Um sistema computacional para diagnosticar viroses de plantas usando a técnica de PCR com construção de primers espécie-específicos

It proposes a established computational solution in the development of a software to construct species-specific primers, used to improve the diagnosis of virus of plant for PCR. Primers are indispensable to PCR reaction, besides providing the specificity of the diagnosis. Primer is a synthetic, short, single stranded piece of DNA, used as a starter in PCR technique. It flanks the sequence desired to amplify. Species-specific primers indicate the well known region of beginning and ending where the polymerase enzyme is going to amplify on a certain species, i.e. it is specific for only a species. Thus, the main objective of this work is to automatize the process of choice of primers, optimizing the specificity of chosen primers by the traditional method

Caracterização genética de populações de Egeria najas presentes no reservatório de Jupiá e rios afluentes

A Egeria najas é uma espécie aquática submersa nativa da bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraná. Com o represamento das águas do rio para geração de energia elétrica a espécie tem mudado seu comportamento de colonização dos leitos dos rios e ocorrido em grandes maciços dentro da represa de Jupiá e rios afluentes. Essa planta tem causado problemas por obstruir a passagem de água para as turbinas de geração de energia elétrica. Coletas de material vegetativo foram realizadas na represa e afluentes do rio Paraná para análise da variabilidade isoenzimática e de DNA. A análise isoenzimática mostrou haver somente quatro classes de diferentes biotipos. No entanto, utilizando-se os procedimentos de RAPD, observou-se que a espécie possui grande variabilidade genética. O represamento das águas também está permitindo o acumulo de variabilidade no local e promovendo um aumento de variabilidade por meio de possíveis cruzamentos entre genótipos diferentes. Os resultados também possibilitaram inferir sobre as possíveis rotas de migração de material genético para colonização da represa e rios afluentes.

Comportamento germinativo de sementes de diferentes cores de pariparoba [Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.]

A Pothomorphe umbellata (Piperaceae), é uma espécie medicinal nativa do Brasil, utilizada na indústria de cosméticos e protetores de pele contra raios UVA e UVB. Com o intuito de gerar informações aplicadas à propagação da espécie, o presente trabalho relacionou a coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata a seu comportamento germinativo. A coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata foram características adequadas para avaliar a homogeneidade fisiológica, o vigor, o potencial e o comportamento germinativo. Assim, conclui-se que, embora de germinação lenta, as sementes de coloração preta e mais densa devem ser as escolhidas quando de coleta ou de processo seletivo.

Potencial alelopático de soluções de solo cultivado com Brachiaria brizantha: efeitos sobre a germinação de gramíneas forrageiras e plantas daninhas de pastagens

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter informações que possam favorecer o entendimento da atuação dos compostos alelopáticos sobre o banco de sementes do solo e sobre a seleção de plantas invasoras e indicar espécies que favoreçam a renovação dos pastos. Assim, soluções de solo de uma área de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu formada há mais de cinco anos foram extraídas para avaliar os efeitos alelopáticos dessa espécie sobre a germinação, a dormência de sementes e o vigor de plântulas de B. brizantha cv. Marandu, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, Sida rhombifolia e Peschiera fuchsiaefolia. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido no Laboratório de Matologia do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da FCA/UNESP - campus de Botucatu-SP. O substrato de germinação foi umedecido com 12 mL dos seguintes tratamentos: solução do solo de uma área cultivada com B. brizantha; solução do solo de uma área sem B. brizantha (mata nativa); água destilada; solução de polietilenoglicol com potencial osmótico idêntico ao da solução do solo sob B. brizantha; e solução de polietilenoglicol com potencial osmótico idêntico ao da solução de solo de uma mata nativa. A porcentagem de sementes normais, mortas, anormais e dormentes de B. brizantha não foi influenciada por nenhuma das soluções testadas, o que evidencia a não-ocorrência de efeito auto-alelopático. Foram verificados possíveis efeitos alelopáticos negativos sobre a porcentagem e velocidade de germinação de P. maximum cv. Tanzânia e sobre o crescimento radicular de S. rhombifolia. Esta última também se mostrou sensível ao efeito alelopático da solução de solo de mata, que promoveu redução no crescimento radicular. P. fuchsiaefolia não foi afetada por nenhuma das soluções testadas.

