Ressonância nuclear magnética no diagnóstico de pseudoaneurisma de ventrículo esquerdo. Antigo problema, nova opção

Paciente feminina, 67 anos, internada por infarto agudo do miocárdio de parede lateral, com edema agudo de pulmão e evolução para choque cardiogênico nas primeiras horas. Ecocardiograma transesofágico e ressonância nuclear magnética confirmaram o diagnóstico de pseudoaneurisma de ventrículo esquerdo. A paciente foi submetida a tratamento cirúrgico com sucesso.

Atrial infarction is a unique and often unrecognized clinical entity

A patient with heart failure and acute atrial fibrillation received the final diagnosis of atrial infarction associated with ventricular infarction based on clinical findings of ischemia in association with atrial fibrillation and heart failure (mechanisms probably involved: contractile dysfunction and loss of atrial contribution). Although a transesophageal echocardiography, which could refine the diagnosis of anatomic abnormalities, was not performed, all evidence led to the diagnosis of atrial involvement. Electrocardiographic findings were consistent with Liu's major criterion 3. Therapy with digitalis, quinidine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was chosen, as the patient had acute pulmonary edema. The use of beta-blockers and verapamil was restricted. No other complications, such as thrombo-embolism or atrial rupture, were noted.

Fatal pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients. Clinical diagnosis versus pathological confirmation

OBJECTIVE - To assess the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (FPE), the accuracy of clinical diagnosis, and the profile of patients who suffered an FPE in a tertiary University Hospital. METHODS - Analysis of the records of 3,890 autopsies performed at the Department of General Pathology from January 1980 to December 1990. RESULTS - Among the 3,980 autopsies, 109 were cases of clinically suspected FPE; of these, 28 cases of FPE were confirmed. FPE accounted for 114 deaths, with clinical suspicion in 28 cases. The incidence of FPE was 2.86%. No difference in sex distribution was noted. Patients in the 6th decade of life were most affected. The following conditions were more commonly related to FPE: neoplasias (20%) and heart failure (18.5%). The conditions most commonly misdiagnosed as FPE were pulmonary edema (16%), pneumonia (15%) and myocardial infarction (10%). The clinical diagnosis of FPE showed a sensitivity of 25.6%, a specificity of 97.9%, and an accuracy of 95.6%. CONCLUSION - The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism made on clinical grounds still has considerable limitations.

Stenting of unprotected left main coronary artery in a patient with cardiogenic shock

A 64-year-old female presented with pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock after coronary arteriography that showed severe suboclusive lesion in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) in a dominant left coronary system. The patient succesfully underwent urgent angioplasty with stent deployment in the LMCA. After an uneventful period, the patient was discharged at day six.

Chemical functionalization in bionanoparticles

Dissertação de mestrado em Biofísica e Bionanossistemas

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Bauhinia monandra leaf lectin

A galactose-specific lectin from Bauhinia monandra leaves (BmoLL) have been purified through ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by guar gel affinity chromatography column. This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of pure BmoLL in mice. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by 1% carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice treated with BmoLL. Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and hot plate methods evaluated antinociceptive activity. BmoLL significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw edema by 47% (30 mg/kg) and 60.5% (60 mg/kg); acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 100 mg/kg) showed inhibition of 70.5%, in comparison to controls. Leukocyte migration, an immune response to the inflammation process, was significantly reduced in presence of BmoLL; in mice treated with \ASA\ the decrease in leukocyte migration was similar to 15 mg/kg of the lectin. BmoLL at doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of animal contortions by 43.1, 50.1 and 71.3%, respectively.BmoLL leukocyte migration was significantly reduced; in mice treated with \ASA\ the decrease in leukocyte migration was similar to 15 mg/kg of the lectin. BmoLL at doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of animal contortions by 43.1, 50.1 and 71.3%, respectively. The lectin (30 and 60 mg/kg) showed a significant effect in the hot plate assay. BmoLL anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects were dose-dependent. The search for new and natural compounds, with minimal side effects, to control pain and inflammation, is constantly increasing. BmoLL has great potential as a natural anti-inflamatory product that can be explored for pharmacological purposes.

