV2 E3 deletion mutant. A deletion of 1800bp was made within the E3 region of BAV2 and the thymidine kinase gene was subsequently inserted in the deleted area . . The plasmid pdlE3-4tk1 (23.4Kbp) was constructed and used to to facilitate homologous recombination with the wild type BAV2 to produce a mutant. Southern Blotting and Hybridization results suggest the presence of a BAV2 E3 deletion mutant with thymidine kinase sequences present. The E4 region of Human Adenovirus types 2 and 5 is located at the extreme right end of the genome (91.3 map units - 99.1 map units) and is transcribed in a leftward direction giving rise to a complicated set of differentially spliced mRNAs. Essentially there are 7 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding for at least 7 polypeptides. The gene products encoded by the E4 region have been shown to be essential for the expression of late viral genes, host cell shutoff and normal viral growth. We have cloned and sequenced the right end segment between 90.5 map units and 100 map units of the BAV2 genome. The results show several open reading frames which encode polypeptides exhibiting homology to three polypeptides encoded by the E4 region of human adenovirus type 2. These include the 14kDa protein encoded by ORF1, the 34kDa protein encoded by ORF6 and the 13kDa protein encoded by ORF3. The nucleotide sequence, restriction enzyme map, and ORF map of the E4 region could be very useful in future molecular manipulation of this region and could possibly explain the slow growth rate of BAV2 in MDBK cells.

Étude des voies d’internalisation de l’entérotoxine STb d’Escherichia coli dans des lignées cellulaires

L’entérotoxine stable à la chaleur STb est produite par les Escherichia coli entérotoxinogènes (ETEC). Son rôle dans la diarrhée post-sevrage porcine est établi. L’internalisation de STb a été observée dans des cellules épithéliales intestinales humaines et de rat. Cependant, le mécanisme d’internalisation n’est pas totalement compris, particulièrement dans le jéjunum porcin, la cible in vivo de STb. Par la cytométrie en flux, nous avons examiné l’internalisation de STb couplée à un marqueur fluorescent dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales porcines IPEC-J2 et les fibroblastes murins NIH3T3. Nos résultats révèlent que l’internalisation de STb est températureindépendante dans les IPEC-J2 tandis qu’elle est température-dépendante dans les NIH3T3, où la réorganisation de l’actine est aussi nécessaire. Toutefois, les niveaux de sulfatide, le récepteur de STb, sont semblables à la surface des deux lignées. Le sulfatide est internalisé à 37°C de façon similaire entre les deux types cellulaires. La rupture des lipid rafts, les microdomaines membranaires contenant le sulfatide, par la méthyl-βcyclodextrine ou la génistéine, n’affecte pas l’internalisation de STb dans les deux lignées. Notre étude indique que le mécanisme d’internalisation de STb est dépendant du type cellulaire. L’activité de la cellule hôte peut être requise ou non. Le récepteur de STb, le sulfatide, n’est pas directement impliqué dans ces mécanismes. L’internalisation activité cellulaire-dépendante suggère une endocytose, nécessitant la réorganisation de l’actine mais pas les lipid rafts. L’internalisation de STb est donc un processus complexe dépendant du type cellulaire, qu’il apparait plus relevant d’étudier dans des modèles cellulaires représentatifs des conditions in vivo.

Étude de la sortie du virus herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV 1) hors du noyau

