Analysis of key molecules of the innate immune system in mammary epithelial cells isolated from marker-assisted and conventionally selected cattle

Mastitis is the most prevalent infectious disease in dairy herds. Breeding programs considering mastitis susceptibility were adopted as approaches to improve udder health status. In recent decades, conventional selection criteria based on phenotypic characteristics such as somatic cell score in milk have been widely used to select animals. Recently, approaches to incorporate molecular information have become feasible because of the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting mastitis resistance. The aims of the study were to explore molecular mechanisms underlying mastitis resistance and the genetic mechanisms underlying a QTL on Bos taurus chromosome 18 found to influence udder health. Primary cell cultures of mammary epithelial cells from heifers that were selected for high or low susceptibility to mastitis were established. Selection based on estimated pedigree breeding value or on the basis of marker-assisted selection using QTL information was implemented. The mRNA expression of 10 key molecules of the innate immune system was measured using quantitative real-time PCR after 1, 6, and 24 h of challenge with heat-inactivated mastitis pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and expression levels in the high and low susceptibility groups were compared according to selection criteria. In the marker-assisted selection groups, mRNA expression in cells isolated from less-susceptible animals was significantly elevated for toll-like receptor 2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted), complement factor C3, and lactoferrin. In the estimated pedigree breeding value groups, mRNA expression was significantly elevated only for V-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, IL-1 beta, and RANTES. These observations provide first insights into genetically determined divergent reactions to pathogens in the bovine mammary gland and indicate that the application of QTL information could be a successful tool for the selection of animals resistant to mastitis.

Circadian blood pressure during the early course of type 1 diabetes. Analysis of 1,011 ambulatory blood pressure recordings in 354 adolescents and young adults

OBJECTIVE Little information is available on the early course of hypertension in type 1 diabetes. The aim of our study, therefore, was to document circadian blood pressure profiles in patients with a diabetes duration of up to 20 years and relate daytime and nighttime blood pressure to duration of diabetes, BMI, insulin therapy, and HbA1c. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ambulatory profiles of 24-h blood pressure were recorded in 354 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (age 14.6 +/- 4.2 years, duration of diabetes 5.6 +/- 5.0 years, follow-up for up to 9 years). A total of 1,011 profiles were available for analysis from patients not receiving antihypertensive medication. RESULTS Although daytime mean systolic pressure was significantly elevated in diabetic subjects (+3.1 mmHg; P < 0.0001), daytime diastolic pressure was not different from from the height- and sex-adjusted normal range (+0.1 mmHg, NS). In contrast, both systolic and diastolic nighttime values were clearly elevated (+7.2 and +4.2 mmHg; P < 0.0001), and nocturnal dipping was reduced (P < 0.0001). Systolic blood pressure was related to overweight in all patients, while diastolic blood pressure was related to metabolic control in young adults. Blood pressure variability was significantly lower in girls compared with boys (P < 0.01). During follow-up, no increase of blood pressure was noted; however, diastolic nocturnal dipping decreased significantly (P < 0.03). Mean daytime blood pressure was significantly related to office blood pressure (r = +0.54 for systolic and r = +0.40 for diastolic pressure); however, hypertension was confirmed by ambulatory blood pressure measurement in only 32% of patients with elevated office blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS During the early course of type 1 diabetes, daytime blood pressure is higher compared with that of healthy control subjects. The elevation of nocturnal values is even more pronounced and nocturnal dipping is reduced. The frequency of white-coat hypertension is high among adolescents with diabetes, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring avoids unnecessary antihypertensive treatment.

Expression and hormonal regulation of Muc-1 at the apical surface of mouse uterine epithelial cells and its role in modulating embryo implantation

