Eight anonymous nuclear loci for the squamate antbird (Myrmeciza squamosa), cross-amplifiable in other species of typical antbirds (Aves, Thamnophilidae)

Typical antbirds (similar to 209 species) represent a diverse radiation of Neotropical birds that includes many species of conservation concern. Here we present eight anonymous nuclear loci designed for the squamate antbird Myrmeciza squamosa, a species endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. We also show that those anonymous nuclear loci are amplifiable in a number of other typical antbird species from related genera (Myrmeciza, Percnostola, Gymnocichla, Myrmoborus, Pyriglena and Formicivora), including three threatened species (Myrmeciza ruficauda, Formicivora littoralis, and Pyriglena atra). Those markers will be useful not only to help management of threatened species of typical antbirds, but also to explore their evolutionary histories, both at intra and interspecific levels.

Climatic oscillations shape the phylogeographical structure of Atlantic Forest fire-eye antbirds (Aves: Thamnophilidae)

In the present study, mitochondrial (mt)DNA sequence data were used to examine the genetic structure of fire-eye antbirds (genus Pyriglena) along the Atlantic Forest and the predictions derived from the river hypothesis and from a Last Glacial Maximum Pleistocene refuge paleomodel were compared to explain the patterns of genetic variation observed in these populations. A total of 266 individuals from 45 populations were sampled over a latitudinal transect and a number of phylogeographical and population genetics analytical approaches were employed to address these questions. The pattern of mtDNA variation observed in fire-eye antbirds provides little support for the view that populations were isolated by the modern course of major Atlantic Forest rivers. Instead, the data provide stronger support for the predictions of the refuge model. These results add to the mounting evidence that climatic oscillations appear to have played a substantial role in shaping the phylogeographical structure and possibly the diversification of many taxa in this region. However, the results also illustrate the potential for more complex climatic history and historical changes in the geographical distribution of Atlantic Forest than envisioned by the refuge model. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 900824.

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PHILOPTERIDAE (PHTHIRAPTERA: ISCHNOCERA) FROM THE TRUMPETERS (AVES: GRUIFORMES: PSOPHIIDAE)

A new chewing louse genus and species belonging to the Philopteridae, namely, Palmaellus inespectatus n. gen., n. sp., is described. The new genus is distinguished from the other ischnoceran genera hitherto described by its peculiar characters of the dorsal anterior head plate with 2 postero-lateral projections, pterothorax and abdomen with scarce chaetotaxy, male genitalia with simple mesomere and paramere lacking inner digitiform projection, and the genital region of female with postero-vulvar plates bearing setae. It is a parasite of the trumpeters, an avian family endemic to South America's Amazon Basin.

Six species of Amazonian Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) preying upon lizards and frogs

Dietary data from a large sample of woodcreepers (16 spp., n?=?139), revealed that six species of dendrocolaptids occasionally feed upon lizards and frogs. These birds, which are mainly insectivorous, encounter and feed on lizards while perching on tree trunks, probably in association with army-ant swarm feeding behaviour. Frog intake may be related to declines in the abundance of invertebrate prey. The bones recovered were identified as one small species of gecko, Gonatodes humeralis, and at least one anuran. We estimate that in the entire sample, about eight lizards and two frogs were ingested. The partially digested gecko material allows determination of which bones are more resistant to digestion, although it is possible that these elements were differentially retained in the stomach. These elements correspond to the more frequently preserved bones in the fossil record of geckos, indicating that the same portions of the skeleton persist under the processes of both digestion and fossilization.

COMMON GOOSE BARNACLES LEPAS AUSTRALIS (THORACICA, PEDUNCULATA) ON DECEASED MAGELLANIC PENGUINS SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS (AVES)

Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)

Polyphyly of the hawk genera Leucopternis and Buteogallus (Aves, Accipitridae): multiple habitat shifts during the Neotropical buteonine diversification