Le virus herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV 1) affecte la majorité de la population mondiale. HSV 1 cause de multiples symptômes délétères dont les plus communs sont les lésions orofaciales usuellement appelées feux sauvages. Le virus peut aussi causer des effets plus sérieux comme la cécité ou des troubles neurologiques. Le virus réside de façon permanente dans le corps de son hôte. Malgré l’existence de nombreux traitements pour atténuer les symptômes causés par HSV 1, aucun médicament ne peut éliminer le virus. Dans le but d’améliorer les connaissances concernant le cycle viral de HSV 1, ce projet cible l’étude du transport du virus dans la cellule hôte. Ce projet aura permis la collecte d’informations concernant le modus operandi de HSV 1 pour sortir des compartiments cellulaires où il séjourne. Les différentes expérimentations ont permis de publier 3 articles dont un article qui a été choisi parmi les meilleurs papiers par les éditeurs de « Journal of Virology » ainsi qu’un 4e article qui a été soumis. Premièrement, un essai in vitro reproduisant la sortie de HSV 1 du noyau a été mis sur pied, via l’isolation de noyaux issus de cellules infectées. Nous avons démontré que tout comme dans les cellules entières, les capsides s’évadent des noyaux isolés dans l’essai in vitro en bourgeonnant avec la membrane nucléaire interne, puis en s’accumulant sous forme de capsides enveloppées entre les deux membranes nucléaires pour finalement être relâchées dans le cytoplasme exclusivement sous une forme non enveloppée. Ces observations appuient le modèle de transport de dé-enveloppement/ré-enveloppement. Deuxièmement, dans le but d’identifier des joueurs clefs viraux impliqués dans la sortie nucléaire du virus, les protéines virales associées aux capsides relâchées par le noyau ont été examinées. La morphologie multicouche du virus HSV 1 comprend un génome d’ADN, une capside, le tégument et une enveloppe. Le tégument est un ensemble de protéines virales qui sont ajoutées séquentiellement sur la particule virale. La séquence d’ajout des téguments de même que les sites intracellulaires où a lieu la tégumentation sont l’objet d’intenses recherches. L’essai in vitro a été utilisé pour étudier cette tégumentation. Les données recueillies suggèrent un processus séquentiel qui implique l’acquisition des protéines UL36, UL37, ICP0, ICP8, UL41, UL42, US3 et possiblement ICP4 sur les capsides relâchées par le noyau. Troisièmement, pour obtenir davantage d’informations concernant la sortie de HSV 1 des compartiments membranaires de la cellule hôte, la sortie de HSV 1 du réseau trans golgien (TGN) a aussi été étudiée. L’étude a révélé l’implication de la protéine kinase D cellulaire (PKD) dans le transport post-TGN de HSV 1. PKD est connue pour réguler le transport de petits cargos et son implication dans le transport de HSV 1 met en lumière l’utilisation d’une machinerie commune pour le transport des petits et gros cargos en aval du TGN. Le TGN n’est donc pas seulement une station de triage, mais est aussi un point de rencontre pour différentes voies de transport intracellulaire. Tous ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension du processus complexe de maturation du virus HSV 1, ce qui pourrait mener au développement de meilleurs traitements pour combattre le virus. Les données amassées concernant le virus HSV 1 pourraient aussi être appliquées à d’autres virus. En plus de leur pertinence dans le domaine de la virologie, les découvertes issues de ce projet apportent également de nouveaux détails au niveau du transport intracellulaire.

Importance des protéines cellulaires incorporées dans les virions matures d’HSV-1

Pour compléter leur cycle de vie, les virus interagissent avec de nombreux facteurs de la cellule-hôte. Le virus Herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV-1) ne fait pas exception. Une récente étude protéomique du virus effectuée par notre laboratoire a permis d’identifier 49protéines cellulaires potentiellement incorporées dans les virions matures d’HSV-1 [1]. Étant donné que certaines de ces protéines peuvent jouer des rôles importants au cours du cycle de vie du virus, elles constituent des cibles de choix pour identifier et caractériser de nouvelles interactions hôte-pathogène dans le contexte d’HSV-1. D’ailleurs le laboratoire a été effectué un criblage aux petits ARN d’interférence qui a démontré qu'au moins 15 des protéines incorporées sont impliqués dans le cycle de réplication de HSV-1 en culture cellulaire (Annexe 1). Des nombreuses études rapportent l'incorporation des protéines de l'hôte dans les virions matures mais très peu abordent l'importance de la fraction des protéines cellulaires incorporée dans les virions pour le cycle virale. Pour vérifier ça, nous avons déplété ces protéines des virions matures extracellulaires en utilisant des petits ARN d’interférence. Par la suite, nous avons utilisé ces virus déplétés pour réinfecter des cellules déplétées ou normales. Cette méthode nous a permis d'identifier pour la première fois 8 protéines (DDX3X, HSPA8, KRT10, MIF, Rab5A, Rab6A, Rab10 et 14-3-3ζ) dont l'absence dans les virions réduit la production virale d'au moins 50%. Pour mieux comprendre à quelle étape du cycle viral ces protéines sont nécessaires, nous avons aussi quantifié les virus intracellulaires, produits des cellules déplétées individuellement des quinze protéines cellulaires. Ainsi, nous avons trouvé que dans nos conditions 7 de ces 8 protéines cellulaires (DDX3X, HSPA8, KRT10, MIF, Rab5A, Rab6A et Rab10) semblent impliquées dans la production des virus intracellulaires, ce qui nous a stimulés à débuter une série de tests plus approfondis de l’entrée d’HSV-1. Les résultats préliminaires, démontrent l’implication dans l’entrée d’HSV-1 d’au moins 3 à 4 de ces protéines (HSPA8, KRT10, Rab5A et Rab10).