Previous studies from our lab have established that large molecular weight mucin glycoproteins are major apically-disposed components of mouse uterine epithelial cells in vitro (Valdizan et al., (1992) J. Cell. Physiol. 151:451-465). The present studies demonstrate that Muc-1 represents one of the apically-disposed mucin glycoproteins of mouse uterine epithelia, and that Muc-1 protein and mRNA expression are regulated in the peri-implantation stage mouse uterus by ovarian steroids. Muc-1 expression is high in the proestrous and estrous stages, and decreases during diestrous. Both Muc-1 protein and mRNA levels decline to barely detectable levels by day 4 of pregnancy, i.e., prior to the time of blastocyst attachment. In contrast, Muc-1 expression in the cervix and vagina is maintained during this same period. Delayed implantation was established in pregnant mice by ovariectomy and maintained by administration of exogenous progesterone. Initiation of implantation was triggered by coinjection of progesterone maintained mice with a nidatory dose of 17$\beta$-estradiol. Muc-1 levels in the uterine epithelia of progesterone maintained mice declined to similar low levels as observed on day 4 of normal pregnancy. Coinjection of estradiol did not alter Muc-1 expression suggesting that down-regulation of Muc-1 is a progesterone dominated event. This was confirmed in ovariectomized, non-pregnant mice which displayed stimulation of Muc-1 expression following 6 hr of estradiol injection. Estradiol stimulated Muc-1 expression was inhibited by the pure antiestrogen, ICI 164,384. While progesterone alone had no effect on Muc-1 expression, it antagonized estradiol action in this regard. Injection of pregnant mice with the antiprogestin, RU 486, a known implantation inhibitor, on day 3 of pregnancy restored high level expression of Muc-1 mRNA on day 4, indicating that down-regulation of Muc-1 is progesterone receptor-mediated. Muc-1 appears to function as an anti-adhesive molecule at the apical cell surface of mouse uterine epithelial cells. Treatment of polarized cultures of mouse uterine epithelial cells with O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase reduced mucin expression in vitro, by about 50%, and converted polarized uterine epithelia to a functionally receptive state. Similarly, ablation of Muc-1 in Muc-1 null mice resulted in polarized uterine epithelia that were functionally receptive as compared to their wild-type counterparts in vitro. Collectively, these data indicate that Muc-1 and other mucins function as anti-adhesive molecules and that reduction or removal of these molecules is a prerequisite for the generation of a receptive uterine state. ^

Lake surface water temperatures of European Alpine lakes (1989–2013) based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km data set

Lake water temperature (LWT) is an important driver of lake ecosystems and it has been identified as an indicator of climate change. Consequently, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) lists LWT as an essential climate variable. Although for some European lakes long in situ time series of LWT do exist, many lakes are not observed or only on a non-regular basis making these observations insufficient for climate monitoring. Satellite data can provide the information needed. However, only few satellite sensors offer the possibility to analyse time series which cover 25 years or more. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is among these and has been flown as a heritage instrument for almost 35 years. It will be carried on for at least ten more years, offering a unique opportunity for satellite-based climate studies. Herein we present a satellite-based lake surface water temperature (LSWT) data set for European water bodies in or near the Alps based on the extensive AVHRR 1 km data record (1989–2013) of the Remote Sensing Research Group at the University of Bern. It has been compiled out of AVHRR/2 (NOAA-07, -09, -11, -14) and AVHRR/3 (NOAA-16, -17, -18, -19 and MetOp-A) data. The high accuracy needed for climate related studies requires careful pre-processing and consideration of the atmospheric state. The LSWT retrieval is based on a simulation-based scheme making use of the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) Version 10 together with ERA-interim reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The resulting LSWTs were extensively compared with in situ measurements from lakes with various sizes between 14 and 580 km2 and the resulting biases and RMSEs were found to be within the range of −0.5 to 0.6 K and 1.0 to 1.6 K, respectively. The upper limits of the reported errors could be rather attributed to uncertainties in the data comparison between in situ and satellite observations than inaccuracies of the satellite retrieval. An inter-comparison with the standard Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature product exhibits RMSEs and biases in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 and −0.5 to 0.2 K, respectively. The cross-platform consistency of the retrieval was found to be within ~ 0.3 K. For one lake, the satellite-derived trend was compared with the trend of in situ measurements and both were found to be similar. Thus, orbital drift is not causing artificial temperature trends in the data set. A comparison with LSWT derived through global sea surface temperature (SST) algorithms shows lower RMSEs and biases for the simulation-based approach. A running project will apply the developed method to retrieve LSWT for all of Europe to derive the climate signal of the last 30 years. The data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.831007.

