Instabilities of soft elastic microtubes filled with viscous fluids: Pearls, wrinkles, and sausage strings

A linear stability analysis is presented to study the self-organized instabilities of a highly compliant elastic cylindrical shell filled with a viscous liquid and submerged in another viscous medium. The prototype closely mimics many components of micro-or nanofluidic devices and biological processes such as the budding of a string of pearls inside cells and sausage-string formation of blood vessels. The cylindrical shell is considered to be a soft linear elastic solid with small storage modulus. When the destabilizing capillary force derived from the cross-sectional curvature overcomes the stabilizing elastic and in-plane capillary forces, the microtube can spontaneously self-organize into one of several possible configurations; namely, pearling, in which the viscous fluid in the core of the elastic shell breaks up into droplets; sausage strings, in which the outer interface of the mircrotube deforms more than the inner interface; and wrinkles, in which both interfaces of the thin-walled mircrotube deform in phase with small amplitudes. This study identifies the conditions for the existence of these modes and demonstrates that the ratios of the interfacial tensions at the interfaces, the viscosities, and the thickness of the microtube play crucial roles in the mode selection and the relative amplitudes of deformations at the two interfaces. The analysis also shows asymptotically that an elastic fiber submerged in a viscous liquid is unstable for Y = gamma/(G(e)R) > 6 and an elastic microchannel filled with a viscous liquid should rupture to form spherical cavities (pearling) for Y > 2, where gamma, G(e), and R are the surface tension, elastic shear modulus, and radius, respectively, of the fiber or microchannel.

High sensitivity detection of radio-frequency modulated magnetic moment in semiconductors

An experimental setup has been realized to measure weak magnetic moments which can be modulated at radio frequencies (similar to 1-5 MHz). Using an optimized radio-frequency (RF) pickup coil and lock-in amplifier, an experimental sensitivity of 10(-15) Am(2) corresponding to 10(-18) emu has been demonstrated with a 1 s time constant. The detection limit at room temperature is 9.3 x 10(-16) Am(2)/root Hz limited by Johnson noise of the coil. The setup has been used to directly measure the magnetic moment due to a small number (similar to 7 x 10(8)) of spin polarized electrons generated by polarization modulated optical radiation in GaAs and Ge. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3654229]

Coding for High-Density Recording on a 1-D Granular Magnetic Medium

In terabit-density magnetic recording, several bits of data can be replaced by the values of their neighbors in the storage medium. As a result, errors in the medium are dependent on each other and also on the data written. We consider a simple 1-D combinatorial model of this medium. In our model, we assume a setting where binary data is sequentially written on the medium and a bit can erroneously change to the immediately preceding value. We derive several properties of codes that correct this type of errors, focusing on bounds on their cardinality. We also define a probabilistic finite-state channel model of the storage medium, and derive lower and upper estimates of its capacity. A lower bound is derived by evaluating the symmetric capacity of the channel, i.e., the maximum transmission rate under the assumption of the uniform input distribution of the channel. An upper bound is found by showing that the original channel is a stochastic degradation of another, related channel model whose capacity we can compute explicitly.

An eight-connected metal organic framework based on Cu(5) clusters: Synthesis, structure, magnetic and catalytic properties

A reaction of copper acetate, 5-nitroisophthalic acid in a water-methanol mixture under solvothermal condition results in a new metal-organic framework compound, [Cu(5)(mu(3)-OH)(2)(H(2)O)(6){(NO(2))-C(6)H(3)-(COO)(2)}(4)]center dot 5H(2)O, (1). The compound contains Cu5 pentameric cluster units connected by 5-nitro isophthalate (NIPA) moieties forming a CdCl(2)-like layer, which are further connected by another NIPA moiety forming the three-dimensional structure. The water molecules in (1) can be reversibly adsorbed. The removal of water accompanies a change in the colour as well as a structural re-organization. Magnetic studies suggest strong antiferromagnetie correlations between the Cu5 cluster units. The compound (1) exhibits heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysis for the cyanosilylation of imines with more than 95 % selectivity. Compound (1) has been characterized by IR, UV-vis, TGA, powder XRD studies.