Morphofunctional study of the junction between the left atrium and the pulmonary veins in patient with pulmonary hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To study the arrangement of the myocardial fiber bundles at the pulmonary venous left atrial junction in patients with pulmonary hypertension, and to discuss the pathophysiological importance of this element in the etiology of acute pulmonary edema. METHODS: We obtained 12 hearts and their pulmonary vein extremities from postmortem examinations of patients with the anatomicopathological diagnosis of acute pulmonary edema. The specimens, which had no grossly visible morphological cardiac alterations, were fixed in 10% formalin, and the muscular arrangement of the pulmonary venous left atrial junctions was analyzed. This material was then isolated, embedded in paraffin, underwent serial cutting (50 µm of thickness), and was stained with Azam's trichrome. RESULTS: We observed in our specimens that: a) the myocardial fiber bundles that originate in the atrial wall and involve the openings of the pulmonary veins were fewer than those observed in healthy material; b) the myocardial fiber bundles that extend into the pulmonary veins were shorter than those found in material originating from individuals with no pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION: Anatomical changes that result in a reduction in the amount of myocardial fiber bundles in the pulmonary venous left atrial junction, isolated or associated with other factors, may be the cause of disorders in pulmonary circulation, leading to an increase in pulmonary venous pressure, and, consequently, to acute pulmonary edema.

Clinical Meaning of Ascites in Patients with Endomyocardial Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical meaning of ascites and the main features of patients with ascites and endomyocardial fibrosis. METHODS: We studied 166 patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (mean age 37 years, 114 women) treated over the last 20 years. Ventriculography findings, surgery or necropsy confirmed the diagnosis in all patients. Most patients belonged to New York Heart Association Functional Class III/IV (134, 83.7%). Eighty-one (50.6%) had biventricular, 28 (17.5%) had right ventricular, and 51 (31.8%) had left ventricular involvement. During follow-up, 56 patients died. RESULTS: Ascites was present in 67 (41.8%) patients, and right ventricular involvement was present in 59 (88%). In the comparison between patients with or without ascites, those with ascites had higher mortality (49.2% and 24.7%, respectively). Patients with ascites had a higher incidence of edema (95% vs. 43%), hepatomegaly (5.8cm vs. 4.1cm), mean right atrium pressure (19.3 vs. 12mmHg), and final right ventricle diastolic pressure (18.7 vs. 12.9mmHg). Also, patients with ascites had a longer history of illness (5.1 and 3.9 years, respectively) and had atrial fibrillation more frequently (44.7% vs. 30.1%). CONCLUSION: Ascites was observed in less than 50% of cases of endomyocardial fibrosis and was associated with greater involvement of the right ventricle and with a longer duration of the disease, thus being a characteristic of a worse prognosis.

Heart Weight and Heart Weight/Body Weight Coefficient in Malnourished Adults

OBJECTIVE: To compare the heart weight and the heart weight/body weight coefficient of adults with and without chronic malnutrition. METHODS: In an initial case series of 210 autopsies performed in adults, we recorded body and heart weights and calculated the heart weight/body weight coefficients (HW/BW x 100). The exclusion criteria were as follows: positive serology for Chagas' disease, edema, obesity, heart diseases, hepatopathies, nephropathies, and systemic arterial hypertension. Malnutrition was characterized as a body mass index <18.5kg/m². Differences with p<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Individuals in the malnourished (n=15) and control (n=21) groups were statistically different, respectively, in regard to body mass index (15.9±1.7 versus 21.3±2.5kg/m²), heart weight (267.3±59.8 versus 329.1±50.4g), and the HW/BW coefficient (0.64±0.12 versus 0.57±0.09%). A positive and significant correlation was observed between heart weight and body mass index (r=0.52), and between heart weight and body weight (r=0.65). CONCLUSION: Malnourished individuals have lighter hearts and a greater HW/BW coefficient than non-malnourished individuals do. These findings indicate a possible preservation of the myocardium in relation to the intensity of weight loss associated with the probable relative increase in cardiac connective tissue and heart blood vessels.