Unresolved Grief in a National Sample of Bereaved Parents: Impaired Mental and Physical Health 4 to 9 Years Later

PURPOSE: To assess unresolved parental grief, the associated long-term impact on mental and physical health, and health service use. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This anonymous, mail-in questionnaire study was performed as a population-based investigation in Sweden between August 2001 and October 2001. Four hundred forty-nine parents who lost a child as a result of cancer 4 to 9 years earlier completed the survey (response rate, 80%). One hundred ninety-one (43%) of the bereaved parents were fathers, and 251 (56%) were mothers. Bereaved parents were asked whether or not, and to what extent, they had worked through their grief. They were also asked about their physical and psychological well-being. For outcomes of interest, we report relative risk (RR) with 95% CIs as well as unadjusted odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: Parents with unresolved grief reported significantly worsening psychological health (fathers: RR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.0 to 6.4; mothers: RR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.9 to 4.4) and physical health (fathers: RR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.8 to 4.4; mothers: RR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 3.3) compared with those who had worked through their grief. Fathers with unresolved grief also displayed a significantly higher risk of sleep difficulties (RR, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.5 to 17.8). Mothers, however, reported increased visits with physicians during the previous 5 years (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.6) as well as a greater likelihood of taking sick leave when they had not worked through their grief (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.5). CONCLUSION: Parents who have not worked through their grief are at increased risk of long-term mental and physical morbidity, increased health service use, and increased sick leave.

Reasons for discontinuation of recommended therapies according to the patients after acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND The prescription of recommended medical therapies is a key factor to improve prognosis after acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, reasons for cardiovascular therapies discontinuation after hospital discharge are poorly reported in previous studies. METHODS We enrolled 3055 consecutive patients hospitalized with a main diagnosis of ACS in four Swiss university hospitals with a prospective one-year follow-up. We assessed the self-reported use of recommended therapies and the reasons for medication discontinuation according to the patient interview performed at one-year follow-up. RESULTS 3014 (99.3%) patients were discharged with aspirin, 2983 (98.4%) with statin, 2464 (81.2%) with beta-blocker, 2738 (90.3%) with ACE inhibitors/ARB and 2597 (100%) with P2Y12 inhibitors if treated with coronary stent. At the one-year follow-up, the discontinuation percentages were 2.9% for aspirin, 6.6% for statin, 11.6% for beta-blocker, 15.1% for ACE inhibitor/ARB and 17.8% for P2Y12 inhibitors. Most patients reported having discontinued their medication based on their physicians' decision: 64 (2.1%) for aspirin, 82 (2.7%) for statin, 212 (8.6%) for beta-blocker, 251 (9.1% for ACE inhibitor/ARB) and 293 (11.4%) for P2Y12 inhibitors, while side effect, perception that medication was unnecessary and medication costs were uncommon reported reasons (<2%) according to the patients. CONCLUSIONS Discontinuation of recommended therapies after ACS differs according the class of medication with the lowest percentages for aspirin. According to patients, most stopped their cardiovascular medication based on their physician's decision, while spontaneous discontinuation was infrequent.

[Signatur: W 1153 Nr. 9]

In Fraktur

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 640 - "Simmel and Freudian Philosophy", "Authoritarianism and the Family Today" und "The Chances of Democracy in Germany" (p. IX 18.1-3-IX 19a)

"Simmel and Freudian Philosophy" (GS 5, S. 396-405); 1. Nachruf, verlesen beim Memorial Meeting for Ernst Simmel; datiert: 13.12.1947; veröffentlicht in: International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 29. Jahrgang, 1948, S. 110-113; 2. Abschrift aus Werken und Briefen Siegmund Freuds; Typoskript, 9 Blatt; 3. Freeman, Burriel: 1 Brief mit Unterschirft an Max Horkheimer, Chicago, 10.06.1949; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer, Los Angeles, 15.06.1949, 2 Blatt; "Authoritarianism and the Family Today" (GS 5, S. 377-395); 1. Aufsatz, datiert 1947, veröffentlicht in: Ruth Nanda Anshen (editor), "The Family: Its Function and Distiny", New York 1949. a) Typsokript, 20 Blatt b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 20 Blatt c) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 20 Blatt d)-f) deutsche Fassung mit dem Titel "Autorität und Familie", übersetzt vom Institut für Sozialforschung, 1960; veröffentlicht in : "Erkenntnis und Verantwortung. Festschrift für Theodor Litt", Düsseldorft, 1960 d) Typoskript, 20 Blatt e) Typoskript, 20 Blatt f) Korrekturfahnen aus der Litt- Festschrift, mit dem Titel "Autorität und Familie in der Gegenwart"; 6 Blatt; 2. Schönbach, Peter: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheier, ohne Ort, 23.06.1960; 1 Blatt; 3. Schönbach, Peter: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Friedrich Pollock, ohne Ort, 22.06.1960; 1 Blatt; "The Chances of Democracy in Germany" (GS 12, S. 184-194); 1947 [?] a) Typoskript, 10 Blatt b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 11 Blatt c) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen ,11 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 704 - Gruppenexperiment (p. IX 175.1-50)