Magnetic and Mechanical Anisotropy in a Manganese 2-Methylsuccinate Framework Structure

Hybrid inorganic-organic framework materials exhibit unique properties that can be advantageously tuned through choice of the inorganic and organic components and by control of the crystal structure. We present a new hydrothermally prepared 3D hybrid framework, [Mn(2-methylsuccinate)](n) (1), comprising alternating 2D manganese oxide sheets and isolated MnO(6) octahedra, pillared via syn, anti-syn carboxylates. Powder magnetic characterization shows that the compound is a homospin Mn(II) ferrimagnet below 2.4 K. The easy-axis is revealed by single-crystal magnetic susceptibility studies and a magnetic structure is proposed. Anisotropic elastic moduli and hardness, observed through nanoindentation on differing crystal facets, were correlated with specific structural features. Such measurements of anisotropy are not commonly undertaken, yet allow for a more comprehensive understanding of structure-property relationships.

Transport and magnetic properties of Nd1-xPbxMnO3 single crystals

Transport and magnetic properties of flux-grown Nd1−xPbxMnO3 single crystals (x=0.15–0.5) are studied in the temperature range 300–77 K and 280–2 K, respectively. Magnetization measurements with a superconducting quantum interference device confirm a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition around 110, 121, 150, 160, and 178 K for x=0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively. Four probe resistivity measurements at low temperatures show a monotonic increase for x=0.15 which represents a ferromagnetic insulating (FMI) phase. For Nd0.8Pb0.2MnO3 there is a slope change present in the resistivity profile at 127 K where metal to insulator transition (MI) sets in. For x=0.3 this MI transition is more prominent. However, both these samples have FMI phase at low temperature. When the concentration of lead increases (x>0.3) the sample displays a clear insulator to metal transition with a low temperature ferromagnetic metallic phase. On the basis of these measurements we have predicted the phase diagram of Nd1−xPbxMnO3. Magnetization measurements by a vibration sample magnetometer point out the appreciable differences between zero field cooled and field cooled profiles below the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition temperature for all x. These are indicative of magnetic frustration.

Growth, magnetotransport, and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic (In,Mn)Sb crystals

In1−xMnxSb crystals are grown with different Mn doping concentrations (x = 0.006, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04) beyond the equilibrium solubility limit by the horizontal Bridgman technique. Structural, magnetic, and magnetotransport properties of the grown crystals are studied in the temperature range 1.4–300 K. Negative magnetoresistance and anomalous Hall effect are observed below 10 K. The anomalous Hall coefficient is found to be negative. The temperature dependence of the magnetization measurement shows a magnetic ordering below 10 K, which could arise from InMnSb alloy formation. Also, the saturation in magnetization observed even at room temperature suggests the existence of ferromagnetic MnSb clusters in the crystals, which has been verified by scanning electron microscopy studies. The carrier concentration increases with Mn doping, and this results in a decrease of resistivity. The carrier concentration and mobility at room temperature for the doped crystals are ∼ 2×1019 cm−3 and ∼ 200 cm2/V s, respectively. The observed anomalous Hall effect suggests the carrier mediated ferromagnetism below 10 K in In1−xMnxSb crystals.