Estudo etnofarmacológico e fitoquímico das espécies medicinais Cleome spinosa Jacq, Pavonia varians Moric e Croton cajucara Benth

In this present work an ethnographic research was performed with 84 native medicinal specimens from the Litoral Norte Riograndense, from which two plants Cleome spinosa Jacq e Pavonia varians Moric were submitted to ethnobotanic, phytochemistry and pharmacologic investigations. Additionally, a phytopharmacological research of the medicinal specimen Croton cajucara Benth ( native plant of the Amazon region of Brazil) was improved. The obtained phytochemical results of the C. spinosa and P. varians showed the presence of flavonoids constituents, among other components. The two flavonoids (2S)-5-hydroxy-7,4 -dimethoxy-flavanone and 5,4 -dihydroxy-3,7,3 -trimethoxy-flavone were isolated from C. spinosa. The antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of C. spinosa and P. varians solubilized in the microemulsion systems SME-1 and SME-4, was evaluated in the DPPHmethod. The used SME systems [obtained with Tween 80: Span 20 (3:1) and isopropyl myristate (IPM)] improved the dissolution of those tested polar extracts, with higher efficacy to the SME-1 system (in which ethanol was included as cosurfactant). The CE50 values evidenced for P. varians were 114 [g/mL (SME-1) and 246 [g/mL (SME-4); for C. spinosa it was 224 [g/mL (SME-1) and 248 [g/mL (SME-4), being the system SME-1 more effective for both tested extracts. The hydroalcoholic extracts of P. varians (HAE-PV) was also submitted to pharmacological screening for antinociceptive activity in animal models. The oral administration of this extract (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg) inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The higher inhibition (74%) was evidenced to the 1000 mg/kg administered dose. Its effect on the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated by tail flick and formalin-method and reveled that it has negligible antinociceptive action on the CNS. After taking consideration of HAE-PV interaction, Pavonia varians Moric could be used as a potent analgesic agent in case of peripheral algesia, without affecting the CNS. The phytochemical study of the stem bark of Croton cajucara Benth lead to the isolation of 19-nor-clerodanetype diterpenes, as well as to the separation of its fixed oil FO-CC. This non polar oil material reveled to be rich in sesquiterpenes and 19-nor-clerodanes components. The biologic effect of OF-CC was evaluated in the development in vitro of the fungis phytopatogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. Significant inhibitory effect of the tested fungis (at 0,2 mg.mL-1 dosage) were comproved. A Mass Spectrometry study of clerodane-type diterpenes was developed in order to identify characteristic fragments on mass spectrometra of both clerodane and 19-nor-clerodane presenting an α,β-insaturated carbonyl moiety at ring A of the decalin-system. For that study, mass spectroscopy data were analysed for 19-nor-clerodanes [trans-dehydrocrotonin (DCTN), trans-crotonin (CTN), cis-cajucarin B (c-CJC-B), and cajucarinolide (CJCR)] and for clerodanes [isosacacarin (ISCR) and transcajucarin A (t-CJC-A)] obtained from the stem bark of C. cajucara, and also clerodane-type from other species. The trans-junction of the enone-system clerodanes was clear correlated with the presence of the characteristic ions at m/z 95, 121 e 205. Meanwhile, the characteristics ions at m/z 122 e 124 were correlated to cis-junction. The trans-junction of the enone-system 19-nor-clerodanes showed characteristics ions at m/z 161, 134 e 121. This study could be successful employed for identification of clerodane constituents from other specimens without any additional spectroscopic analyses, as well as a previously phytochemical analyzes in clerodane project search

Recuperação de um solo degradado com a aplicação de adubos verdes e lodo de esgoto

A utilização incorreta dos solos vem causando alterações neles, tornando-os cada vez menos produtivos, aumentando as áreas com solos degradados. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos estudar ações para acelerar a formação do horizonte A de um Latossolo Vermelho degradado, via uso de adubos verdes, lodo de esgoto e cultivo de uma espécie arbórea nativa de Cerrado, e selecionar indicadores para detectar alterações da camada superficial do solo. O monitoramento das alterações do solo foi realizado anualmente. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos, em cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha - solo exposto (sem manejo); vegetação nativa (Cerrado); espécie arbórea Astronium fraxinifolium; Astronium fraxinifolium + Canavalia ensiformis; Astronium fraxinifolium + Raphanus sativus; e Astronium fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + lodo de esgoto (60 t ha-1). Avaliou-se no solo: porosidade, densidade do solo, cátions trocáveis, pH, acidez potencial (H + Al), soma de bases (SB), saturação por bases (V), CTC e macrorganismos. Nos adubos verdes, foi avaliada a massa seca e, para a espécie arbórea, a altura e o diâmetro de caule. A mobilização do solo e a mobilização mais a adubação verde e o lodo de esgoto estão recuperando as propriedades do solo degradado, com comportamento semelhante entre elas após um ano de adoção. O melhor indicador físico das alterações do solo foi sua densidade. Os tratamentos adotados são semelhantes quanto à população de macrorganismos do solo e contribuindo positivamente para recuperação da macrofauna. A presença de larva e besouro foi indicadora da melhoria da macrofauna do solo.