Materialien zum Studienbericht "Gruppenexperiment" teilweise veröffentlicht als Frankfurter Beiträge zur Soziologie, Band 2, Frankfurt am Main, 1955; 1.-6.a Allgemeines zum und aus den Gruppenexperiment; 1. "Idee und Technik des Gruppenexperiments. Ausbau der Methode.". Typoskript, 8 Blatt; 2. Einführungstext des Gruppenleiters und Text des 'Grundreizes': "Brief von Colburn"; a) Typoskript, 5 Blatt; b) Zweite Fassung, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; c) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 3 Blatt; 3. "Entwurf von Äußerungen des 'planted observer' zur Schallplatte". Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 4. "Entwurf einer Liste von Kernargumenten für das gelenkte Gruppeninterview". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 12 Blatt; 5. Institut für Sozialforschung: "Texte aus den Diskussionen einer im Winter 1950/51 durchgeführten Studie über 'Verhalten und Meinungen charakteristischer Gruppen der westdeutschen Bevölkerung zu weltanschaulichen und politischen Fragen'". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 39 Blatt; 6. "Entwurf. Bemerkungen zu drei weiteren Gruppenexperimenten mit zwei nicht homogenen und einer zweiten homogenen Gruppe". Typoskript, 8 Blatt; 6.a Böhm, Franz: "Geleitwort", [veröffentlicht in: "Gruppenexperiment"]. Typoskript, 9 Blatt; 7.-40. Monographien zur qualitativen nd quantitativen Analyse der Gruppendiskussion; 7. "Monographs on the Group Study of the Frankfurter Institut für Sozialforschung", 31.03.1952. Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; 8. Osmer, Diedrich: "Das Gruppenexperiment des Instituts für Sozialforschung". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 2 Blatt; 9.-11. Beiträge von Gerhard Schmidtchen; 9. "Ergebnisse der Studie über die quantitative Erfassung des Diskussionsmaterials". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 2 Blatt; 10. "Die quantitative Verarbeitung des Diskussionsmaterials und deren Ergebnisse", a) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 11 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 11 Blatt; 11. "Quotes", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 12. Helmut Beyer und Volker von Hagen: "Einige Ergebnisse der Studie über die Struktur der Diskussion", a) Typoskript, 3 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 13. Volker von Hagen: "Ergebnisse der Untersuchung über die Struktur der Diskussion", 2.5.1953. Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 14.-16. Beiträge von Heinz Maus.; 14. "Einstellung zur Demokratie", a) Typoskript, 13 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 13 Blatt; 15. "Thesen über Einstellung zur Demokratie". Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 16. "Quotes". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 17. "Thesen zum Thema: 'Stellungnahme zur Remilitarisierung'", a) Typoskript, 5 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 18. "Ergebnisse der Untersuchung über Äußerungen zur Remilitarisierung". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 19. "Zur Remilitarisierung", a) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 9 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 9 Blatt; 20. Auszug aus Emnid-Informationen vom 5.1.1951 "Westdeutsche Öffentlichkeit zeigt wenig Neigung zur Wiederbewaffnung". Typoskript, 6 Blatt; 21. Formulierungsvorschläge des Parlamentarischen Ausschusses für eine Wiederbewaffnungsumfrage, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 1 Blatt; 22. Peter von Haselberg: "Bemerkungen zu der Monographie 'Schuld und Abwehr'", a) Typoskript, 7 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 7 Blatt; 23. Peter von Haselberg: "Ergebnisse der Untersuchung über 'Schuld und Abwehr'", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 24.-28. Beiträge von Rainer Köhne; 24. "Erkenntnistheoretisches Bewußtsein bei den Versuchspersonen". Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 40 Blatt; 25. "Intention und Ausdruck". Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 29 Blatt; 26. "Einige Thesen und Beispiele aus der Sprachstudie". Typoskript, 17 Blatt; 27. "Thesen aus der Sprachstudie" (teilweise identisch mit 26.). Typoskript, 17 Blatt; 28. "Quotes". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 29.-36. Beiträge von Hermann Schweppenhäuser; 29. "Ursprungssphähren. Notizen zur Einleitung". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt; 30. "Militarismus". Typoskript, 23 Blatt; 31. "Nazipropaganda". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 75 Blatt; 32. "Technik", a) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 11 Blatt, b) "Technik, Kommerz, Jargon, Presse, Rundfunk, Halbbildung", Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 36 Blatt; 33. "Sprachliche Verhaltensweisen". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 40 Blatt; 34. "Einige Thesen und Beispiele aus der Sprachstudie". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 9 Blatt; 35. "Einige Thesen und Beispiele aus der Sprachstudie". Typoskript, 7 Blatt; 36. "Zitate aus der Gruppenstudie über Demokratie". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen und Ergänzungen, 2 Blatt; 37. - 39. Beiträge von Hans Sittenfeld; 37. "Quantitative Ergebnisse". Typoskript, 10 Blatt; 38. "Ergebnisse der Auszählung nach Gruppen als statistischen Einheiten". Typoskript, 17 Blatt; 39. "Quantitative Ergebnisse", Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 4 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 40. Jutta Thomae: "Erfahrungen bei der Zusammenstellung von Diskussionsgruppen". Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 41. - 42. Memoranden; 41. "Memorandum re: Stand der Gruppenstudie", 6.10.1952. Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 42. Hans Sittenfeld: "Memorandum re: Comments on the Group Studies of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt, Germany", 26.3.1952. Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 43. - 50. Sonstige Unterlagen; 43. Über das 'Menschliche', Trauer, Narzißmus, eigenhändige Notizen von Max Horkheimer, 1 Blatt; 44. Über amerikanische Forschung und deutsche (Juden- ?)Verfolgungen, eigenhändige Notiz von Max Horkheimer, 1 Blatt; 45. Fragebogen einer amerikanischen Meinungsumfrage, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 7 Blatt; 46. Fragebogen einer amerikanischen Meinungsumfrage, als Typoskript vervielfältigt mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 6 Blatt; 47. Friedrich Pollock: handschriftliche Liste der Empfänger von Rezensionsexemplaren der "Gruppenstudie", 1 Blatt; 48. N.N.: handschriftliche Abschrift von Zitaten zur Umfragetechnik, 2 Blatt; 49. "Das Meßbare und das Unmeßbare an Herrn X", Zeitungsbericht über die Umfragen des Instituts für Sozialforschung, 27. 1. 1953, 1 Blatt; 50. Franz Böhm: "Eine deutsche Aufgabe. Offener Brief an die Antisemiten unter uns", Zeitungsdruck aus: Die Gegenwart, 1.11.1950, 1 Blatt;