Cu(II)-azide polymers with various molar equivalents of blocking diamine ligands: synthesis, structures, magnetic properties with DFT studies

Four new neutral copper-azido polymers [Cu(4)(N(3))(8)(Me-hmpz)(2)](n) (1), [Cu(4)(N(3))(8)(men)(2)](n) (2), [Cu(5)(N(3))(10)(N,N-dmen)(2)](n) (3) and [Cu(5)(N(3))(10)(N,N'-dmen)(5)](n) (4) [Me-hmpz = 1-methylhomopiperazine; men = N-methylethylenediamine; N, N-dmen = N, N-dimethylethylenediamine and N, N'-dmen = N, N'-dimethylethylenediamine] have been synthesized by using various molar equivalents of the chelating diamine ligands with Cu(NO(3))(2)center dot 3H(2)O and an excess of NaN(3). Single-crystal X-ray structures show that the basic asymmetric units of 1 and 2 are very similar, but the overall 1D structures were found to be quite different. Complex 3 with a different composition was found to be 2D in nature, while the 1D complex 4 with 1 : 1 metal to diamine ratio presented several new structural features. Cryomagnetic susceptibility measurements over a wide range of temperature were corroborated with density functional theory calculations (B3LYP functional) performed on the complexes 1-3 to provide a qualitative theoretical interpretation of their overall magnetic behavior.

Prebreakdown Current and Sparking Potential in a Nonuniform Electric Field with a Crossed Magnetic Field

Prebreakdown currents in a coaxial cylindrical geometry in nitrogen have been measured with and without a crossed magnetic field. The range of parameters used in the investigation are 2.6 ÿ p ÿ 14.5 torr, 50 ÿ (E/p) ÿ 420 V cm-1 torr-1, and 43.0 ÿ H/p ÿ 1185 Oe torr-1 (p is the pressure, E is the electric field, and H is the magnetic field). The initial photoelectric current is obtained by allowing photons produced in an auxiliary glow discharge to strike the cathode. Ions and electrons produced in the auxiliary discharge are prevented from reaching the main gap by suitable shielding. By modifying the Rice equation for back diffusion, the measured ionization current multiplication without a crossed magnetic field is compared with the multiplication predicted by the Townsend growth equation for nonuniform electric fields. It is observed that over the range of 50 Ã�¿ (E/P)max Ã�¿ 250 [(E/P)max is the value of E/p at the central electrode of the coaxial system] measured and calculated multiplication of current agree with each other. With a crossed magnetic field the prebreakdown currents have been measured and compared with the theoretically calculated currents using the equivalent pressure concept. Agreement between the calculated and measured currents is not satisfactory, and this has been attributed more to the uncertainty in the collision frequency data available than nonuniformity of the electric field. Sparking potentials have been measured with and without a crossed magnetic field.

Electrical Breakdown of Gases Between Coaxial Cylindrical Electrodes in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields

Sparking potentials have been measured in nitrogen and dry air between coaxial cylindrical electrodes for values of n = R2/R1 = approximately 1 to 30 (R1 = inner electrode radius, R2 = outer electrode radius) in the presence of crossed uniform magnetic fields. The magnetic flux density was varied from 0 to 3000 Gauss. It has been shown that the minimum sparking potentials in the presence of the crossed magnetic field can be evaluated on the basis of the equivalent pressure concept when the secondary ionization coefficient does not vary appreciably with B/p (B = magnetic flux density, p = gas pressure). The values of secondary ionization coefficients �¿B in nitrogen in crossed fields calculated from measured values of sparking potentials and Townsend ionization coefficients taken from the literature, have been reported. The calculated values of collision frequencies in nitrogen from minimum sparking potentials in crossed fields are found to increase with increasing B/p at constant E/pe (pe = equivalent pressure). Studies on the similarity relationship in crossed fields has shown that the similarity theorem is obeyed in dry air for both polarities of the central electrode in crossed fields.

Experimental implementation of quantumUlam’s problem in a nuclear magnetic resonance quantum information processor

The Ulam’s problem is a two person game in which one of the player tries to search, in minimum queries, a number thought by the other player. Classically the problem scales polynomially with the size of the number. The quantum version of the Ulam’s problem has a query complexity that is independent of the dimension of the search space. The experimental implementation of the quantum Ulam’s problem in a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Information Processor with 3 quantum bits is reported here.