Recovery of soil physical properties by green manure, liming, gypsum and pasture and spontaneous native species

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Taxonomia e biogeografia da espécie politípica Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus (TEMMINCK, 1822) (Aves: THAMNOPHILIDAE)

The genus Herpsilochmus is composed mainly of cryptic species, among them is Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, which is currently represented by four subspecies: H. r. rufimarginatus, H. r. frater, H. r. scapularis and H. r. exiguus. Differences in plumage and vocalization suggest that there are more than one species involved in this complex. Thus this and other subspecific taxa need urgent revision, the disjunct distribution of this species also allows us to infer the relationship between birds that occur in this biome and / or different centers of endemism. This study aims to make a taxonomic revision of the taxa included in the complex time Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus based on morphological, morphometric, vocals and geographical distribution of this bird. Besides creating distribution models current potential and make the reconstruction of the distribution bygone using ecological niche modeling, and testing the niche conservatism and divergence between different subspecies. Consultations for examination of the skins of specimens of the museums: Museum of Zoology, University of São Paulo (MZUSP), National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (MN) and Emilio Goeldi Museum of Pará (MPEG), and the skins deposited at the collection of Ornithological Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (COUFRN). We studied the following measures length of specimens: exposed culmen, culmen and total culmen nostril, tarsus, wing and tail flattened. The voice analysis was performed with vocalizations banks and / or digital banks people where 17 voice parameters were measured. This information and more available in the literature were used to assemble a bunch of data under the limit distribution of taxa and generate ecological niche models. This analyzes carried out in the program Maxent, having as model selection criterion the AUC, and the models were greater than 0.80 are considered good models. Environmental data for the realization of the modeling were downloaded on the website of Worldclim. The morphometric information, vocals and geographic distribution point for the separation of these taxa to be considering various uni and multivariate analyzes. The potential distribution models performed well (AUC> 0.80), and its distribution associated with environmental characteristics of the Amazon forest and Atlantic forest (forests of south and southeast, northeast and forest). The reconstruction of the distribution indicates a possible contact between the southern part of the Atlantic forest in the northern part of the Amazon. The analysis of niche overlap showed a low overlap between taxa and comparisons between the null model and the generated overlay link probably occurring niche conservatism. The data suggest that the taxa that occur in the Amazon and Atlantic forest represent three distinct species

Participação social e designação de espécie-bandeira: ações complementares à conservação de um parque estadual em área urbana

Facing environmental problems the planet appears several alternative preventive and control on behalf of the equation between development and environmental protection. One of the alternatives implemented in Brazil to conservation of biodiversity was the creation of protected natural areas regulated by the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). This is an integrated study of the Comunication / Environmental Conservation, which prioritizes social participation as a complementary in the conservation process, the particular case of the Dunas do Natal State Park, the first conservation area in Rio Grande do Norte, for full protection. It takes into account the roles environmental, scientific and Park, which harbors a unique biodiversity, including endemic species and the fact being located in an urban area. It proposes the use of two complementary instruments, such as strategies for conservation. Considering the various individual experiences, it was analyzed the perception that the community is directly related to the Park. From this promoted the democratization of information about the park, its biodiversity and conservation. As another conservation tool, it was suggested the use of a flagship species for the park, or a body chosen symbol for environmental or social reasons, in order to protect and conserve certain natural environments, from the understanding and co -community participation. In this case, as proposed flag Coleodactylus natalensis species, the lizard-the-litter, to be endemic remnants of Atlantic Forest Park as having the type locality, be one of the smallest species of the world, South America's lowest-dependent shadow of the forest, sensitive to human action and therefore very vulnerable. This suggestion finds support in the degree of public acceptance that interacts directly with the Park, as a result of the evaluation of their perceptions. It was further observed in this study that this symbology to be used in order to promote the democratization of the Park and its biodiversity has an identification result, curiosity and probable involvement of the population with the issues of the Park

Diretrizes para conservação da espécie Mimosa Caesalpiniifolia Benth., Macaíba-RN