The association of HSV 1 and 2 with atherosclerosis defined by CRP level

A study of the association of Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 exposure to early atherosclerosis using high C-reactive protein level as a marker was carried out in US born, non-pregnant, 20-49 year olds participating in a national survey between 1999 and 2004. Participants were required to have valid results for Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 and C-Reactive Protein for inclusion. Cases were those found to have a high C-reactive protein level of 0.3-1 mg/dL, while controls had low to normal values (0.01-0.29 mg/dL). Overall, there were 1211 cases and 2870 controls. Mexican American and non-Hispanic black women were much more likely to fall into the high cardiac risk group than the other sex race groups with proportions of 44% and 39%, respectively. ^ Herpesvirus exposure was categorized such that Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 exposure could be studied simultaneously within the same individual and models. The HSV 1+, HSV 2- category included the highest percentage (45.63%) of participants, followed by HSV 1-, HSV 2- (30.16%); HSV 1+, HSV 2+ (15.09%); and HSV 1-, HSV 2+ (9.12%) respectively. The proportion of participants in the HSV 1+, HSV 2- category was substantially higher in Mexican Americans (63%-66%). Further, the proportion in the HSV 1+, HSV 2+ category was notably higher in the non-Hispanic black participants (23%-44%). Non-Hispanic black women also had the highest percentage of HSV 1-, HSV 2+ exposure of all the sex race groups at 17%. ^ Overall, the unadjusted odds ratios for atherosclerotic disease defined by C-reactive protein with HSV 1-, HSV 2- as the referent group was 1.62 (95% CI 1.23-2.14) for HSV 1 +, HSV 2+; 1.3 (95% CI 1.10-1.69 for HSV 1+, HSV 2-; and 1.52 (95% CI 1.14-2.01). When the study was stratified into sex-race groups, only HSV 1+, HSV 2- in the Non-Hispanic white men remained significant (OR=1.6; 95% CI 1.06-2.43). Adjustment for selected covariates was made in the multivariate model for both the overall and sex-race stratified studies. High C-reactive protein values were not associated with any of the Herpesvirus exposure levels in either the overall or stratified analyses. ^