ZnFe(2)O(4): Rapid and sub-100 degrees C synthesis and anneal-tuned magnetic properties

Nanocrystalline zinc ferrite (ZFO) has been synthesized from metal acetylacetonates by microwave irradiation for 5 min in the presence of a surfactant. The as-prepared material is ZFO and has been subjected in air to conventional furnace annealing and to rapid annealing at different temperatures. Both annealing protocols lead to well-crystallized ZFO, with crystallite sizes in the range similar to 8-20 nm, which is ferrimagnetic, even at room temperature, with magnetization attaining saturation. While the magnetization M(S) of conventionally annealed ZFO varies with crystallite size in the expected manner, rapid annealing leads to high M(S) even when the crystallite size is relatively large. The coercivity is greater in the conventionally annealed ZFO. Thermal and magnetic measurements suggest that the inhomogeneous site cationic distribution within each crystallite caused by rapid annealing can be used to tailor the magnetic behaviour of nanocrystalline ferrites.

Two new 1D chains of Ni(2)Na(2) heterometallic double half-cubane building units: Synthesis, structures and variable temperature magnetic study

An equimolar mixture of Ni(NO(3))(2)center dot 6H(2)O and pyridine-2-aldehyde with two equivalents of NaN(3) in methanol in the presence of NaOMe resulted in the formation of light green precipitate which upon crystallization from dimethylformamide (DMF) yielded light green single crystals [{Ni(2)Na(2)(pic)(4)(N(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)(MeOH)}center dot MeOH center dot 3H(2)O](n) (1) and [{Ni(2)Na(2)(pic)(4)(N(3))(2)(H(2)O)(4)}center dot 2DMF center dot H(2)O](n) (2) (pic = pyridine-2-carboxylate) at room temperature and high temperature (100 degrees C), respectively. Variable temperature magnetic studies revealed the existence of overall ferromagnetic behaviour with J approximate to + 10 cm(-1) and D approximate to -2 to -7 cm(-1) for 1 and 2, respectively. Negative D values as well as variation of D upon slight distortion of structure by varying reaction temperature were observed. The X-band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra of both 2 and 3 were recorded below 50 K. The structural distortion was also implicated from the EPR spectra. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on both complexes were performed in two different ways to corroborate the magnetic results. Considering only Ni(2)(II) dimeric unit, results were J = + 20.65 cm(-1) and D = -3.16 cm(-1) for 1, and J = +24.56 cm(-1) and D = -4.67 cm(-1) for 2. However, considering Ni(2)(II)Na(2)(I) cubane as magnetic core the results were J = +16.35 cm(-1) (1), +19.54 cm(-1) (2); D = -3.05 cm(-1) (1), -4.25 cm(-1) (2).

Magnetic Field Dependence of Entropy And Specific Heat of YBa2Cu3O7-delta Superconductors

The change in thermodynamic quantities (e. g., entropy, specific heat etc.) by the application of magnetic field in the case of the high-T-c superconductor YBCO system is examined phenomenological by the Ginzburg-Landau theory of anisotropic type-II superconductors. An expression for the change in the entropy (Delta S) and change in specific heat (Delta C) in a magnetic field for any general orientation of an applied magnetic field B-a with respect to the crystallographic c-axis is obtained. The observed large reduction of specific heat anomaly just below the superconducting transition and the observed variation of entropy with magnetic field are explained quantitatively.

Effect of capillarity and heterogeneity in the numerical modelling of multiphase flow of fluids in unsaturated porous medium

The multiphase flow of fluids in the unsaturated porous medium is considered as a three phase flow of water, NAPL, and air simultaneously in the porous medium. The adaptive solution fully implicit modified sequential method is used for the numerical modelling. The effect of capillarity and heterogeneity effect at the interface between the media is studied and it is observed that the interface criteria has to be taken into account for the correct prediction of NAPL migration especially in heterogeneous media. The modified Newton Raphson method is used for the linearization and Hestines and Steifel Conjugate Gradient method is used as the solver.