About 40% of the earth is occupied by tropical and subtropical forests, including 42% of dry forests, where there is Caatinga Bioma, contemplating tree forests and shrubs, with xerophytic characteristics. Study and conservations of Caatinga biologic diversity is one of the greatest challenges of Brazilian science because those are, proportionally, the less studied among natural areas, with most of the scientific effort centered in very few points around the main cities in the area and also because it is the less protected natural Brazilian area. The environmental degradation is constantly increasing and has its rhythm accelerated by the men appropriation to meet or not their own needs. Therefore, species conservation should be based in three principles: the use of natural resources by present generation, waste prevention and use of the natural resources to benefit the majority of the citizens. Among the strategies to species conservation, we can mention the ex situ conservation , in which the conservation of genetic resources may be realized outside of the natural environment in which the species occur, and in situ conservation , or, in other words, in the places where the species occur. In ex situ conservation, the germplasm collections are maintained in the field and/or in laboratories (conservation chambers), and this mainly conserves intraspecific diversity (genetic variance), the ex situ collections are continuously enriched by collection activities, introduction and germplasm interchange; the in situ conservation preserving ecosystems and habitats, maintaining and recovering native population of species of interest. So, the objective of this paper is the search for strategies to the conservation of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia B. (sabiá) using instruments of environmental perception and plant biotechnology, as mechanisms of in situ and ex situ conservation. To environmental perception, were realized open, semi-structured and qualitative interviews. The questions included socioeconomic data and knowledge of Sabiá specie. To plant biotechnology, Sabiá seed collection were realized in different location to formation of a germplasm bank. The specie micropropagation was made from nodal segment of plants from the matrizeiro. About the knowledge of rural populations and the use of Sabiá plant, some preferences occurred from speeches that the plant possesses a firm wood, not attacked by termites, legalized for exploration by the Brazilian environmental organ (IBAMA), and is a native specie. This research found the rural population has knowledge about Sabiá specie and the natural resources are exhausting. The proposal that the rural community brought was the donation of the Sabiá specie seeding initiating on the rain season, in which the seeding would be plated between the lots, in individual plantations. To the formation of a matrix bank, plant biothecnology brought answers favorable to Sabiá specie seeding, with the formation of multiple shoots

Biologia da reprodução de Mimosa bimucronata: uma espécie ruderal

Com o objetivo de estudar a biologia reprodutiva de Mimosa bimucronata, o presente estudo foi realizado em Botucatu e Cachoeira Paulista, SP, no período de novembro de 2003 a junho de 2005. Determinou-se o número de flores por glomérulo, sua duração, os eventos da antese e outras características florais, como tamanho, formato, coloração, odor, presença de néctar e localização de osmóforos. A receptividade do estigma e a viabilidade do pólen foram avaliadas. Flores foram examinadas e documentadas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, após tratamento adequado. Foram feitos testes para a determinação do sistema reprodutivo, visando avaliar a dependência dos polinizadores. A presença de visitantes florais foi observada no campo, sendo registrada a quantidade de visitas e o comportamento dos visitantes, além do tempo médio de permanência dos visitantes junto às flores. O padrão de floração de M. bimucronata é anual. Os grãos de pólen encontram-se reunidos em políades compostas por oito células, o que pode ser interpretado como uma adaptação para minimizar o efeito da mistura das cargas de pólen depositadas sobre o diminuto estigma. A formação de frutos em condições naturais foi baixa e não ocorreu agamospermia. A morfologia das flores e das inflorescências permite o acesso aos recursos florais para uma ampla variedade de visitantes (Hymenoptera, Diptera e Coleoptera). A maioria das visitas foi realizada por abelhas (56,4%). Os resultados permitem considerar que, embora M. bimucronata seja dependente de vetores de pólen para sua reprodução, é espécie entomófila generalista e, portanto, bastante adaptada aos ambientes ruderais, onde sua ocorrência é predominante.

Contribuição ao Conhecimento da Distribuição Geográfica do Tatu-de-Rabo-Mole-Grande Cabassous tatouay no Brasil: Revisão, Status e Comentários sobre a Espécie

The greater naked-tailed armadillo Cabassous tatouay is one of the least-known armadillo species. Field records are rare, if not controversial, and only few specimens exist in scientific collections in Brazil. This species is listed in the Brazilian Red List of Threatened Species as well as in six official Brazilian state Red Lists. Fieldwork was performed between 2005 and 2008 to monitor wildlife in the central-western region of São Paulo State. Cabassous tatouay was registered in three opportunities, in the municipalities of Agudos, Borebi and Avare, and ecological and morphometrical data were registered. Although this species tolerates altered habitats, the scarce field records may be related to its habits and have led to the lack of basic information on greater naked-tailed armadillos. This communication provides important ecological and biogeographical information about C. tatouay.

Modelagem do nicho ecológico de Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Anura: Hylidae): previsão de novas áreas de ocorrência para uma espécie rara

The tree-frog Phyllomedusa ayeaye is a rare species. With its distribution mostly unknown in the southeastern region of Brazil, it is considered one of the most threatened anurans in the country. Here we use ecological niche modelling from only three known occurrence points to produce predictive maps of the distribution of this species, which should help target new field surveys in areas of occurrence predicted by the model. This is the first study in Brazil that uses ecological niche modelling as a tool for predicting the distribution of rare and threatened amphibian anuran species.

Diferenciação e envelhecimento do músculo do vôo em operárias de Scaptotrigona postica Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of light and temperature on seed germination of Cereus pernambucensis Lemaire (Cactaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)