Modulation of carbohydrates and carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins) during retinoic acid -induced differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma cells

The current studies were undertaken to examine the effect of retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of the murine embryonal carcinoma cell line, F-9, on the glycosylation of specific cellular glycoproteins and on the expression of two members of the family of endogenous lactoside-binding lectins. It was found that RA-induced differentiation of these cells into cells with the properties of primitive endoderm results in the increased fucosylation of 3 glycoproteins with molecular weights of 175 (gp175), 250 (gp250), and 400 (pg400) kDa. These three fucose-containing glycoproteins can be considered as new markers of differentiation in this system. The increased fucosylation of these glycoproteins preceded the 3-fold increase in fucosyltransferase (FT) activity that was seen upon RA-induced differentiation of these cells, indicating that an increase in fucosyltransferase activity alone cannot explain the increased fucosylation of these glycoproteins.^ The effect of RA and Ch55, a chalcone carboxylic acid with retinoid-like properties, induced differentiation of a variety of murine embryonal carcinoma cell lines on the activities of both FT and sialyltransferase (ST) was examined. The effect of differentiation on the activities of both glycosyltransferases was modulated and most probably is dependent upon the differentiation pathway that is triggered by the retinoids for each of the embryonal carcinoma cell lines.^ Two glycoproteins, Lysosomal Associated Membrane Glycoproteins 1 and 2 (LAMP-1 and LAMP-2) were examined in more detail during the course of RA-induced differentiation of F-9 cells. Both the levels and glycosylation of both glycoproteins are increased following differentiation of these cells. Differentiation results in the increased binding of $\sp{125}$l-labelled L-phytohemagglutinin to bind to LAMP-1 which indicates increased GlcNAc $\beta$1,6 branching of the oligosaccharide side chains.^ We found that RA-induced differentiation of F-9 cells results in the decreased expression of the 34 kDa lectin 24 h after addition of the retinoid to the medium. Additionally, 48 h of RA-treatment results in the increased expression of the 14.5 kDa lectin. By indirect immunofluorescence we were able to colocalize the 14.5 kDa lectin and laminin which suggests that laminin may be a ligand for the lectin in the F-9 cells. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) ^

Tab. 1 Mole % CO2 and 13C values of CO2 at baseline and at the final monitoring event for the eight observation wells

During CO2 storage operations in mature oilfields or saline aquifers it is desirable to trace the movement of injected CO2 for verification and safety purposes. We demonstrate the successful use of carbon isotope abundance ratios for tracing the movement of CO2 injected at the Cardium CO2 Storage Monitoring project in Alberta between 2005 and 2007. Injected CO2 had a d13C value of -4.6±1.1 per mil that was more than 10 per mil higher than the carbon isotope ratios of casing gas CO2 prior to CO2 injection with average d13C values ranging from -15.9 to -23.5 per mil. After commencement of CO2 injection, d13C values of casing gas CO2 increased in all observation wells towards those of the injected CO2 consistent with a two-source end-member mixing model. At four wells located in a NE-SW trend with respect to the injection wells, breakthrough of injected CO2 was registered chemically (>50 mol % CO2) and isotopically 1-6 months after commencement of CO2 injection resulting in cumulative CO2 fluxes exceeding 100000 m**3 during the observation period. At four other wells, casing gas CO2 contents remained below 5 mol % resulting in low cumulative CO2 fluxes (<2000 m**3) throughout the entire observation period, but carbon isotope ratios indicated contributions between <30 and 80% of injected CO2. Therefore, we conclude that monitoring the movement of CO2 in the injection reservoir with geochemical and isotopic techniques is an effective approach to determine plume expansion and to identify potential preferential flow paths provided that the isotopic composition of injected CO2 is constant and distinct from that of baseline CO2.