Implication des peptides RALFs dans les communications cellulaires lors du développement du gamétophyte femelle chez Solanum chacoense et Arabidopsis thaliana.

Chez les angiospermes, la reproduction passe par la double fécondation. Le tube pollinique délivre deux cellules spermatiques au sein du gamétophyte femelle. Une cellule féconde la cellule œuf pour produire un zygote; l’autre féconde la cellule centrale pour produire l’endosperme. Pour assurer un succès reproductif, le développement du gamétophyte femelle au sein de l’ovule doit établir un patron cellulaire qui favorise les interactions avec le tube pollinique et les cellules spermatiques. Pour ce faire, un dialogue doit s’établir entre les différentes cellules de l’ovule lors de son développement, de même que lors de la fécondation. D’ailleurs, plusieurs types de communications intercellulaires sont supposées suite à la caractérisation de plusieurs mutants développementaux. De même, ces communications semblent persister au sein du zygote et de l’endosperme pour permettre la formation d’un embryon viable au sein de la graine. Malgré les développements récents qui ont permis de trouver des molécules de signalisation supportant les modèles d’interactions cellulaires avancés par la communauté scientifique, les voies de signalisation sont de loin très incomplètes. Dans le but de caractériser des gènes encodant des protéines de signalisation potentiellement impliqués dans la reproduction chez Solanum chacoense, l’analyse d’expression des gènes de type RALF présents dans une banque d’ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) spécifiques à l’ovule après fécondation a été entreprise. RALF, Rapid Alcalinization Factor, est un peptide de 5 kDa qui fait partie de la superfamille des «protéines riches en cystéines (CRPs)», dont les rôles physiologiques au sein de la plante sont multiples. Cette analyse d’expression a conduit à une analyse approfondie de ScRALF3, dont l’expression au sein de la plante se limite essentiellement à l’ovule. L’analyse de plantes transgéniques d’interférence pour le gène ScRALF3 a révélé un rôle particulier lors de la mégagamétogénèse. Les plantes transgéniques présentent des divisions mitotiques anormales qui empêchent le développement complet du sac embryonnaire. Le positionnement des noyaux, de même que la synchronisation des divisions au sein du syncytium, semblent responsables de cette perte de progression lors de la mégagamétogénèse. L’isolement du promoteur de même que l’analyse plus précise d’expression au sein de l’ovule révèle une localisation sporophytique du transcrit. La voie de signalisation de l’auxine régule également la transcription de ScRALF3. De surcroît, ScRALF3 est un peptide empruntant la voie de sécrétion médiée par le réticulum endoplasmique et l’appareil de Golgi. En somme, ScRALF3 est un important facteur facilitant la communication entre le sporophyte et le gamétophyte pour amener à maturité le sac embryonnaire. L’identification d’un orthologue potentiel chez Arabidopsis thaliana a conduit à la caractérisation de AtRALF34. L’absence de phénotype lors du développement du sac embryonnaire suggère, cependant, de la redondance génétique au sein de la grande famille des gènes de type RALF. Néanmoins, les peptides RALFs apparaissent comme d’importants régulateurs lors de la reproduction chez Solanum chacoense et Arabidopsis thaliana.