Comparative study of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers who have experienced myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of smoking on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients who have experienced acute myocardial infarction and to assess the association between smoking and other cardiovascular risk factors and clinical data. METHODS: A prospective cohort study analyzed 121 patients, including 54 smokers, 35 ex-smokers, and 32 nonsmokers. RESULTS: Using the chi-square test (P<0.05), an association between smoking and the risk factors sex, age, and diabetes was documented. Among the morbidity and mortality variables, only acute pulmonary edema showed a statistically significant difference (OR=9.5; 95% CI), which was greater in the ex-smoker group than in the nonsmoker group. CONCLUSION: An association between smoking and some cardiovascular risk factors was observed, but no statistical difference in morbidity and mortality was observed in the groups studied, except for the variable acute pulmonary edema.

Insuficiência respiratória persistente secundária a insuficiência cardíaca diastólica

Foram estudados 2 pacientes de 85 anos de idade com diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca diastólica e insuficiência respiratória persistente, caracterizada por distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo grave e alterações das trocas gasosas. A possibilidade de que esse comprometimento respiratório decorresse de doença pulmonar primária foi excluída. Sinais radiológicos de edema pulmonar leve foram observados em um dos doentes nos 4 anos anteriores à primeira internação. O quadro respiratório foi atribuído a lesões pulmonares condicionadas à presença de edema pulmonar crônico. A incidência da doença em pacientes muito idosos pode dar origem a uma enfermidade que poderia ser denominada doença pulmonar congestiva.

Pericardite: série de 84 casos consecutivos

OBJETIVO: Identificar características clínicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiográficas diferenciais em indivíduos com diagnóstico de pericardite secundária e idiopática. MÉTODOS: De janeiro/1999 a dezembro/2001, foram identificados 84 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e ecocardiográfico de pericardite em clínica de cardiologia. Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, quanto à idade, sexo, características antropométricas, hábitos, pressão arterial casual, causas potenciais, comorbidades, sinais e sintomas, medicação e complicações. Os indivíduos foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo A constituído de 61 pacientes com causas potenciais conhecidas e grupo B com 23 casos considerados idiopáticos. Os grupos foram comparados, utilizando-se o teste do Qui-quadrado, considerando-se estatisticamente significativas as associações com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os dois grupos foram semelhantes quanto à idade, sexo, medidas antropométricas, hábitos e pressão arterial casual. No grupo B, 23 (100%) casos foram diagnosticados entre os meses de abril e agosto contra 24 (39,4%) no mesmo período no grupo A (p<0,01). No grupo B, 23 (100%) pacientes receberam vacina antiinfluenza previamente contra nenhum no grupo A. Dispnéia (p=0,02) e edema (p=0,01) foram mais freqüentes no grupo A, enquanto fadiga foi mais referida no grupo B (p=0,01). No manejo terapêutico, administrou-se antiinflamatórios não esteróides (AINE) em 5 (8,2%) pacientes do grupo A e em 19 (82,6%) do grupo B (p=0.01). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com pericardite idiopática receberam aplicação prévia de vacina antiinfluenza, apresentaram-se com distribuição sazonal, tiveram menor prevalência de comorbidades, sintomatologia menos exuberante e foram tratados principalmente com AINE.