Abstract Background The family Accipitridae (hawks, eagles and Old World vultures) represents a large radiation of predatory birds with an almost global distribution, although most species of this family occur in the Neotropics. Despite great morphological and ecological diversity, the evolutionary relationships in the family have been poorly explored at all taxonomic levels. Using sequences from four mitochondrial genes (12S, ATP8, ATP6, and ND6), we reconstructed the phylogeny of the Neotropical forest hawk genus Leucopternis and most of the allied genera of Neotropical buteonines. Our goals were to infer the evolutionary relationships among species of Leucopternis, estimate their relationships to other buteonine genera, evaluate the phylogenetic significance of the white and black plumage patterns common to most Leucopternis species, and assess general patterns of diversification of the group with respect to species' affiliations with Neotropical regions and habitats. Results Our molecular phylogeny for the genus Leucopternis and its allies disagrees sharply with traditional taxonomic arrangements for the group, and we present new hypotheses of relationships for a number of species. The mtDNA phylogenetic trees derived from analysis of the combined data posit a polyphyletic relationship among species of Leucopternis, Buteogallus and Buteo. Three highly supported clades containing Leucopternis species were recovered in our phylogenetic reconstructions. The first clade consisted of the sister pairs L. lacernulatus and Buteogallus meridionalis, and Buteogallus urubitinga and Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, in addition to L. schistaceus and L. plumbeus. The second clade included the sister pair Leucopternis albicollis and L. occidentalis as well as L. polionotus. The third lineage comprised the sister pair L. melanops and L. kuhli, in addition to L. semiplumbeus and Buteo buteo. According to our results, the white and black plumage patterns have evolved at least twice in the group. Furthermore, species found to the east and west of the Andes (cis-Andean and trans-Andean, respectively) are not reciprocally monophyletic, nor are forest and non-forest species. Conclusion The polyphyly of Leucopternis, Buteogallus and Buteo establishes a lack of concordance of current Accipitridae taxonomy with the mtDNA phylogeny for the group, and points to the need for further phylogenetic analysis at all taxonomic levels in the family as also suggested by other recent analyses. Habitat shifts, as well as cis- and trans-Andean disjunctions, took place more than once during buteonine diversification in the Neotropical region. Overemphasis of the black and white plumage patterns has led to questionable conclusions regarding the relationships of Leucopternis species, and suggests more generally that plumage characters should be used with considerable caution in the taxonomic evaluation of the Accipitridae.

Comparação quantitativa da comunidade de aves de um fragmento de floresta semidecidual do interior do Estado de São Paulo em intervalo de 30 anos

Few studies have evaluated long-term changes in avian abundance in forest remnants. To compare both species richness and abundance of the bird community in a forest fragment located in the municipality of Gália, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, we surveyed forest birds using transect counts. We compared our results with a survey conducted 30 years earlier at the same locality and further classified bird species according to their food habits to eventually predict fluctuations of specific abundance. Although species with population declines predominated in the community, all trophic categories had species which increased their abundances. Most species prone to move around remnants decreased in abundance. We suggest that, regarding specific abundances, trophic categories may be equally affected as a result of fragmentation processes and that the forest regeneration of this remnant may have led to the loss of edge species. Species that suffered from abundance loss during this time period may become locally extinct in the near future.

Avaliação da qualidade tecnológica de snacks obtidos por extrusão de grão integral de amaranto ou de farinha de amaranto desengordurada e suas misturas com fubá de milho

Apesar dos benefícios nutricionais e de seu potencial como alimento funcional, o amaranto ainda é um alimento pouco difundido no Brasil. Para o aumento do consumo desta matéria-prima, preconiza-se a sua incorporação na formulação de produtos convencionais, como os snacks extrudados que vêm sendo elaborados com a farinha de amaranto desengordurada. Pouco tem sido pesquisado sobre a extrusão direta do grão integral de amaranto, o que permitiria eliminar as etapas de moagem e de desengorduramento. Assim, a pesquisa avaliou e comparou a qualidade tecnológica de snacks obtidos por extrusão de grão integral de amaranto e de farinha de amaranto desengordurada, e suas misturas com 25 e 50% de fubá de milho. Verificou-se que o teor de lipídeos presentes no grão de amaranto (8%) prejudicou a expansão e a textura dos extrudados. Mesmo com a adição de fubá de milho, os snacks extrudados à base de grão integral de amaranto foram rejeitados sensorialmente (aceitação global entre 3 e 4, numa escala hedônica estruturada de nove pontos), pois apresentaram baixa expansão, textura dura, cor escura e forte sabor residual. Já os snacks extrudados obtidos com farinha de amaranto desengordurada isoladamente e em combinação com fubá de milho apresentaram maior expansão, textura crocante e cor mais clara, e, por isso, maior aceitabilidade (aceitação global > 5). Conclui-se, nas condições do experimento, que não foi possível obter snacks extrudados à base de grãos de amaranto de boa aceitação e que a produção de snacks extrudados à base de farinha de amaranto desengordurada proporciona produtos com melhor aceitação por parte do consumidor.

Estudio taxonómico polifásico de bacterias del género Mycoplasma en aves silvestres : descripción de una nueva especie, Mycoplasma neophronis

Programa de doctorado: Sanidad Animal

Charla formativa de voluntarios avistadores de aves marinas y cetáceos para pertenecer a la Red de Observación de Cetáceos y Aves marinas en Canarias (CETAVIST)

[ES] Se explica el proyecto CETAVIST consistente en la creación de una red de avistadores de aves marinas y cetáceos en Canarias dado el poco número de datos existentes sobre estas poblaciones y se dan las instrucciones para pertenecer a la base de datos, proporcionando además las características de las aves y cetáceos que pueden observarse entre las islas.

El proyecto Aves fósiles del Neógeno de Lanzarote

[ES] Experiencias y desarrollo del proyecto Yacimientos del Neógeno continental de Órzola-Famara, ejecutado en colaboración entre el Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote y el Institut Catalá de Paleontología Miquel Crusafont (con la participación en el proyecto del Dr. Antonio Sánchez Marco ). Este proyecto tiene vocación de continuidad y pretende ser una campamento de trabajo y voluntario estable donde puedan participar personas interesadas en paleontología, geología, arqueología, etc.

Aves marinas (Procellariidae) del Pleistoceno del yacimiento paleontológico de la Montaña de Timbaiba (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias)

[ES] Se describe la concurrencia de restos fósiles pertenecientes a dos taxones avianos de pardelas (Procellariidae) provenientes del yacimiento paleontológico de Montaña de Timbaiba, del Pleistoceno Medio, en la isla de Lanzarote. El conjunto está copado mayoritariamente por la especie extinta Puffinus holeae y se constata la presencia de la especie actual Calonectris diomedea. Se interpreta el yacimiento como un posible lugar de nidificación y cría de estas especies de pardelas.

Differenzierung von Reviergesängen und mitochondrialem Cytochrom-b in drei ausgewählten Singvogelgattungen (Aves, Passeriformes: Genus Regulus, Genus Seicercus und Parus major)

ZusammenfassungLautäußerungen von Singvögeln (Passeriformes) werden gemeinhin als Träger phylogenetischer Information betrachtet, obwohl direkte Nachweise in vergleichend bioakustischen Studien rar sind. Dieser Thematik widmet sich meine Dissertation am Beispiel dreier Singvogelgruppen: Goldhähnchen (Regulus), Goldbrillenlaubsänger (Seicercus) sowie verwandter Laubsänger (Phylloscopus) und Kohlmeisen (Parus major). Neben der Erhebung bioakustischer Daten wurde für jede Gruppe eine molekulare Phylogenie basierend auf Cytochrom-b-Sequenzen erstellt und für verschiedene akustische Merkmale Homoplasie-indizes berechnet (CI, RI und RC). Die phylogenetisch informativen Gesangsstrukturen innerhalb der Gattungen Regulus und Seicercus/ Phylloscopus sind sämtlich Syntaxmerkmale, zumeist der Gesamtstrophe, seltener von Strophenabschnitten. Bei den Goldhähnchen (Regulus) sind solche Syntaxmerkmale angeboren, Elementmerkmale hingegen sind erlernt und phylogenetisch nicht informativ. Die innerhalb der Kohlmeisen homogene Gesangssyntax ist erst auf höherer taxonomischer Ebene (Gattung Parus) ein informatives Merkmal. Der mittels einer Merkmalsmatrix berechnete akustische Divergenzindex zwischen Taxonpaaren steigt signifikant proportional zur genetischen Distanz. Damit ist erstmalig der Zusammenhang zwischen genetischer und akustischer Differenzierung quantifiziert. Die molekulare Phylogenie erhellt zudem bislang ungeklärte phylogenetische Beziehungen innerhalb aller drei Taxa. Diese werden im Hinblick auf das phylogenetische und das biologische Artkonzept diskutiert. Der Artstatus des Teneriffa-Goldhähnchens (Regulus teneriffae) sowie der bokharensis-Kohlmeisen ist fragwürdig aufgrund ihrer engen Verwandtschaft zu zu einzelnen Subspezies der Wintergoldhähnchen bzw. der Kohlmeisen.

Differentiation processes in treecreepers (Aves: Certhia): phylogeny, vocalisations, morphometrics

Evolutionary processes within the bird genus Certhia (treecreepers) are investigated and taxonomic uncertainties clarified. The original seven species of the genus have Holarctic distribution, are uniform morphologically and hence difficult to distinguish. I employed four methodological approaches. 1. Molecular phylogeny using the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene largely established relationships and revealed two cryptic species. 2. Call and song recordings from all species and many subspecies were evaluated sonagraphically. The nine phylospecies outlined in Part 1 were clearly delimited from one another by time and frequency parameters. They comprise a monophyletic group of "motif singers" and a purely southeast Asian group of "trill singers". Song-character differences were generally consistent with molecular phylogeny (strong phylogenetic signals). 3. Central European Certhia familiaris in the field responded territorially to playback of verses of allopatric "motif singer" taxa, but usually more weakly than to their own subsequently presented songs. No song characters were unambiguously recognised as species-specific. 4. Standard body dimensions of nearly 2000 museum specimens characterise species and subspecies biometrically and reveal geographic trends. Lengths of bill and hind claw proved important parameters to explain the treecreeper lifestyle (climbing and feeding on tree trunks). In the Himalayas (highest species density) tail dimensions are also significant.