Perfil de crise hipertensiva: prevalência e apresentação clínica

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência, o quadro clínico e as lesões orgânicas envolvidas em uma crise hipertensiva. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de análise de prontuários médicos de pacientes com elevação dos níveis de pressão arterial diastólica > 120 mmHg e sintomáticos, atendidos em setor de emergência de hospital universitário durante 12 meses. Urgência foi caracterizada como elevação sintomática da pressão arterial sem evidências de lesão em órgão-alvo e, emergência hipertensiva, como elevação sintomática da pressão arterial com evidências de lesão aguda ou em evolução de órgão-alvo. RESULTADOS: Incluídos 452 pacientes com crise hipertensiva, representando 0,5% de todas as emergências clínico-cirúrgicas, sendo 273 (60,4%) de urgência e 179 (39,6%) de emergência hipertensiva. Não conheciam ser hipertensos 18%. Tabagismo e diabetes foram fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de crise hipertensiva em 1/4 e 1/5 dos pacientes, respectivamente. Pacientes com emergência apresentaram maior idade (59,6 ± 14,8 vs 49,9 ± 18,6 anos, p < 0,001) e maior pressão arterial diastólica (129,1 ± 12 vs 126,6 ± 14,4 mmHg, p < 0,05) do que aqueles com urgência hipertensiva. Acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico e edema agudo de pulmão foram as emergências hipertensivas mais comuns, compatíveis com as manifestações clínicas mais freqüentemente encontradas de déficit neurológico e dispnéia. CONCLUSÃO: Crise hipertensiva respondeu por 0,5% de todos os atendimentos de emergência do estudo e a 1,7% das emergências clínicas, sendo a urgência mais comum que a emergência hipertensiva. Acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico e edema agudo de pulmão foram as lesões em órgãos-alvo mais freqüentes nas emergências hipertensivas.

Efeitos da estimulação com corrente elétrica contínua pulsátil sobre as propriedades eletrofisiológicas atriais: estudo experimental da fibrilação atrial em cães

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a estimulação atrial com corrente elétrica contínua pulsátil induz fibrilação atrial e os seus efeitos sobre as propriedades eletrofisiológicas atriais e as alterações histológicas atriais. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos à toracotomia lateral direita 22 cães e implantados eletrodos de marcapasso no sulcus terminalis (ST), apêndice atrial direito (ADb) e na região póstero-inferior do átrio esquerdo (AE); um par de eletrodos foi suturado na auriculeta direita para estimulação com bateria alcalina de 9 Volts conectada a uma sistema (LM 555) que transforma a energia contínua linear da bateria em corrente contínua pulsátil, durante 60 min. A biópsia epicárdica atrial foi realizada antes e após a estimulação atrial. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças nas durações dos períodos refratários efetivos atriais. Os tempos de condução intra-atrial, interatrial, bem como dos extra-estímulos atriais também prolongaram-se. A duração dos eletrogramas atriais prolongou-se durante ritmo sinusal e estimulação atrial programada; em 68% dos cães a fibrilação atrial foi induzida e sustentou-se. Foram observados edema intersticial e bandas de contração celular no subepicárdio à microscopia óptica, e intensa desorganização miofibrilar e aumento do tamanho das mitocôndrias à microscopia eletrônica. CONCLUSÃO: Esta técnica de estimulação atrial induz fibrilação atrial e provoca modificações atriais que aumentam sua vulnerabilidade para o surgimento de fibrilação atrial.

Transplante cardíaco em portadora de endomiocardiofibrose

A endomiocardiofibrose é uma doença comum em países tropicais, particularmente Uganda e Nigéria, e pode acometer tanto o ventrículo esquerdo como direito, gerando uma insuficiência cardíaca restritiva que, além dos sintomas clássicos, manifesta-se por ascite desproporcional ao edema periférico. Apresentamos o caso de uma portadora de endomiocardiofibrose refratária ao tratamento clínico, submetida ao tratamento cirúrgico com melhora clínica por curto período, voltando a apresentar sintomas incapacitantes três meses após a cirurgia de ressecção de fibrose endomiocárdica e plastia tricúspide. A paciente foi então submetida a transplante cardíaco ortotópico bicaval, com boa evolução clínica. É o primeiro caso de transplante cardíaco nesta doença, mostrando-se uma alternativa de tratamento promissora.