Vergleichende Phylogenie der Gimpel (Aves: Fringillidae: Pyrrhula Brisson, 1760)

Mit dieser Arbeit wird am Beispiel der Gimpel der Gattung Pyrrhula (Aves: Fringillidae) eine vergleichende phylogenetische Methodik angewandt. Der dafür gewählte Untersuchungsansatz beinhaltet v.a. molekulargenetische und morphologische Methoden, deren Ergebnisse vor dem biogeographischen Hintergrund der Gattung analysiert werden. Diese Arbeit bestätigt die traditionelle Abgrenzung der Gimpel gegenüber den anderen Formen der Finkenfamilie. Die Gattung stellt eine monophyletische Gruppe dar und ist sowohl anhand molekulargenetischer als auch morphologischer Merkmale hervorragend umgrenzbar. Eine Vereinigung mit der Schwestergattung Pinicola ist demgegenüber nicht gerechtfertigt. Die mit klassischen Untersuchungsverfahren bestimmten Gruppierungen der Gattung lassen sich auch mit modernen Methoden bestätigen. Pyrrhula besteht aus drei Hauptverwandtschaftsgruppen: „Südostasiatische Gimpel“ (P. nipalensis und P. leucogenis), „Himalayagimpel“ (P. aurantiaca, P. erythaca, P. erythrocephala) und „Eurasische Gimpel“ (P. pyrrhula s.l.). Innerhalb von P. pyrrhula s.l. lassen sich drei genetisch und morphologisch unterschiedlich differenzierte Untergruppierungen mit eigenständige Merkmalskombinationen ausmachen: P. (p.) murina, P. (p.) cineracea und P. (p.) griseiventris. Das Entstehungszentrum von Pyrrhula befand sich vermutlich im südöstlichen Asien. Anhand der molekulargenetischen und biogeographischen Daten lassen sich ungefähre Ausbreitungs- und Diversifizierungsprozesse datieren. Vom Entstehungszentrum ging eine präpleistozäne Ausbreitungswelle aus, die die Aufspaltung der Stammlinienvertreter der Südostasiatischen Gimpel und später die der Himalayagimpel-Stammlinie zur Folge hatten. Etwa zeitgleich begann die Ausbreitung der Vorfahren der Eurasischen Gimpel bis ins westliche Südeuropa. Im frühen Pleistozän spalteten sich die Vorläufer des rezenten P. aurantica ab, gefolgt von der Trennung der südostasiatischen Stammlinie in die Vorfahren von P. nipalensis und P. leucogenis. Daraufhin folgten rasche spätpleistozäne Ausbreitungen und Diversifizierungen, die das Überdauern von Gimpeln in südostchinesischen bzw. mediterranen Glazialrefugien nahelegen. Dabei trennten sich die Stammlinien von P. erythrocephala und P. erythaca ungefähr gleichzeitig mit jenen der Stammlinien von P. pyrrhula s.str., P. (p.) murina und P. (p.) griseiventris. Die P. (p.) cineracea-Stammlinie folgte wiederum etwas später. Die Vorläufer der heutigen P. pyrrhula s.str. nahmen im späten Pleistozän mehrfach ostwärts gerichtete Ausbreitungen vor, während derer sie sich über weite Teile Eurasiens bis nach Kamtschatka verbreiteten. Die morphologischen Differenzierungen der einzelnen Formen wurden wahrscheinlich stark durch die geographischen Verhältnisse beeinflusst. Neben Isolationseffekten auf Inseln (murina) spielten vermutlich auch pleistozäne Refugialgebiete der Mandschurei und Japans für die Entstehung der heutigen griseiventris und das nordmongolische Refugium für cineracea eine große Rolle. Der gefiedermorphologische Geschlechtsmonomorphismus von P. nipalensis und P. leucogenis könnte dabei einen stammesgeschichtlich ancestralen Zustand darstellen, jener von murina ist dagegen sicher eine sekundäre Reduktionserscheinung. Auf Grundlage des Biospezieskonzeptes erlauben die erarbeiteten phylogenetischen Daten, die Gattung Pyrrhula entweder in sechs oder in neun Arten (inkl. zweier Superspezies) zu unterteilen. Der zahlenmäßige Unterschied entsteht dabei durch die unterschiedliche Klassifikation der Formen murina, cineracea und griseiventris, die entweder P. pyrrhula als Subspezies angeschlossen werden oder als Angehörige einer Superspezies P. [pyrrhula] Artrang erhalten.